Theysaythatpridecomesbeforeafall.InthecaseofbothNapoleonandHitler,themanyvictoriestheyenjoyedledthemtobelievethatanythingwaspossible,thatnothingcouldstandintheirway.Russia'sicydefenderwastoprovethemwrong.人道是骄兵必败。就拿拿破仑和希特勒两人来说吧�他们所向披靡�便以为自己战无不胜�不可阻挡。但俄罗斯的冰雪卫士证明他们错了。TheIcyDefenderNilaB.Smith1In1812,NapoleonBonaparte,EmperoroftheFrench,ledhisGrandArmyintoRussia.HewaspreparedforthefierceresistanceoftheRussianpeopledefendingtheirhomeland.HewaspreparedforthelongmarchacrossRussiansoiltoMoscow,thecapitalcity.ButhewasnotpreparedforthedevastatingenemythatmethiminMoscow--theraw,bitter,bleakRussianwinter.冰雪卫士奈拉·B·史密斯1812年�法国皇帝拿破仑·波拿巴率大军入侵俄罗斯。他准备好俄罗斯人民会为保卫祖国而奋勇抵抗。他准备好在俄罗斯广袤的国土上要经过长途跋涉才能进军首都莫斯科。但他没有料到在莫斯科他会遭遇劲敌—俄罗斯阴冷凄苦的寒冬。2In1941,AdolfHitler,leaderofNaziGermany,launchedanattackagainsttheSovietUnion,asRussiathenwascalled.Hitler'smilitarymightwasunequaled.HiswarmachinehadmoweddownresistanceinmostofEurope.Hitlerexpectedashortcampaignbut,likeNapoleonbeforehim,wastaughtapainfullesson.TheRussianwinteragaincametotheaidoftheSovietsoldiers.1941年�纳粹德国元首阿道夫·希特勒进攻当时被称作苏联的俄罗斯。希特勒的军事实力堪称无敌。他的战争机器扫除了欧洲绝大部分地区的抵抗。希特勒希望速战速决�但是�就像在他之前的拿破仑一样�他得到的是痛苦的教训。仍是俄罗斯的冬天助了苏维埃士兵一臂之力。Napoleon'sCampaign3Inthespringof1812,NapoleonassembledanarmyofsixhundredthousandmenonthebordersofRussia.Thesoldierswerewelltrained,efficient,andwellequipped.ThismilitaryforcewascalledtheGrandArmy.Napoleon,confidentofaquickvictory,predictedtheconquestofRussiainfiveweeks.拿破仑发起的战役1812年春�拿破仑在俄国边境屯兵60万。这些士兵受过良好训练�作战力强�装备精良。这支军队被称为大军。拿破仑对马到成功充满自信�预言要在5个星期内攻下俄国。4Shortlyafterwards,Napoleon'sarmycrossedtheNemanRiverintoRussia.Thequick,decisivevictorythatNapoleonexpectedneverhappened.Tohissurprise,theRussiansrefusedtostandandfight.Instead,theyretreatedeastward,burningtheircropsandhomesastheywent.TheGrandArmyfollowed,butitsadvancemarchsoonbecameboggeddownbyslow-movingsupplylines.不久�拿破仑的大军渡过涅曼河进入俄国。拿破仑期盼着的速决速胜迟迟没有发生。令他吃惊的是�俄国人并不奋起抵抗。相反�他们一路东撤�沿途焚毁庄稼和民居。大军紧追不舍�但它的长驱直入很快由于粮草运输缓慢而停顿下来。5InAugust,theFrenchandRussianarmiesengagedatSmolensk,inabattlethatleftovertenthousanddeadoneachside.Yet,theRussianswereagainabletoretreatfartherintoRussianterritory.Napoleonhadwonnodecisivevictory.Hewasnowfacedwithacrucialdecision.ShouldhecontinuetopursuetheRussianarmy?OrshouldhekeephisarmyinSmolenskfortheapproachingwinter?到了8月�法俄两军在斯摩棱斯克交战�这一战役中�双方各有上万人阵亡。可是�俄国人仍能在自己的国土上继续后撤。拿破仑未能取得决定性的胜利。此刻他面临着一个重要抉择。是继续追击俄国军队�还是把军队驻扎在斯摩棱斯克�在那儿度过将到的冬天�6NapoleontookthegambleofpressingontoMoscow,448kilometersaway.OnSeptember7,1812,theFrenchandRussianarmiesmetinfiercebattleatBorodino,112kilometerswestofMoscow.Bynightfall,thirtythousandFrenchandforty-fourthousandRussianslaydeadorwoundedonthebattlefield.拿破仑孤注一掷�决定向远在448公里之外的莫斯科进发。1812年9月7日�法俄两军在莫斯科以西112公里外的鲍罗季诺激战。夜幕降临时�3万名法国士兵以及4.4万名俄国士兵或伤或亡�倒在了战场上。7Again,theRussianarmyretreatedtosafety.NapoleonhadaclearpathtoMoscow,buttheoccupationofthecitybecameanemptyvictory.TheRussiansfledtheircapital.SoonaftertheFrencharrived,aragingfiredestroyedtwo-thirdsofthecity.NapoleonofferedatrucetoAlexanderI,buttheRussianczarknewhecouldbidehistime:"WeshalllettheRussianwinterfightthewarforus."俄国军队再次撤往安全之处。拿破仑顺利进入莫斯科�然而�对该市的占领成为毫无意义的胜利。俄国人弃城而走。法国人进城不久�一场熊熊大火烧毁了整个城市的三分之二。拿破仑向亚历山大一世提出停战�但沙皇深知他可以等待时机�“且让俄罗斯的严冬为我们战斗吧。”8Napoleonsoonrealizedhecouldnotfeed,clothe,andquarterhisarmyinMoscowduringthewinter.InOctober1812,heorderedhisGrandArmytoretreatfromMoscow.拿破仑很快意识到�他无法在冬天向远在莫斯科的军队供应粮草、提供御寒衣物和宿营之地。1812年10月�他命令大军撤出莫斯科。9TheFrenchretreatturnedintoanightmare.Fromfieldsandforests,theRussianslaunchedhit-and-runattacksontheFrench.AshortdistancefromMoscow,thetemperaturehadalreadydroppedtominus4degreesCelsius.OnNovember3,thewinter'sfirstsnowcame.Exhaustedhorsesfelldeadintheirtracks.Cannonbecamestuckinthesnow.Equipmenthadtobeburnedforfuel.Soldierstookillandfrozetodeath.TheFrenchsoldiersdraggedon,leavingthedeadalongeverymile.法军的撤离成为一场噩梦。俄国人出没于田野与森林�采用打了就跑的战术�向法国人发起攻击。刚出莫斯科城�气温就降到摄氏零下4度。11月3日降下初雪。困乏的马匹倒地而死。大炮陷入雪中。装备只得被用作燃料焚烧。士兵们染病冻死。法国士兵拖着脚步行进�一路上留下无数死尸。10AstheRussianarmywasgatheringitsstrength,theFrenchhadtofleeRussiatoavoidcertaindefeat.AttheBerezinaRiver,theRussiansnearlytrappedtheretreatingFrenchbyburningthebridgesovertheswollenriver.ButNapoleon,byastrokeofluck,wasabletobuildtwonewbridges.ThousandsofFrenchsoldiersescaped,butatthecostoffiftythousanddead.OnceacrosstheBerezina,thetatteredsurvivorslimpedtowardVilna.正当俄罗斯军队集聚兵力之时�法国人却不得不逃离俄国�以避免注定的失败。在别列兹那河�俄国人焚烧了涨水的河道上的桥梁�差点将后撤的法军困于河边。侥幸的是�拿破仑居然突击造起两座桥。成千上万法国士兵得以逃脱�但却损失了5万人。渡过别列兹拿河�溃不成军的幸存者一瘸一拐地向维尔纽行进。11OfthesixhundredthousandsoldiersNapoleonhadledintoRussia,lessthanonehundredthousandcameback.TheweakenedFrencharmycontinueditsretreatwestwardacrossEurope.Soon,Britain,Austria,Russia,andPrussiaformedapowerfulallianceandattackedthesestragglers.InMarch1814,Pariswascaptured.Napoleonabdicatedandwentintoexile,hisempireatanend.拿破仑发兵60万进入俄国�只有不到10万士兵返回。元气大伤的法国军队在欧洲继续西撤。不久�英国、奥地利、俄国以及普鲁士组成强大的联盟�攻击这些散兵游勇。1814年3月�巴黎被攻占。拿破仑退位去过流放生活�他缔造的帝国随之灭亡。Hitler'sInvasion12Byearly1941,AdolfHitler,leaderofNaziGermany,hadseizedcontrolofmostofEurope.TotheeastofHitler'sGermanempirewastheSovietUnion.OnJune22,1941,withoutadeclarationofwar,HitlerbegananinvasionoftheSovietUnionthatwasthelargestmilitarylandcampaigninhistory.Confidentofaquickvictory,Hitlerexpectedthecampaigntolastnolongerthanthreemonths.Heplannedtousetheblitzkrieg,or"lightningwar,"tacticsthathaddefeatedtherestofEurope.Theinvasionhadthreebroadthrusts:againstLeningradandMoscowandthroughtheUkraine.希特勒的入侵到1941年初�纳粹德国元首阿道夫·希特勒已经控制了欧洲大部分地区。希特勒的德意志帝国的东部与苏联毗邻。1941年6月22日�希特勒不宣而战�入侵苏联�发动了历史上规模最大的一场陆地战役。希特勒自信能速战速决�预计这一战役不会超过3个月。他计划采用征服了欧洲其余地区的闪电式战略。入侵计划包含三大目标�向列宁格勒与莫斯科进攻�并横扫乌克兰。13Caughtoffguardbytheinvasion,SovietleaderJosephStalininstructedtheRussianpeopleto"scorchtheearth"infrontoftheGermaninvaders.Farmsandfactorieswereburned,destroyed,orrendereduseless.Duringthefirsttenweeksoftheinvasion,theGermanspushedthefronteastward,andtheRussianssufferedmorethanamillioncasualties.苏联领导人约瑟夫·斯大林被打了个措手不及�他指示全国人民在德国入侵者到来之前实行“焦土”
政策
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。农场和工厂被焚烧毁坏�或被弄得无法运转。在入侵的最初10个星期内�德国人一路东进�俄国人伤亡人数多达一百多万。14Inthenorth,theGermansclosedinonLeningrad.Despitegreatsuffering,however,thepeopleofLeningradrefusedtosurrender.AsthebattleofLeningraddraggedonintowinter,thecity'ssituationbecamedesperate.Asfoodranout,peoplediedfromhungeranddisease.Bythemiddleofthewinterof1941-1942,nearlyfourthousandpeoplestarvedtodeatheveryday.Closetoonemillionpeoplediedasaresultofthesiege.在北方�德国人包围了列宁格勒。尽管忍受着极大困苦�列宁格勒的人民绝不投降。列宁格勒保卫战一直持续到冬季�此时该市的处境变得危急。由于食品匮乏�人们死于饥饿与疾病。到了1941年和1942年之间的寒冬�几乎每天有4千人死于饥饿。列宁格勒之围造成近百万人死亡。15InthecenterofRussia,Hitler'sgoalwasthecaptureofMoscow.BecausetheGermanshadanticipatedaquickvictory,theyhadmadenoplansforwintersupplies.Octoberarrivedwithheavyrains."GeneralMud"sloweddownthemovementoftheGermans'lightningattack.在俄国中部�希特勒的目标是占领莫斯科。由于德国人指望速战速决�他们没有准备过冬的补给。10月来临�大雨不停。“泥泞将军”拖延了德国人闪电式进攻的行动。16AsHitler'sarmiesdrewcloserandclosertoMoscow,anearly,severewintersettledovertheSovietUnion,theharshestinyears.Temperaturesdroppedtominus48degreesCelsius.Heavysnowsfell.TheGermansoldiers,completelyunpreparedfortheRussianwinter,frozeintheirlightsummeruniforms.TheGermantankslayburiedintheheavysnowbanks.TheRussianwinterbroughttheGermanoffensivetoahalt.正当希特勒的军队逼近莫斯科时�寒冷的冬季早早地降临苏联�那是多年不遇的严寒。气温降到摄氏零下48度。大雪纷飞。对俄国的严寒冬季毫无思想准备的德国士兵身着单薄的夏装�一个个被冻伤。德国人的坦克掩埋在深深的雪堆中。俄罗斯的冬季阻止了德国人的攻势。17Bythesummerof1942,Hitlerhadlaunchedtwonewoffensives.Inthesouth,theGermanscapturedSevastopol.HitlerthenpushedeasttoStalingrad,agreatindustrialcitythatstretchedfor48kilometersalongtheVolgaRiver.Despitegreatsuffering,SovietdefendersrefusedtogiveupStalingrad.到1942夏天�希特勒又发起两场新的攻势。在南方�德国人占领了塞瓦斯托波尔。希特勒随后向东推进到斯大林格勒�那是沿伏尔加河绵延48公里的一座大工业城市。尽管艰苦卓绝�苏联抵抗者拒绝放弃斯大林格勒。18InNovember1942,theRussianslaunchedacounterattack.WithlittleornoshelterfromthewintercoldinandaroundStalingrad,Germantroopswerefurtherweakenedbyalackoffoodandsupplies.NotuntilJanuary1943didtheGermansgiveuptheirsiege.OfthethreehundredthousandGermansattackingStalingrad,onlyninetythousandstarvingsoldierswereleft.ThelossofthebattleforStalingradfinallyturnedthetideagainstHitler.TheGermanvictorieswereover,thanksinparttotheRussianwinter.1942年11月�俄国人发起了一场反攻。德国军队在斯大林格勒城内外几乎没有挡风避寒的地方�食品和补给的匮乏更使其元气大伤。直到1943年1月德国人才放弃围城。进攻斯大林格勒的30万德国人只剩下9万忍饥挨饿的士兵。斯大林格勒一战的失利最终使希特勒时乖运蹇。部分地由于俄罗斯的冬季�德国人走向失败。19During1943and1944,theSovietarmiespushedtheGermanfrontbacktowardthewest.Inthenorth,theRedArmybrokethethree-yearsiegeofLeningradwithasurpriseattackonJanuary15,1944.Withintwoweeks,theheroicsurvivorsofLeningradsawtheirinvadersdepart.ByMarch1944,theUkrainefarmingregionwasagaininSoviethands.OnMay9,1944,SevastopolwasliberatedfromtheGermans.TheRussianswerenowheadingforBerlin.在1943年与1944年期间�苏联军队将德军阵线往西逼退。在北方�1944年1月15日�红军发起突然袭击�解除了列宁格勒长达3年之久的围困。列宁格勒那些英勇无畏的幸存者看着入侵者在两个星期内全部撤离。到了1944年3月�乌克兰的农村又回到了苏维埃手中。1944年5月9日�塞瓦斯托波尔从德国人手中被解放出来。至此�俄国人向柏林进发。20ForHitler,theinvasionoftheSovietUnionhadturnedintoamilitarydisaster.FortheRussianpeople,itbroughtunspeakablesuffering.ThetotalSovietdeadinWorldWarIIreachedalmost23million.就希特勒而言�对苏联的入侵成为一场军事灾难。对俄罗斯人民来说�这场入侵带来了无法形容的苦难。苏维埃在第二次世界大战中死亡的人数几乎达到2300万。Russia'sIcyDefender21Theelementsofnaturemustbereckonedwithinanymilitarycampaign.NapoleonandHitlerbothunderestimatedtheseverityoftheRussianwinter.Snow,ice,andfreezingtemperaturestooktheirtollonbothinvadingarmies.FortheRussianpeople,thewinterwasanicydefender.俄罗斯的冰雪卫士任何军事行动都必须考虑到自然的因素。拿破仑和希特勒都低估了俄罗斯冬季的严酷。冰雪和极低的气温使两支侵略军付出惨重的代价。对俄罗斯人民而言�严冬是他们的冰雪卫士。Smartcarsthatcansee,hear,feel,smell,andtalk?Anddriveontheirown?Thismaysoundlikeadream,butthecomputerrevolutionissettoturnitintoareality.能看、能听、有知觉、具嗅觉、会说话的智能汽车�还能自动驾驶�这听起来或许像是在做梦�但计算机革命正致力于把这一切变为现实。SmartCarsMichioKaku1Eventheautomobileindustry,whichhasremainedlargelyunchangedforthelastseventyyears,isabouttofeeltheeffectsofthecomputerrevolution.智能汽车米其奥·卡库即便是过去70年间基本上没有多少变化的汽车工业�也将感受到计算机革命的影响。2Theautomobileindustryranksasamongthemostlucrativeandpowerfulindustriesofthetwentiethcentury.Therearepresently500millioncarsonearth,oronecarforeverytenpeople.Salesoftheautomobileindustrystandataboutatrilliondollars,makingittheworld'sbiggestmanufacturingindustry.汽车工业是20世纪最赚钱、最有影响力的产业之一。目前世界上有5亿辆车�或者说每10人就有1辆车。汽车工业的销售额达一万亿美元左右�从而成为世界上最大的制造业。3Thecar,andtheroadsittravelson,willberevolutionizedinthetwenty-firstcentury.Thekeytotomorrow's"smartcars"willbesensors."We'llseevehiclesandroadsthatseeandhearandfeelandsmellandtalkandact,"predictsBillSpreitzer,technicaldirectorofGeneralMotorsCorporation'sITSprogram,whichisdesigningthesmartcarandroadofthefuture.汽车及其行驶的道路�将在21世纪发生重大变革。未来“智能汽车”的关键在于传感器。“我们会见到能看、能听、有知觉、具嗅觉、会说话并能采取行动的车辆与道路�”正在设计未来智能汽车和智能道路的通用汽车公司ITS项目的技术主任比尔·斯普雷扎预言道。4Approximately40,000peoplearekilledeachyearintheUnitedStatesintrafficaccidents.Thenumberofpeoplethatarekilledorbadlyinjuredincaraccidentsissovastthatwedon'tevenbothertomentiontheminthenewspapersanymore.Fullyhalfofthesefatalitiescomefromdrunkdrivers,andmanyothersfromcarelessness.Asmartcarcouldeliminatemostofthesecaraccidents.Itcansenseifadriverisdrunkviaelectronicsensorsthatcanpickupalcoholvaporintheair,andrefusetostartuptheengine.Thecarcouldalsoalertthepoliceandprovideitspreciselocationifitisstolen.美国每年有大约4万人死于交通事故。在汽车事故中死亡或严重受伤的人数太多�我们已经不屑在报纸上提及。这些死亡的人中至少有半数是酒后开车者造成的�另有许多死亡事故是驾驶员不小心所导致。智能汽车能消除绝大多数这类汽车事故。它能通过会感测空气中的酒精雾气的电子传感器
检测
工程第三方检测合同工程防雷检测合同植筋拉拔检测方案传感器技术课后答案检测机构通用要求培训
开车者是否喝醉酒�并拒绝启动引擎。这种车还能在遇窃后通报警方�告知车辆的确切地点。5Smartcarshavealreadybeenbuiltwhichcanmonitorone'sdrivingandthedrivingconditionsnearby.Smallradarshiddeninthebumperscanscanfornearbycars.Shouldyoumakeaseriousdrivingmistake(e.g.,changelaneswhenthereisacarinyour"blindspot")thecomputerwouldsoundanimmediatewarning.能监控行车过程以及周围行车状况的智能汽车已经建造出来。藏在保险杠里的微型雷达能对周围的汽车作扫描。如果你发生重大行车失误�如变道时有车辆你“盲点”内��计算机立即会发出警报。6AttheMITMediaLab,aprototypeisalreadybeingbuiltwhichwilldeterminehowsleepyyouareasyoudrive,whichisespeciallyimportantforlong-distancetruckdrivers.Themonotonous,almosthypnoticprocessofstaringatthecenterdividerforlonghoursisagrosslyunderestimated,life-threateninghazard.Toeliminatethis,atinycamerahiddeninthedashboardcanbetrainedonadriver'sfaceandeyes.Ifthedriver'seyelidscloseforacertainlengthoftimeandhisorherdrivingbecomeserratic,acomputerinthedashboardcouldalertthedriver.在麻省理工学院媒介实验室�业已制造出能测知你行车时有多少睡意的样车�这对长途卡车司机意义尤其重要。一连数小时注视着中夹分道线这样一个单调、几乎能催眠的过程是被严重低估的威胁生命的重大隐患。为消除这一隐患�藏在仪
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关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf
板里的一架微型相机可对准开车者的脸部及眼睛。如果司机的眼帘合上一定时间�行车变得不稳�仪表板里的计算机就会向司机发出警报。7Twoofthemostfrustratingthingsaboutdrivingacararegettinglostandgettingstuckintraffic.Whilethecomputerrevolutionisunlikelytocuretheseproblems,itwillhaveapositiveimpact.Sensorsinyourcartunedtoradiosignalsfromorbitingsatellitescanlocateyourcarpreciselyatanymomentandwarnoftrafficjams.Wealreadyhavetwenty-fourNavstarsatellitesorbitingtheearth,makingupwhatiscalledtheGlobalPositioningSystem.Theymakeitpossibletodetermineyourlocationontheearthtowithinaboutahundredfeet.Atanygiventime,thereareseveralGPSsatellitesorbitingoverheadatadistanceofabout11,000miles.Eachsatellitecontainsfour"atomicclocks,"whichvibrateataprecisefrequency,accordingtothelawsofthequantumtheory.开车最头疼的两大麻烦是迷路和交通堵塞。虽然计算机革命不可能彻底解决这两个问题�但却会带来积极的影响。你汽车上与绕轨道运行的卫星发出的无线电信号调谐的传感器能随时精确地确定你汽车的方位�并告知交通阻塞情况。我们已经有24颗环绕地球运行的导航卫星�组成了人们所说的全球卫星定位系统。通过这些卫星我们有可能以小于100英尺的误差确定你在地球上的方位。在任何一个特定时间�总有若干颗全球定位系统的卫星在11000英里的高空绕地球运行。每颗卫星都装有4个“原子钟”�它们根据量子理论法则�以精确的频率振动。8Asasatellitepassesoverhead,itsendsoutaradiosignalthatcanbedetectedbyareceiverinacar'scomputer.Thecar'scomputercanthencalculatehowfarthesatelliteisbymeasuringhowlongittookforthesignaltoarrive.Sincethespeedoflightiswellknown,anydelayinreceivingthesatellite'ssignalcanbeconvertedintoadistance.卫星从高空经过时发出能被汽车上计算机里的接收器辨认的无线电信号。汽车上的计算机就会根据信号传来所花的时间计算出卫星有多远。由于光速为人熟知�接收卫星信号时的任何时间迟缓都能折算出距离的远近。9InJapantherearealreadyoveramillioncarswithsometypeofnavigationalcapability.(Someofthemlocateacar'spositionbycorrelatingtherotationsinthesteeringwheeltoitspositiononamap.)在日本�具有某种导航能力的汽车已有一百万辆之多。�有些导航装置通过将方向盘的转动与汽车在地图上的位置并置来测定汽车的方位。�10Withthepriceofmicrochipsdroppingsodrastically,futureapplicationsofGPSarevirtuallylimitless."Thecommercialindustryispoisedtoexplode,"saysRandyHoffmanofMagellanSystemsCorp.,whichmanufacturesnavigationalsystems.BlindindividualscoulduseGPSsensorsinwalkingsticks,airplanescouldlandbyremotecontrol,hikerswillbeabletolocatetheirpositioninthewoods--thelistofpotentialusesisendless.随着微芯片价格的大幅度下降�未来对全球卫星定位系统的应用几乎是无限的。“制造这一商品的工业定会飞速发展�”生产导航系统的麦哲伦航仪公司的兰迪·霍夫曼说。盲人可以在手杖里装配全球卫星定位系统传感器�飞机可以通过遥控着陆�徒步旅行者可以测定自己在林中的方位—其潜在的应用范围是无止境的。11GPSisactuallybutpartofalargermovement,called"telematics,"whichwilleventuallyattempttoputsmartcarsonsmarthighways.PrototypesofsuchhighwaysalreadyexistinEurope,andexperimentsarebeingmadeinCaliforniatomountcomputerchips,sensors,andradiotransmittersonhighwaystoalertcarstotrafficjamsandobstructions.全球卫星定位系统其实只是叫做“远程信息学”的这一更大行动的一部分�这一行动最终将把智能汽车送上智能高速公路。这种高速公路的样品已经在欧洲问世�加州也在进行试验�在高速公路上安装计算机芯片、传感器和无线电发射机�以便向汽车
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交通拥挤堵塞情况。12Onaneight-milestretchofInterstate15tenmilesnorthofSanDiego,trafficengineersareinstallinganMIT-designedsystemwhichwillintroducethe"automateddriver."Theplancallsforcomputers,aidedbythousandsofthree-inchmagneticspikesburiedinthehighway,totakecompletecontrolofthedrivingofcarsonheavilytraffickedroads.Carswillbebunchedintogroupsoftentotwelvevehicles,onlysixfeetapart,travelinginunison,andcontrolledbycomputer.在圣迭戈以北10英里的15号州际公路一段8英里长的路面上�交通工程师正在安装一个由麻省理工学院设计的引进“自动司机”的系统。这一计划要求计算机在公路上埋设的数千个3英寸长的磁钉的协助下�在车辆极多的路段完全控制车辆的运行。车辆会编成10辆或12辆一组�车距仅6英尺�在计算机的控制下一齐行驶。13Promotersofthiscomputerizedhighwayhavegreathopesforitsfuture.By2010,telematicsmaywellbeincorporatedintooneofthemajorhighwaysintheUnitedStates.Ifsuccessful,by2020,asthepriceofmicrochipsdropstobelowapennyapiece,telematicscouldbeadoptedinthousandsofmilesofhighwaysintheUnitedStates.Thiscouldprovetobeanenvironmentalboonaswell,savingfuel,reducingtrafficjams,decreasingairpollution,andservingasanalternativetohighwayexpansion.这种计算机化的公路的倡导者对其未来的应用充满希望。到2010年�远程信息技术很可能应用于美国的一条主要公路。如果成功的话�到2020年�当微芯片的价格降到一片一美分以下时�远程信息技术就会应用在美国成千上万英里的公路上。这对环保也会很有利�能节省燃油�减轻交通阻塞�减少空气污染�还可用作公路扩建的替代办法。HarveyMackay,whorunshisowncompany,ofteninterviewsapplicantsforjobs.Hereheletsusintothesecretofwhatqualitiesanemployerislookingfor,andgivesfourtipsonwhatcanhelpyoutostandoutfromthecrowd.自己经营公司的哈维·麦凯经常对求职者进行面试。文中他告诉我们关于雇主看重什么样品质的秘密�并提出4点建议�帮助你显得比众人突出。GettheJobYouWantHarveyB.Mackay1Irunamanufacturingcompanywithabout350employees,andIoftendotheinterviewingandhiringmyself.Iliketalkingtopotentialsalespeople,becausethey'reourlinktocustomers.得到你想要的工作哈维·B·麦凯我经营着一家有350名左右员工的制造公司�我本人常常要对求职者进行面试�决定是否聘用。我喜欢与可能成为营业员的人交谈�因为他们会是我们与顾客联系的纽带。2Whenarecentcollegegraduatecameintomyofficenottoolongagolookingforasalesjob,Iaskedhimwhathehaddonetopreparefortheinterview.Hesaidhe'dreadsomethingaboutussomewhere.不久前一个新近毕业的大学生到我办公室谋求一份销售工作。我问他为这次面试做过哪些准备。他说他在什么地方看到过有关本公司的一些情况。3HadhecalledanyoneatMackayEnvelopeCorporationtofindoutmoreaboutus?No.Hadhecalledoursuppliers?Ourcustomers?No.他有没有给麦凯信封公司的人打过电话�好了解更多有关我们的情况�没打过。他有没有给我们的供应厂商打过电话�还有我们的客户�都没有。4HadhecheckedwithhisuniversitytoseeiftherewereanygraduatesworkingatMackaywhomhecouldinterview?Hadheaskedanyfriendstogrillhiminamockinterview?Didhegotothelibrarytofindnewspaperclippingsonus?他可曾在就读的大学里查问过有没有校友在本公司就职�以便向他们了解一些情况?他可曾请朋友向他提问�对他进行模拟面试�可曾去图书馆查找过有关本公司的剪报�5Didhewritealetterbeforehandtotellusabouthimself,whathewasdoingtopreparefortheinterviewandwhyhe'dberightforthejob?Washeplanningtofollowuptheinterviewwithanotherletterindicatinghiseagernesstojoinus?Wouldtheletterbeinourhandswithin24hoursofthemeeting,possiblyevenhand-delivered?他事先有没有写封信来介绍自己�告诉我们自己为这次面试在做哪些准备�自己何以能胜任此项工作�面试之后他是否打算再写一封信�表明自己加盟本公司的诚意�这封信会不会在面试后的24小时之内送到我们手上�也许甚至是亲自送来�6Theanswertoeveryquestionwasthesame:no.Thatleftmewithonlyoneotherquestion:Howwellpreparedwouldthispersonbeifheweretocallonaprospectivecustomerforus?Ialreadyknewtheanswer.他对上述每一个问题的回答全都一样�没有。这样我就只剩一个问题要问了�如果此人代表本公司去见可能成为我们客户的人�他准备工作会做得怎样�答案不言自明。7AsIseeit,therearefourkeystogettinghired:在笔者看来�如欲被聘用�应注意四个要诀�81.Preparetowin."Ifyoumissonedayofpractice,younoticethedifference,"thesayinggoesamongmusicians."Ifyoumisstwodaysofpractice,thecriticsnoticethedifference.Ifyoumissthreedaysofpractice,theaudiencenoticesthedifference."1.准备去赢。“一日不练�自己知道�”音乐家中有这样的说法。"两日不练�音乐评论家知道。三日不练�观众知道。"9Whenwewatchaworld-classmusicianoratopathlete,wedon'tseetheyearsofpreparationthatenabledhimorhertobecomegreat.TheMichaelJordansoftheworldhavetalent,yes,butthey'realsothefirstonesonandthelastonesoffthebasketballcourt.Thesamepreparationappliesineveryformofhumanendeavor.Ifyouwantthejob,youhavetopreparetowinit.我们在观看世界级音乐家或顶尖运动员的表演时�看到的并不是使他们变成出类拔萃人物的长年苦练。世界上诸如迈克尔·乔丹这样的顶尖人物无疑具有非凡才能�但他们在篮球场上也是第一个到�最后一个走。同样的苦练适用于人类的各项活动。若想被聘用�就要准备去赢。10WhenIgraduatedfromcollege,theoddsweregoodthatIwouldhavethesamejobfortherestofmylife.Andthat'showitworkedout.Butgettinghiredisnolongeraonce-in-a-lifetimeexperience.Employmentexpertsbelievethattoday'sgraduatescouldfaceasmanyastenjobchangesduringtheircareers.我大学毕业时�我极有可能终身从事同一个工作。当时情况也的确如此。但如今已不再是一生被聘去做一个工作了。指导就业的专家认为�今天的大学毕业生在他们的生涯中可能会经历多达10次的职业变动。11Thatmaysoundlikealotofpressure.Butifyou'reprepared,thepressureisontheotherfolks--theoneswhohaven'tdonetheirhomework.听上去似乎压力不小。然而�如果你做了准备�压力就是别人的—那些没做准备的人.12Youwon'tgeteveryjobyougoafter.Thebestsalespeopledon'tcloseeverysale.MichaelJordanmakesbarelyhalfofhisfield-goalattempts.Butittakesnolongertopreparewellforoneinterviewthantowanderinhalf-preparedforfive.Andyourprospectsforsuccesswillbemanytimesbetter.你不可能得到你想要的每份工作。最好的售货人员也不可能每次都成交。迈克尔·乔丹投篮命中率勉强过半。但认真准备一次面试的时间不会多于马马虎虎准备五次面试的时间�而你成功的可能性要多得多。132.Neverstoplearning.RecentlyIplayedadoublestennismatchpairedwitha90-year-old.Iwonderedhowthingswouldworkout;Ishouldn'thave.Wehammeredouropponents6-1,6-1!2.永不中断学习。最近我和一位90高龄的老者搭档打双人网球。我琢磨着那会是什么结局�可我的担心是多余的。我们以两个6:1击败对手。14Aswewereswitchingsidestoplayathirdset,hesaidtome,"DoyoumindifIplaythebackhandcourt?Ialwaysliketoworkonmyweaknesses."Whatafantasticexampleofapersonwhohasneverstoppedlearning.Incidentally,wewonthethirdset6-1.我们交换场地打第三局时�他对我说�“我打反手击球你不介意吧�我向来喜欢多练练自己的弱点。”好一个永不中断学习的精彩实例。顺便说一下�我们6:1赢了第三局。15Aswewalkedoffthecourt,my90-year-oldpartnerchuckledandsaid,"Ithoughtyou'dliketoknowaboutmynumber-onerankingindoublesintheUnitedStatesinmyagebracket,85andup!"Hewasn'tthinking90;hewasn'teventhinking85.Hewasthinkingnumberone.走出赛场�我那90高龄的搭档笑着说�“你也许想知道我在85岁以上年龄段的美国网球双打排名第一�”他想的不是年届90�想的甚至也不是85岁高龄。他想的是第一。16Youcandothesameifyouworkonyourweaknessesanddevelopyourstrengths.Tobeabletocompete,you'vegottokeeplearningallyourlife.如果你努力克服自己的弱点�发挥自己的优势�你同样可以做得那么好。要有能力竞争�就得终生学习。173.Believeinyourself,evenwhennooneelsedoes.Doyourememberthefour-minutemile?Athleteshadbeentryingtodoitforhundredsofyearsandfinallydecideditwasphysicallyimpossibleforhumans.Ourbonestructurewasallwrong,ourlungpowerinadequate.3.相信自己�哪怕没人相信你。还记得那4分钟跑一英里的往事吗�几百年来�运动员们一直试图实现这一目标�最终人类的身体无法做到。我们的骨结构不适应�我们的肺活量跟不上。18Thenonehumanprovedtheexpertswrong.And,miracleofmiracles,sixweeksafterRogerBannisterbrokethefour-minutemile,JohnLandybeatBannister'stimebynearlytwofullseconds.Sincethen,closetoeighthundredrunnershavebrokenthefour-minutemile!可是�有一个人证明那些专家错了。奇迹中的奇迹是�在罗杰·班尼斯特打破4分钟一英里的纪录6个星期之后�约翰·兰迪又以几乎快出整整2秒的成绩打破了班尼斯特的纪录。此后�有大约800多名运动员打破了4分钟一英里的
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。19SeveralyearsagomydaughterMimiandItookacrackatrunningtheNewYorkMarathon.Atthegun,23,000runnersstarted--and21,244finished.FirstplacewenttoaKenyanwhocompletedtheraceintwohours,11minutesandonesecond.The21,244thrunnertofinishwasaVietnamveteran.Hediditinthreedays,ninehoursand37minutes.Withnolegs,hecovered26.2miles.AftermydaughterandIpassedhiminthefirstfewminutes,weeasilyfoundmorecouragetofinishourselves.几年前�我和女儿米米参加了纽约马拉松比赛。发令枪一响�23,000名运动员冲出起跑线—最后有21,244名运动员到达终点。第一名是一位以2小时11分钟零1秒跑完全程的肯尼亚人。第21,244名运动员是一位越战老兵。他用了3天9小时37分钟跑完全程。没有双腿的他坚持跑完了26.2英里。我和女儿在比赛的最初几分钟内超过了他�当时顿觉勇气倍增�一定要跑完全程。20Don'teverletanyonetellyouthatyoucan'taccomplishyourgoals.Whosaysyou'renottougher,harderworkingandmoreablethanyourcompetition?Yousee,agoalisadreamwithadeadline:inwriting,measurable,identifiable,attainable.别听旁人说你不能实现自己的目标。谁说你不比你的竞争对手更坚强、更努力、更能干�要知道�所谓目标就是有最后限期的梦想�写成文字�可测量�可确认�可实现。214.Findawaytomakeadifference.Inmyopinion,themajorityofNewYorkcabdriversareunfriendly,ifnotdownrightrude.Mostofthecabsarefilthy,andalmostallofthemsportanimpenetrable,bulletproofpartition.ButrecentlyIjumpedintoacabatLaGuardiaAirportandguesswhat?Itwasclean.Therewasbeautifulmusicplayingandnopartition.4.想方设法显得与众不同。在我看来�纽约大多数的出租车司机即使不算无礼透顶�至少也是不友好的。车辆大都十分肮脏�几乎所有的车都触目地装有难以穿透的防弹隔离装置。可近日我在拉瓜迪亚机场跳上了一辆出租车�你猜怎么样�车子竟然干干净净。放着优美的音乐�而且没有隔离装置。22"ParkLaneHotel,please,"Isaidtothedriver.Withabroadsmile,hesaid,"Hi,mynameisWally,"andhehandedmeamissionstatement.Amissionstatement!Itsaidhewouldgetmetheresafely,courteouslyandontime.“请到帕克街酒店�”我对司机说。他笑容满面地说�“你好�我叫沃利�”他说着递给我一份保证书。一份保证书�上面写着他将安全、礼貌、准时地将我送到目的地。23Aswedroveoff,heheldupachoiceofnewspapersandsaid,"Bemyguest."Hetoldmetohelpmyselftothefruitinthebasketonthebackseat.Heheldupacellularphoneandsaid,"It'sadollaraminuteifyou'dliketomakeacall."车开后�他拿出几份报纸说�“请随意翻阅。”他还让我随意品尝后座篮子里的水果。接着他又拿出手机说�“您要是想打电话�每分钟1美元。”24Shocked,Iblurted,"Howlonghaveyoubeenpracticingthis?"Heanswered,"Threeorfouryears."我大吃一惊�脱口问道�“你这么做有多久了�”他回答说�“有三、四年了。”25"Iknowthisisprying."Isaid,"buthowmuchextramoneydoyouearnintips?"“我知道不该问�”我说�“可是�你能多挣多少小费�”26"Between$12,000and$14,000ayear!"herespondedproudly.“一年12,000到14,000美元左右�”他得意地回答说。27Hedoesn'tknowit,buthe'smyhero.He'slivingproofthatyoucanalwaysshifttheoddsinyourfavor.他不知道他成了我心目中的英雄。他就是一个生动的例证�说明你总是可以争取到成功的机会。28Mymentor,CurtCarlson,isthewealthiestmaninMinnesota,ownerofahotelandtravelcompanywithsalesintheneighborhoodof$9billion.IhadtogettoameetinginNewYorkoneday,andCurtgenerouslyofferedmearideinhisjet.IthappenedtobeadayMinnesotawashitwithoneoftheworstsnowstormsinyears.Minneapolis-St.PaulInternationalAirportwasclosedforthefirsttimeindecades.我的良师益友柯特·卡尔森是明尼苏达州的首富�拥有一家酒店和旅行社�营业收入约达90亿美元。一次我要去纽约赴会�柯特慷慨地请我乘坐他的私人飞机。碰巧那天明尼苏达州遭受多年不遇的暴风雪袭击。明尼阿波利斯—圣保罗国际机场几十年来第一次关闭。29Then,thoughthestormcontinuedtopoundus,theairportopenedarunwayforsmallcraftonly.Asweweretaxiingdownittotakeoff,Curtturnedtomeandsaidgleefully,"Look,Harvey,notracksinthesnow!"虽然暴风雪仍在肆虐�机场还是特地为小型飞机清出了一条跑道。我们正在跑道上滑行准备起飞时�柯特转过头来兴奋地说�“看哪�哈维�雪地上没有痕迹啊�”30CurtCarlson,70yearsoldatthetime,richbeyondanyone'sdreams,couldstillsparklewithexcitementaboutbeingfirst.柯特·卡尔森�当时年届70�富甲一方�竟然还会因为自己是第一个而如此兴奋。31Frommystandpoint,that'swhatit'sallabout.Preparetowin.Neverstoplearning.Believeinyourself,evenwhennooneelsedoes.Findawaytomakeadifference.Thengooutandmakeyourowntracksinthesnow.在我看来�这些正是关键之所在。准备去赢。永不中断学习。相信自己�哪怕没人相信你。想方设法显得与众不同。然后就出发�在雪地上留下你自己的足迹。IsAmericagoingtodeclinelikeothergreatnationshavebefore?Theauthorthinksnot,arguingthatthetypeofsocietybeingcreatedinAmericaisquiteunlikeanythathasgonebeforeit.Readwhathehastosayandseewhetheryouagree.美国是否会如同历史上其他强国一样走向衰亡�作者持否定观点�认为美国创建的社会模式不同于任何已出现的社会模式。读一读他的观点�看看你是否同意。AmericaasaCollageRyzsardKapuscinski1ThemerefactthatAmericastillattractsmillionsofpeopleisevidencethatitisnotindecline.Peoplearen'tattractedtoaplaceofdecline.SignsofdeclinearesuretobefoundinaplaceascomplexasAmerica:debt,crime,thehomeless,drugs,dropouts.ButthemaincharacteristicofAmerica,thefirstandmostenduringimpression,isdynamism,energy,aggressiveness,forwardmovement.美国大拼盘里扎德·卡普钦斯基仅看美国依然吸引着千百万人这一事实就足以证明美国并未衰落。人们不会被吸引到一个衰落的地方。在美国这样一个错综复杂的国家�当然能看到衰落的迹象�如债务、犯罪活动、无家可归者、吸毒、逃避现实社会的人。但美国的主要特征�亦即它给人的最初的、最持久的印象�却是充满活力、生机勃勃、不断进取、积极向上。2Itissohardtothinkofthisnationindeclinewhenyouknowthattherearevastregionsoftheplanetwhichareabsolutelyparalyzed,incapableofanyimprovementatall.如果你知道世界上有广大地区完全处于瘫痪状态�无法取得任何进步时�那就难以想象这个国家在衰落。3ItisdifficultformetoagreewithPaulKennedy'sthesisinTheRiseandFallofGreatPowersthatAmericamustinevitablyfollowhistoricalprecedent.That'sthewayhistoryusedtobe--allpowerfulnationsdeclinedandgavewaytootherempires.Butmaybethereisanotherwaytolookatwhatishappening.Ihaveasensethatwhatisgoingonhereconcernsmuchmorethanthefateofanation.我很难同意保罗·肯尼迪在《列强之兴衰》中的论点�即美国将不可避免地重蹈历史覆辙。历史一直如此循环—强国衰落�为新兴的帝国所取代。但或许我们能从另外一个角度看待正在发生的一切。我有种感觉�这个国家正在发生的一切不仅仅关乎一国之命运。4ItmaybethattheEuro-centeredAmericannationisdecliningasitgiveswaytoanewPacificcivilizationthatwillinclude,butnotbelimitedto,America.Historicallyspeaking,Americamaynotdecline,butinsteadfusewiththePacificculturetocreateakindofvastPacificcollage,amixofHispanicandAsiancultureslinkedthroughthemostmoderncommunicationtechnologies.以欧洲为中心的美国或许是在衰落�正由一个新的太平洋文化所取代�这一文化包括但并不局限于美国。从历史的角度来看�美国或许不会衰落�相反�它将与太平洋文化相融合�创建一种广泛的太平洋拼盘文化�一种依靠最现代的通讯技术连接的拉丁文化与亚洲文化的混合文化。5Traditionalhistoryhasbeenahistoryofnations.Buthere,forthefirsttimesincetheRomanEmpire,thereisthepossibilityofcreatingthehistoryofacivilization.Nowisthefirstchanceonanewbasiswithnewtechnologiestocreateacivilizationofunprecedentedopennessandpluralism.Acivilizationofthepolycentricmind.Acivilizationthatleavesbehindforevertheethnocentric,tribalmentality.Thementalityofdestruction.传统意义上的历史一直是各个国家的历史。但在美国�自罗马帝国以来�首次出现了创建一个文化的历史的可能。现在第一次有了这样一个机遇�在新的基础上用新技术创建一个有着前所未有的开放性的多元文化。一个有着多种精神中心的文化。一个永远抛弃种族中心主义心态、部落心态的文化。那是一种破坏性的心态。6LosAngelesisapremonitionofthisnewcivilization.洛杉矶就是这一新兴文化的先兆。7LinkedmoretotheThirdWorldandAsiathantotheEuropeofAmerica'sracialandculturalroots,LosAngelesandsouthernCaliforniawillenterthetwenty-firstcenturyasamultiracialandmulticulturalsociety.Thisisabsolutelynew.Thereisnopreviousexampleofacivilizationthatisbeingsimultaneouslycreatedbysomanyraces,nationalities,andcultures.Thisnewtypeofculturalpluralismiscompletelyunknowninthehistoryofmankind.洛杉矶以及南加州与第三世界和亚洲的联系要比与美国的民族、文化之根欧洲的联系密切�因此将以一个多民族、多元文化的社会进入21世纪。这是一种全新的现象。一个文化由如此之多的种族、民族和文化同时创建�这样的先例从未有过。这种新型的文化多元化在人类历史上闻所未闻。8AmericaisbecomingmorepluraleverydaybecauseoftheunbelievablefacilityofthenewThirdWorldimmigrantstoputapieceoftheiroriginalcultureinsideofAmericanculture.Thenotionofa"dominant"Americancultureischangingeverymoment.ItisincrediblecomingtoAmericatofindyouaresomewhereelse--inSeoul,inTaipei,inMexicoCity.YoucantravelinsidethisKoreanculturerightonthestreetsofLosAngeles.Inhabitantsofthisvastcitybecomeinternaltouristsintheplaceoftheirownresidence.由于来自第三世界的新移民所具有的将本族文化融入美国文化的令人难以置信的本领�美国正变得越来越多元化。美国有“主导”文化的概念时刻在改变。来到美国�你会不可思议地发现自己身在别地—来到了汉城�台北�墨西哥城。你在洛杉矶街头行走�就可以感受到韩国的文化氛围。这个大城市的居民成了自己居住地的游客。9TherearelargecommunitiesofLaotians,Vietnamese,Cambodians,Mexicans,Salvadorans,Guatemalans,Iranians,Japanese,Koreans,Armenians,Chinese.WefindhereLittleTaipei,LittleSaigon,LittleTokyo,Koreatown,LittleCentralAmerica,theIranianneighborhoodinWestwood,theArmeniancommunityinHollywood,andthevastMexican-AmericanareasofEastLosAngeles.Eighty-onelanguages,fewofthemEuropean,arespokenintheelementaryschoolsystemofthecityofLosAngeles.这里有规模很大的社区�住着老挝人、越南人、柬埔寨人、墨西哥人、萨尔瓦多人、危地马拉人、伊朗人、日本人、韩国人、亚美尼亚人以及中国人。这里我们能找到小台北、小西贡、小东京、韩国城、小中美洲、威斯特伍德的伊朗人社区、好莱坞的亚美尼亚人社区�以及东洛杉矶墨西哥裔美国人范围很大的居住区。洛杉矶市的小学系统共使用81种语言�其中鲜有欧洲语言。10ThistransformationofAmericancultureanticipatesthegeneraltrendinthecompositionofmankind.NinetypercentoftheimmigrantstothiscityarefromtheThirdWorld.Atthebeginningofthetwenty-firstcentury,90percentoftheworld'spopulationwillbedark-skinned;thewhiteracewillbenomorethan11percentofallhumanbeingslivingonourplanet.美国文化的这一变化预示着人类构成的普遍趋势。洛杉矶市90%的移民来自第三世界。到21世纪初�90%的世界人口将是深肤色的�所有生活在地球上的人中�白人不会超过11%。11SomethingthatcanonlybeseeninAmerica:Inthelandscaped,ultracleanhigh-technologyparksofnorthernOrangeCountythereisapersonalcomputercompanythatsevenyearsagodidnotexist.Therewereonlystrawberryfieldswheretheplantis.Now,thereisa$500millioncompanywithfactoriesinHongKongandTaiwanaswell.只有在美国才会出现这种情况�在北部桔县环境作过美化的、超净的高科技园区�有家7年前尚不存在的个人电脑公司。公司的所在地那时还是草莓地。如今�这是一家有着5亿美元资产、在香港和台湾都设有工厂的大公司。12Thecompanywasfoundedbythreeyoungimmigrants--aPakistaniMuslimandtwoChinesefromHongKong.Theyonlybecamecitizensin1984.Eachindividualisnowprobablyworth$30million.这家公司由3位年轻的移民创办—一位巴基斯坦穆斯林和两位来自香港的中国人。他们1984年才成为美国公民。如今他们每个人的身价都可能值3千万美元。13Walkingthroughthiscompanyweseeonlyyoung,darkfaces--Vietnamese,Cambodians,Laotians,Mexicans--andthemostadvancedtechnology.ThecultureoftheworkforceisamixofHispanic-CatholicfamilyvaluesandAsian-Confuciangrouployalty.Employmentnoticesareneverposted;hiringisdonethroughthenetworkoffamiliesthatliveinsouthernCalifornia.Notinfrequently,employeesasktoworkanextratwentyhoursaweektoearnenoughmoneytohelpmembersoftheirextendedfamilybuytheirfirsthome.在这家公司走走�我们看到的都是年轻的深肤色面孔—越南人、柬埔寨人、老挝人和墨西哥人—还有最先进的技术。员工文化混合着拉丁美洲天主教的家庭价值观念和亚洲儒家的效忠集体的观念。招聘从来不张贴告示�用人都是通过在南加州居住的家庭网络完成的。雇员常常会要求一周加班20小时�好多赚钱帮助大家庭成员购买房屋。14InLosAngeles,traditionalThirdWorldculturesare,forthefirsttime,fusingwiththemostmodernmentalitiesandtechnologies.在洛杉矶�第三世界国家的传统文化首次与最先进的理念和技术相融合。15Usually,thecontactbetweendevelopedandunderdevelopedworldshasthecharacterofexploitation--justtakingpeople'slaborandresourcesandgivingthemnothing.Andtheborderbetweenraceshasusuallybeenaborderoftension,ofcrisis.Hereweseearevolutionthatisconstructive.发达国家与不发达国家的关系通常有剥削榨取这一特点—掠夺劳力和资源�不给任何回报。种族交界处往往是关系紧张的交界处�是危机的交界处。而在这里�我们看到了一场建设性的革命。16ThisPacificRimcivilizationbeingcreatedisanewrelationshipbetweendevelopmentandunderdevelopment.Here,thereisopenness.Thereishope.Andafuture.Thereisamulticulturalcrowd.Butitisnotfighting.Itiscooperating,peacefullycompeting,building.ForthefirsttimeinfourhundredyearsofrelationsbetweenthenonwhiteWesternworldandthewhiteWesternworld,thegeneralcharacteroftherelationshipiscooperationandconstruction,notexploitation,notdestruction.这一创建中的环太平洋文化是发达与不发达之间一种新型的关系。这里有开放精神。这里有希望�有前途。这里是一个多元文化的群体�但没有冲突�而是进行合作�进行和平竞争�进行建设。在非白种人的西方世界与白种人的西方世界400多年的关系史上�双方关系的基本特性第一次表现为合作与建设�而不是剥削�不是破坏。17Unlikeanyotherplaceontheplanet,LosAngelesshowsusthepotentialofdevelopmentoncetheThirdWorldmentalitymergeswithanopensenseofpossibility,acultureoforganization,aWesternconceptionoftime.不同于世界上任何其他地方�洛杉矶向我们表明�第三世界的心态一旦与充满机会的开放精神相融合�与有条有理的文化相融合�与西方的时间观念相融合�就会具有发展的潜能。18Forthedestructive,paralyzedworldwhereIhavespentmostofmylife,itisimportant,simply,thatsuchapossibilityasLosAngelesexists.对那个我在其间度过大半生的破坏性、停滞不前的社会来说�说实在话�存在着洛杉矶这样一种发展前景意义十分重大。19Toadjusttheconceptoftimeisthemostdifficultthing.Itisakeyrevolutionofdevelopment.调整时间观念最为困难。这是发展的一个关键变革。20Westerncultureisacultureofarithmeticaltime.Timeisorganizedbytheclock.Innon-Westernculture,timeisameasurebetweenevents.Wearrangeameetingatnineo'clockbutthemandoesn'tshowup.Webecomeanxious,offended.Hedoesn'tunderstandouranxietybecauseforhim,themomenthearrivesisthemeasureoftime.Heisontimewhenhearrives.西方文化是计算时间的文化。时间由时钟来安排。在非西方文化中�时间是以事件与事件之间的间隔来计算。我们安排在9点开会�但人没来。我们焦急不安�感到很生气。他无法理解我们为何那么焦急�因为对他而言�他到达的一刻才算时间。他到了�就是准时了。21In1924,theMexicanphilosopherJoséVasconceloswroteabookdreamingofthepossibilitythat,inthefuture,allracesontheplanetwouldmergeintoonetypeofman.ThistypeofmanisbeingborneinLosAngeles,intheculturalsenseifnottheanthropologicalsense.Avastmosaicofdifferentraces,cultures,religions,andmoralhabitsareworkingtowardonecommonaim.Fromtheperspectiveofaworldsubmergedinreligious,ethnic,andracialconflict,thisharmoniouscooperationissomethingunbelievable.Itistrulystriking.1924年�墨西哥哲学家荷塞·伐斯冈萨雷斯在他的一本著作中�梦想着未来地球上所有不同种族都融合成一种类型人的可能性。在文化的意义上�即便不是在人种的意义上�这样一种类型的人正在洛杉矶诞生。由不同种族、不同文化、不同宗教和不同道德行为组成的巨大合成体正奔向一个共同的目标。世界充满着宗教的、种族的、民族的冲突�从这个角度来看�这种融洽的合作令人难以置信。的确令人瞩目。22Whatisthecommonaimthatharmonizescompetingculturesinoneplace?使得在一个地区的相互竞争的文化和谐共存的共同目标是什么呢�23Itisnotonlythebetterlivingstandard.WhatattractsimmigrantstoAmericaistheessentialcharacteristicofAmericanculture:thechancetotry.Thereisacombinationoftwothingsthatareimportant:cultureandspace.Thecultureallowsyoutotrytobesomebody--tofindyourself,yourplace,yourstatus.Andthereisspacenotonlyinageographicalsense,butinthesenseofopportunity,ofsocialmobility.Insocietiesthatareincrisisandinsocietieswhicharestagnant--oreveninthosewhicharestable--thereisnochancetotry.Youaredefinedinadvance.Destinyhasalreadysentencedyou.目标不仅仅是更高的生活水准。吸引移民前来美国的是美国文化的主要特性�有尝试的机会。文化与空间这两个重要方面结合了起来。文化使你得以想办法出人头地—去发现自我�找到自己的位置、自己的地位。还有空间�不仅仅是地理意义上的空间�更是指机会�指社会身份的流动性。在充满危机的社会中�在停滞不前的社会中—甚至在那些稳定的社会中—没有尝试的机会。你一生已被预先决定。命运已经将你注定。24ThisiswhatunitesthediverseracesandculturesinAmerica.IftheimmigranttoAmericaatfirstfails,healwaysthinks,"Iwilltryagain."Ifhehadfailedintheoldsociety,hewouldbediscouragedandpessimistic,acceptingtheplacethatwasgiventohim.InAmerica,he'sthinking,"Iwillhaveanotherchance,Iwilltryagain."Thatkeepshimgoing.He'sfullofhope.正是这一点�使得美国的不同种族和文化连结在一起。如果美国移民开始时遭遇失败�他总是想�“我要再试一下。”如果他在原来的社会中遭遇失败�他就会失去信心�变得悲观失望�接受自己所处的地位。在美国�他想的是�“我还会有机会�我还要试一下。”这使他坚持下去。他充满了希望。Somepeopleseemeasytounderstand:theircharacterappearsobviousonfirstmeeting.Appearances,however,canbedeceptive.有些人似乎容易了解�他们的个性在初次交往时就表露无遗。然而�外表可能具有欺骗性。AFriendinNeedSomersetMaugham1ForthirtyyearsnowIhavebeenstudyingmyfellowmen.Idonotknowverymuchaboutthem.Ishrugmyshoulderswhenpeopletellmethattheirfirstimpressionsofapersonarealwaysright.Ithinktheymusthavesmallinsightorgreatvanity.FormyownpartIfindthatthelongerIknowpeoplethemoretheypuzzleme.患难之交萨默塞特·毛姆三十年来�我一直研究我的人类同胞�但至今了解不多。每当有人跟我说他对一个人的第一次印象向来不错的时候�我就耸耸肩。我想这种人不是无知�就是自大。拿我自己来说�我发现�认识一个人的时间越长�我就越感到困惑。2ThesereflectionshaveoccurredtomebecauseIreadinthismorning'spaperthatEdwardHydeBurtonhaddiedatKobe.HewasamerchantandhehadbeeninbusinessinJapanformanyyears.Iknewhimverylittle,butheinterestedmebecauseoncehegavemeagreatsurprise.UnlessIhadheardthestoryfromhisownlips,Ishouldneverhavebelievedthathewascapableofsuchanaction.Itwasmorestartlingbecausebothinappearanceandmannerhesuggestedaverydefinitetype.Hereifeverwasamanallofapiece.Hewasatinylittlefellow,notmuchmorethanfivefeetfourinheight,andveryslender,withwhitehair,aredfacemuchwrinkled,andblueeyes.IsupposehewasaboutsixtywhenIknewhim.Hewasalwaysneatlyandquietlydressedinaccordancewithhisageandstation.我产生这些想法�是因为我在今天早上的报纸上看到爱德华·海德·伯顿在神户去世的消息。他是个商人�在日本经商多年。我跟他并不熟�但是对他挺有兴趣�因为有一次他让我大吃一惊。要不是听他亲口讲述这个故事�我根本不会相信他能做出这种事来。这件事之所以特别令人惊讶�是因为无论是外表还是风度�他都让人想到一种非常明确的类型。要说真有表里如一的人的话�那就是此公了。他个子很小�身高不过5英尺4英寸�身材纤细�白头发、蓝眼睛�红红的脸上布满皱纹。我估计自己认识他时�他大约有60岁光景。他向来衣着整洁素雅�合乎他的年龄和身份。3ThoughhisofficeswereinKobe,BurtonoftencamedowntoYokohama.Ihappenedononeoccasiontobespendingafewdaysthere,waitingforaship,andIwasintroducedtohimattheBritishClub.Weplayedbridgetogether.Heplayedagoodgameandagenerousone.Hedidnottalkverymuch,eitherthenorlaterwhenwewerehavingdrinks,butwhathesaidwassensible.Hehadaquiet,dryhumor.Heseemedtobepopularattheclubandafterwards,whenhehadgone,theydescribedhimasoneofthebest.IthappenedthatwewerebothstayingattheGrandHotelandnextdayheaskedmetodinewithhim.Imethiswife,fat,elderly,andsmiling,andhistwodaughters.Itwasevidentlyaunitedandaffectionatefamily.IthinkthechiefthingthatstruckmeaboutBurtonwashiskindliness.Therewassomethingverypleasinginhismildblueeyes.Hisvoicewasgentle;youcouldnotimaginethathecouldpossiblyraiseitinanger;hissmilewasbenign.Herewasamanwhoattractedyoubecauseyoufeltinhimarealloveforhisfellows.Atthesametimehelikedhisgameofcardsandhiscocktail,hecouldtellwithpointagoodandspicystory,andinhisyouthhehadbeensomethingofanathlete.Hewasarichmanandhehadmadeeverypennyhimself.Isupposeonethingthatmadeyoulikehimwasthathewassosmallandfrail;hearousedyourinstinctsofprotection.Youfeltthathecouldnotbeartohurtafly.伯顿的办事处设在神户�但他常常到横滨来。有一次�我正好因为等船�要在那里呆几天�在英国俱乐部经人介绍与他相识。我们在一起玩桥牌。他打得不错�牌风也好。无论在玩牌的时候�还是在后来一起喝酒的时候�他的话都不多�但说的话却都合情合理。他挺幽默�但并不咋呼。他在俱乐部里似乎人缘不错�后来�在他走了以后�人家都说他是个顶呱呱的人。事有凑巧�我们俩都住在格兰德大酒店。第二天他请我吃饭。我见到了他的太太――一位肥肥胖胖、满面笑容的半老妇人――和他的两个女儿。这显然是和睦恩爱的一家人。我想�伯顿当时给我印象最深的主要还是他这个人和善。他那双温和的蓝眼睛有种令人愉快的神情。他说话的声音轻柔�你无法想象他会提高嗓门大发雷霆�他的笑容和蔼可亲。这个人吸引你�是因为你从他身上感到他对别人的真正的爱。同时他也喜欢玩牌�喝鸡尾酒�他能绘声绘色地讲个来劲儿的段子什么的�他年轻时多少还是个运动员呢。他是个阔佬�但他的每一个便士都是自己挣来的。我想�人们喜欢他还有一个原因�那就是他非常瘦小、脆弱�容易引起人们的恻隐之心。你觉得他甚至连只蚂蚁都不忍伤害。4OneafternoonIwassittingintheloungeoftheGrandHotelwhenBurtoncameinandseatedhimselfinthechairnexttomine.5"Whatdoyousaytoalittledrink?"6Heclappedhishandsforaboyandorderedtwoginfizzes.Astheboybroughtthemamanpassedalongthestreetoutsideandseeingmewavedhishand.7"DoyouknowTurner?"saidBurtonasInoddedagreeting.8"I'vemethimattheclub.I'mtoldhe'saremittanceman."9"Yes,Ibelieveheis.Wehaveagoodmanyhere."10"Heplaysbridgewell."一天下午�我正坐在格兰德大酒店的大堂里�伯顿走了进来�在我旁边的椅子里坐下。“喝一点�怎么样�”他拍了拍手招呼侍者过来�要了两杯杜松子汽酒。侍者端来酒的时候�有个人从外面街上走过�见到我招了下手。“你认识特纳吗�”在我点头致意的时候�伯顿问道。“我是在俱乐部里认识他的。听说他是个靠国内寄钱过日子的人。”“是呀�我想是的。在这儿这种人可不少。”“他桥牌打得不错。”11"Theygenerallydo.Therewasafellowherelastyear,oddlyenoughanamesakeofmine,whowasthebestbridgeplayerIevermet.IsupposeyounevercameacrosshiminLondon.LennyBurtonhecalledhimself.Ibelievehe'dbelongedtosomeverygoodclubs."“这种人一般都玩得不错。去年这里有一个人�凑巧还和我同姓�我从来没有遇到过一个桥牌打得那么好的高手。我想你在伦敦没有碰见过他。他说他叫伦尼·伯顿。我相信�他加入过一些相当高级的俱乐部呢。”12"No,Idon'tbelieveIrememberthename."13"Hewasquitearemarkableplayer.Heseemedtohaveaninstinctaboutthecards.Itwasuncanny.Iusedtoplaywithhimalot.HewasinKobeforsometime."14Burtonsippedhisginfizz.“嗯�我实在不记得这个名字。”“他称得上是桥牌高手。好像对牌有一种本能似的�简直神了。我那会儿常和他一起玩牌。他在神户住了一段时间。”伯顿抿了一口杜松子汽酒。15"It'sratherafunnystory,'hesaid.'Hewasn'tabadchap.Ilikedhim.Hewasalwayswell-dressedandsmart-looking.Hewashandsomeinawaywithcurlyhairandpink-and-whitecheeks.Womenthoughtalotofhim.Therewasnoharminhim,youknow,hewasonlywild.Ofcoursehedranktoomuch.Thosesortoffellowsalwaysdo.Abitofmoneyusedtocomeonforhimonceaquarterandhemadeabitmorebycard-playing.Hewonagooddealofmine,Iknowthat."“说来也是件有趣的事�”他说。“他人不坏。我挺喜欢他。他总是衣冠楚楚�样子挺帅。长得也算英俊�蜷曲的头发�两颊白里透红。女人都对他着迷。你知道�他没有什么害人之处�就是野了点。自然�他酒喝得太凶了。这种人总是这样。他每个季度收到一小笔钱�靠打牌再赚一点。他赢了我不少钱�这我可知道。”16Burtongaveakindlychuckle.Iknewfrommyownexperiencethathecouldlosemoneyatbridgewithagoodgrace.Hestrokedhisshavenchinwithhisthinhand;theveinsstoodoutonitanditwasalmosttransparent.伯顿和善地咯咯一笑。我的处世经验告诉我�他打桥牌输起钱来时一定是大大方方的。他用瘦小的手摸了摸剃得光光的下巴�手上青筋鼓起�手白得几乎透明。17"Isupposethatiswhyhecametomewhenhewentbroke,thatandthefactthathewasanamesakeofmine.Hecametoseemeinmyofficeonedayandaskedmeforajob.Iwasrathersurprised.Hetoldmethattherewasnomoremoneycomingfromhomeandhewantedtowork.Iaskedhimhowoldhewas.“大概就是因为这个�当他落得一文不名的时候�就来找我了�再说他和我同姓。有一天�他到我办事处来见我�要我给他个差使。当时我颇为惊讶。他告诉我说家里不再给他寄钱了�他要干活儿了。我问他多大年纪。18"'Thirty-five,'hesaid.19"'Andwhathaveyoubeendoinghitherto?'Iaskedhim.20"'Well,nothingverymuch,'hesaid.21Icouldn'thelplaughing.22"'I'mafraidIcan'tdoanythingforyoujustyet,'Isaid.'Comebackandseemeinanotherthirty-fiveyears,andI'llseewhatIcando.'“„35�‟他说。“„你一直都干什么来着�‟我问道。“„嗯�没怎么干过事。‟他说。“我禁不住笑了。“„眼下恐怕不能帮你忙了�‟我说。„你再过35年来找我�到时候我再看看能帮些什么忙。‟23"Hedidn'tmove.Hewentratherpale.Hehesitatedforamomentandthenhetoldmethathehadhadbadluckatcardsforsometime.Hehadn'tbeenwillingtosticktobridge,he'dbeenplayingpoker,andhe'dgottrimmed.Hehadn'tapenny.He'dpawnedeverythinghehad.Hecouldn'tpayhishotelbillandtheywouldn'tgivehimanymorecredit.Hewasdownandout.Ifhecouldn'tgetsomethingtodohe'dhavetocommitsuicide.“他没有动弹�脸色变得相当苍白。他犹豫了一会儿�然后对我说�这一阵子他牌运一直不好。原来他不甘心老打桥牌�便赌起扑克来�结果输了个精光。他一个子儿也没有�所有的东西都拿去当了。他连酒店的账都付不出�人家也不肯再赊账给他。他已经山穷水尽。要是找不到点事干�他只好自杀。24"Ilookedathimforabit.Icouldseenowthathewasalltopieces.He'dbeendrinkingmorethanusualandhelookedfifty.Thegirlswouldn'thavethoughtsomuchofhimifthey'dseenhimthen.“我瞧了他一会儿。我能看出他已经完全垮了。这一阵子他酒喝得比以前更凶�看上去足有50岁。姑娘们当时要是瞧见他�准不会对他那么着迷了。25"'Wellisn'tthereanythingyoucandoexceptplaycards?'Iaskedhim.26"'Icanswim,'hesaid.27"'Swim!'28"Icouldhardlybelievemyears;itseemedsuchaninsaneanswertogive.29"'Iswamformyuniversity.'“„嗯�你除了打牌以外�难道什么也不会干吗�‟我问他。“„我会游泳�‟他说。“„游泳�‟“我几乎以为自己听错了呢�这种回答听起来简直是牛头不对马嘴。“„我读大学时曾经代表学校参加游泳比赛。‟30"Igotsomeglimmeringofwhathewasdrivingat.I'veknowntoomanymenwhowerelittletingodsattheiruniversitytobeimpressedbyit.31"'IwasaprettygoodswimmermyselfwhenIwasayoungman,'Isaid.32"SuddenlyIhadanidea."33Pausinginhisstory,Burtonturnedtome.“我听出了一点他话里的意思。上大学时自以为了不起的人我见得多了�我才不吃这套呢。“„本人年轻时也是个游泳好手�‟我说。“突然�我有了个想法。”伯顿停了下来�看着我。34"DoyouknowKobe?"heasked.35"No,"Isaid,"Ipassedthroughitonce,butIonlyspentanightthere."36"Thenyoudon'tknowtheShioyaClub.WhenIwasayoungmanIswamfromthereroundthebeaconandlandedatthecreekofTarumi.It'soverthreemilesandit'sratherdifficultonaccountofthecurrentsroundthebeacon.Well,ItoldmyyoungnamesakeaboutitandIsaidtohimthatifhe'ddoitI'dgivehimajob.“你对神户熟悉吗�”他问。“不熟悉�”我说�“从前有一次路过那里�只呆了一个晚上。”“那么�你不会知道盐谷俱乐部吧。我年轻的时候�曾经从那里出发�游过灯塔直到垂水小溪上岸。一共3英里多路�灯塔一带有激流�游起来挺费劲。于是�我把这事告诉了那位与我同姓的年轻人�并对他说�要是他能游过去�我就给他一个差使。37"Icouldseehewasrathertakenaback.38"'Yousayyou'reaswimmer,'Isaid.39"'I'mnotinverygoodcondition,'heanswered.40"Ididn'tsayanything.Ishruggedmyshoulders.Helookedatmeforamomentandthenhenodded.41"'Allright,'hesaid.'Whendoyouwantmetodoit?'“我看得出�他吓了一跳。“„你不是说你是游泳好手吗�‟我说。“„我现在身体状况不太好�‟他回答说。“我什么也没说�只是耸了耸肩。他望了我一会儿�然后点了点头。“„好吧�‟他说了�„你要我什么时候游呢�‟42"Ilookedatmywatch.Itwasjustafterten.43"'Theswimshouldn'ttakeyoumuchoveranhourandaquarter.I'lldriveroundtothecreekathalfpasttwelveandmeetyou.I'lltakeyoubacktotheclubtodressandthenwe'llhavelunchtogether.'44"'Done,'hesaid.“我看了看表。刚过十点。“„你游这段距离大概要花一个钟头零一刻多一些。我到12点半开车到小溪那里去接你�带你到俱乐部换衣服�然后一起吃午饭。‟“„就这样吧�‟他说。45"Weshookhands.Iwishedhimgoodluckandheleftme.IhadalotofworktodothatmorningandIonlyjustmanagedtogettothecreekatTarumiathalfpasttwelve.ButIneedn'thavehurried;heneverturnedup."46"Didhefunkitatthelastmoment?"Iasked.“我们握了握手。我祝他好运�他就走了。那天上午我有好些事要办�到12点半总算勉强赶到了垂水小溪。其实我根本用不着这么赶�他压根儿就没露面。”“他临阵脱逃了�”我问。47"No,hedidn'tfunkit.Hestartedallright.Butofcoursehe'druinedhisconstitutionbydrinkanddissipation.Thecurrentsroundthebeaconweremorethanhecouldmanage.Wedidn'tgetthebodyforaboutthreedays."“没有�他没有临阵脱逃。他确实出发了。当然喽�他喝酒作乐早把身体搞垮了。灯塔周围的激流他对付不了。大约有三天�我们都没找到尸体。”48Ididn'tsayanythingforamomentortwo.Iwasatrifleshocked.ThenIaskedBurtonaquestion.49"Whenyoumadehimthatofferofajob,didyouknowhe'dbedrowned?"50Hegavealittlemildchuckleandhelookedatmewiththosekindandcandidblueeyesofhis.Herubbedhischinwithhishand.51"Well,Ihadn'tgotavacancyinmyofficeatthemoment."我好一会儿什么话也没说。我感到有些震惊。然后我问了伯顿一个问题。“你提出给他差使的时候�是不是知道他准会淹死�”他轻轻地咯咯一笑�用那双和善又坦率的蓝眼睛望着我。他用手摩挲着下巴。“哦�那时我的办事处可没有空缺呀。”Asthepaceoflifeintoday'sworldgrowseverfaster,weseemforeveronthego.Withsomuchtodoandsolittletimetodoitin,howarewetocope?RichardTomkinssetsaboutuntanglingtheproblemandcomesupwithananswer.随着当今世界生活节奏日益加快�我们似乎一直在不停奔忙。事情那么多�时间却那么少�我们该怎么办�里查德·汤姆金斯着手解决这一问题�并提出了建议。OldFatherTimeBecomesaTerrorRichardTomkins1Onceuponatime,technology,wethought,wouldmakeourliveseasier.Machineswereexpectedtodoourworkforus,leavinguswithever-increasingquantitiesoftimetowasteawayonidlenessandpleasure.时间老人成了可怕的老人理查德·汤姆金斯从前�我们以为技术发展会使我们的生活变得更安逸。那时我们觉得机器会替代我们工作�我们则有越来越多的时间休闲娱乐。2Butinsteadofliberatingus,technologyhasenslavedus.Innovationsareoccurringatabewilderingrate:asmanynowarriveinayearasoncearrivedinamillennium.Andaseachinventionarrives,iteatsfurtherintoourtime.但技术发展没有把我们解放出来�而是使我们成为奴隶。新技术纷至沓来�令人目不暇接�一年涌现的技术创新相当于以前一千年。而每一项新发明问世�就进一步吞噬我们的光阴。3Themotorcar,forexample,promisedunimaginablelevelsofpersonalmobility.Butnow,trafficincitiesmovesmoreslowlythanitdidinthedaysofthehorse-drawncarriage,andwewasteourlivesstuckintrafficjams.比如�汽车曾使我们希望个人出行会方便得让人难以想象。可如今�城市车辆运行得比马车时代还要慢�我们因交通堵塞而困在车内�徒然浪费生命。4Theaircraftpromisednewhorizons,too.Thetroubleis,itdeliveredthem.Itsveryexistencecreatedademandfortime-consumingjourneysthatwewouldneverpreviouslyhavedreamedofundertaking--thetransatlanticshoppingexpedition,forexample,orthetriptoaconventionontheothersideoftheworld.飞机也曾有可能为我们拓展新天地。问题是�飞机提供了新的天地。其存在本身产生了对耗时的长途旅行的需求�这种旅行�如越洋购物�或远道前往地球的另一半参加会议�以前我们是根本无法想象的。5Inmostcases,technologyhasnotsavedtime,butenabledustodomorethings.Inthehome,washingmachinespromisedtofreewomenfromhavingtotoiloverthelaundry.Inreality,theyencouragedustochangeourclothesdailyinsteadofweekly,creatingseventimesasmuchwashingandironing.Similarly,theweeklybathhasbeenreplacedbythedailyshower,multiplyingthehoursspentonpersonalgrooming.在大多数情况下�技术发展并未节省时间�而是使我们得以做更多的事。在家里�洗衣机可望使妇女摆脱繁重的洗衣劳作。但事实上�它们促使我们每天�而不是每星期换一次衣服�这就使熨洗衣物的工作量变成原来的7倍。同样地�每周一次的沐浴为每日一次的淋浴所代替�使得用于个人穿着打扮的时间大大增加。6Meanwhile,technologyhasnotonlyallowedworktospreadintoourleisuretime--thelaptop-on-the-beachsyndrome--butaddedthenewburdenofdealingwithfaxes,e-mailsandvoicemails.IthasalsoprovideduswiththeopportunitytospendhoursfixingsoftwareglitchesonourpersonalcomputersorfillingourheadswithuselessinformationfromtheInternet.与此同时�技术发展不仅听任工作侵入我们的闲暇时间――带着便携式电脑去海滩综合症――而且添加了收发传真、电子邮件和语音邮件这些新的负担。技术发展还向我们提供机会�在个人电脑上一连几小时处理软件故障�或把因特网上那些无用的信息塞进自己的大脑。7Technologyapart,theInternetpointsthewaytoasecondreasonwhywefeelsotime-pressed:theinformationexplosion.除去技术发展�因特网指出了我们为何感到时间如此紧迫的第二个原因�信息爆炸。8Acoupleofcenturiesago,nearlyalltheworld'saccumulatedlearningcouldbecontainedintheheadsofafewphilosophers.Today,thoseheadscouldnothopetoaccommodatemorethanatinyfractionoftheinformationgeneratedinasingleday.几个世纪以前�人类积累的几乎所有知识都能装在若干哲人的大脑之中。如今�这些大脑休想容纳下一天中产生的新信息中的小小一部分。9News,factsandopinionspourinfromeverycorneroftheworld.Thetelevisionsetoffers150channels.TherearemillionsofInternetsites.Magazines,booksandCD-ROMsproliferate.各种消息、事实和见解从世界各个角落大量涌入。电视机能收到150个频道。因特网网址多达千百万。杂志、书籍和光盘只读存储器的数量也激增。10"Inthewholeworldofscholarship,therewereonlyahandfulofscientificjournalsinthe18thcentury,andthepublicationofabookwasanevent,"saysEdwardWilson,honorarycuratorinentomologyatHarvardUniversity'smuseumofcomparativezoology."Now,Ifindmyselfsubscribingto60or70journalsormagazinesjusttokeepmeupwithwhatamountstoaminuteproportionoftheexpandingfrontiersofscholarship."“在18世纪�整个国际学术界总共只有屈指可数的几家科学刊物�出版一本书是件了不起的大事�”哈佛大学比较动物学博物馆昆虫馆名誉馆长爱德华·威尔逊说。“如今�我本人就订阅了60或70种期刊杂志�以便自己跟上不断拓展的学术前沿中一个微小部分的发展动向。”11Thereisanotherreasonforourincreasedtimestresslevels,too:risingprosperity.Asever-largerquantitiesofgoodsandservicesareproduced,theyhavetobeconsumed.Drivenonbyadvertising,wedoourbesttooblige:webuymore,travelmoreandplaymore,butwestruggletokeepup.SowesufferfromwhatWilsoncallsdiscontentwithsuperabundance--theconfusionofendlesschoice.我们产生日益加重的时间紧迫感还有一个原因�日渐繁荣富足。由于生产的物品与提供的服务越来越多�我们必须去消费。在广告的推动下�我们努力照办�我们多多购买多多旅游多多玩儿�但得尽力坚持下去。于是我们就深受威尔逊所谓的对极大富足不满之苦――即无休止的选择所造成的困惑12Ofcourse,noteveryoneisoverstressed."It'saconvenientshorthandtosaywe'realltime-starved,butwehavetorememberthatitonlyappliesto,say,halfthepopulation,"saysMichaelWillmott,directoroftheFutureFoundation,aLondonresearchcompany.当然�并非人人感到时间过度紧迫。“说我们都缺少时间只是随意讲讲�我们应该记住�这种说法大约只适用于一半人�”未来基金公司――一家伦敦研究公司――的经理迈克尔·威尔莫特说。13"You'vegotpeopleretiringearly,you'vegottheunemployed,you'vegototherpeoplemaybeonlyperipherallyinvolvedintheeconomywhodon'thavethissituationatall.Ifyou'reunemployed,yourproblemisthatyou'vegottoomuchtime,nottoolittle."“有些人早早退休了�有些人失业了�有些人或许只与经济活动沾点边�根本不会有这种情况。如果失业了�那你的问题就是时间太多�而不是太少。”14PaulEdwards,chairmanoftheLondon-basedHenleyCentreforecastinggroup,pointsoutthatthefeelingofpressurescanalsobeexaggerated,orself-imposed."Everyonetalksaboutitsomuchthatabout50percentofunemployedorretiredpeoplewilltellyoutheyneverhaveenoughtimetogetthingsdone,"hesays."It'salmostgottothepointwherethere'sstressenvy.Ifyou'renotstressed,you'renotsucceeding.Everyonewantstohavealittlebitofthisstresstoshowthey'reanimportantperson."总部设在伦敦的亨利中心预测小组组长保罗·爱德华兹指出�压力感也可能被夸大�或者被强加于自身。“人人都大谈压力�以至于多达半数的失业者或退休人员都会跟你说�他们根本来不及把事情做完�”他说。“这几乎是到了羡慕压力的程度。没有感到有压力�就不是成功者。人人都想表现几分时间紧迫感�以显示自己的重要。”15Thereisanotheraspecttoallofthistoo.Hour-by-hourlogskeptbythousandsofvolunteersoverthedecadeshaveshownthat,intheU.K.,workinghourshaverisenonlyslightlyinthelast10years,andintheU.S.,theyhaveactuallyfallen--evenforthoseinprofessionalandexecutivejobs,wheretheperceptionsofstressarehighest.这一切还有另外一个方面。几十年来由数千名志愿者所作的钟点日志表明�英国在最近十年中工作时间只略微增加�而在美国�即使对工作压力最大的专业人士和管理人员而言�工作时间实际上减少了。16IntheU.S.,JohnRobinson,professorofsociologyattheUniversityofMaryland,andGeoffreyGodbey,professorofleisurestudiesatPennStateUniversityfoundthat,sincethemid-1960s,theaverageAmericanhadgainedfivehoursaweekinfreetime--thatis,timeleftafterworking,sleeping,commuting,caringforchildrenanddoingthechores.在美国�马里兰大学社会学教授约翰·鲁宾逊和宾夕法尼亚州立大学研究闲暇问题的教授杰弗里·戈德比发现�自20世纪60年代中期以来�普通美国人每周增加了5小时空余时间�即工作、睡眠、乘车上下班、照料孩子和家务劳动之余的时间。17Thegains,however,wereunevenlydistributed.Thepeoplewhobenefitedthemostweresinglesandempty-nesters.Thosewhogainedtheleast--lessthananhour--wereworkingcoupleswithpre-schoolchildren,perhapsreflectingthetrendforparentstospendmoretimenurturingtheiroffspring.但增加的时间分配得并不均匀。受惠最多的是未婚者和子女不在身边的人。得益最少的――增加了不足1个小时――是有学前子女的双职工夫妇�这或许反映了父母在抚养子女方面花费更多时间这一倾向。18Thereis,ofcourse,agenderissuehere,too.Advancesinhouseholdappliancesmayhaveencouragedwomentotakepayingjobs:butaswehavealreadynoted,technologydidnotendhouseholdchores.Asaresult,weseeappallinginequalitiesinthedistributionoffreetimebetweenthesexes.AccordingtotheHenleyCentre,workingfathersintheU.K.average48hoursoffreetimeaweek.Workingmothersget14.这里当然也存在着性别问题。家用器具的更新换代或许鼓励妇女去做有报酬的工作�但正如我们已经注意到的�技术发展并没有扫除家务杂活。其结果是�我们发现男女空余时间的分配惊人地不平等。据亨利中心的调查�在英国�有工作的父亲平均每周有48小时的空余时间。有工作的母亲只有14小时19Inequalitiesapart,theperceptionofthetimefamineiswidespread,andhasprovokedavarietyofreactions.Oneisanattempttogainthelargestpossibleamountofsatisfactionfromthesmallestpossibleinvestmentoftime.Peopletodaywantfastfood,soundbytesandinstantgratification.Andtheybecomeupsetwhentimeiswasted.除去不平等�缺乏时间的感觉也普遍存在�并引起了各种反应。反应之一是试图投入最少的时间以获取最大的满足。如今人们需要快餐�需要电台、电视台播放简短片断�还要即刻得到满足。时间一旦被浪费�人们就会很不高兴。20"Peopletalkaboutqualitytime.Theywantperfectmoments,"saystheHenleyCentre'sEdwards."IfyoutakeyourkidstoamovieandMcDonald'sandit'snotperfect,you'vewastedanafternoon,andit'sasensethatyou'velostsomethingprecious.Ifyoulosesomemoneyyoucanearnsomemore,butifyouwastetimeyoucannevergetitback."“人们谈论着质量时间。他们需要最佳时光�”亨利中心的爱德华兹说。“如果你带孩子去看电影或去麦当劳�但度过的时光并不甜美�你浪费了一个下午�感觉就像是你丢失了宝贵物品。钱丢失了还能挣回来�但时间浪费了就再也无法追回。”21Peoplearealsotryingtobuytime.Anythingthathelpsstreamlineourlivesisagrowthmarket.OneexampleiswhatAmericanscallconciergeservices--domestichelp,childcare,gardeninganddecorating.Andon-lineretailersareseeingbigincreasesinsales--thoughnot,asyet,profits.人们还试图购买时间。任何能帮助我们提高生活效率的事物都有越做越大的市场。美国人所谓的家政服务――做家务�带孩子�修剪花木�居家装饰――即为一例。网上零售商在看着销售额大幅增长――虽然利润尚未同样大幅增长。22Athirdreactiontotimefaminehasbeenthegrowthofthework-lifedebate.Youhearmoreaboutpeopletakingearlyretirementorgivinguphighpressurejobsinfavourofoccupationswithshorterworkinghours.AndbodiessuchasBritain'sNationalWork-LifeForumhavesprungup,urgingemployerstoendthelong-hourscultureamongmanagersandtoadoptfamily-friendlyworkingpolicies.对时间匮乏的第三个反应是有关人的一生应该工作多少年的争论增多。你比过去更常听到人们谈论早早退休�谈论放弃压力大的工作去从事工作时间短的工作。诸如英国全国工作年限论坛这样的机构像雨后春笋般出现了�敦促雇主终止让管理人员长时间加班的做法�而采取能适应家庭生活的工作方式。23Thetroublewithallthesereactionsisthatliberatingtime--whetherbymakingbetteruseofit,buyingitfromothersorreducingtheamountspentatwork--isfutileifthehoursgainedareimmediatelydivertedtootherpurposes.所有这些反应的问题在于�把时间解放出来――无论是靠更充分地利用时间�靠购买他人的时间�还是靠缩短工作时间――是没有意义的�如果赢得的时间又即刻被用于其他目的。24AsGodbeypointsout,thestresswefeelarisesnotfromashortageoftime,butfromthesurfeitofthingswetrytocramintoit."It'sthekidinthecandystore,"hesays."There'sjustsomanygoodthingstodo.Thearrayofchoicesisstunning.Ourfreetimeisincreasing,butnotasfastasoursenseofthenecessary."正如戈德比所指出的�我们的紧张感并非源于时间短缺�而是因为我们试图在一个个时段中塞入过多的内容。“就像糖果店里的孩子�”他说�“有那么多美好的事情要做。选择之多�令人眼花缭乱。我们的空余时间在增加�但其速度跟不上我们心中日益增多的必须做的事。”25Amoresuccessfulremedymaylieinunderstandingtheproblemratherthanevadingit.更有效的解决方式或许在于去理解这一问题�而不是回避这一问题。26Beforetheindustrialrevolution,peoplelivedinsmallcommunitieswithlimitedcommunications.Withintheconfinesoftheirvillage,theycouldreasonablyexpecttoknoweverythingthatwastobeknown,seeeverythingthatwastobeseen,anddoeverythingthatwastobedone.工业革命前�人们居住在交通联系不方便的小社区里。在本村范围内�人们自然而然地期望了解该了解的一切�见到该见的一切�做该做的一切。27Today,beingcuriousbynature,wearestilltryingtodothesame.Buttheglobalvillageisaworldoflimitlesspossibilities,andwecanneverachieveouraim.如今�生性好奇的我们仍试图这么做。然而�地球村是一个有着无限可能的世界�我们永远无法实现自己的目标。28Itisnotmoretimeweneed:itisfewerdesires.Weneedtoswitchoffthecell-phoneandleavethechildrentoplaybythemselves.Weneedtobuyless,readlessandtravelless.Weneedtosetboundariesforourselves,orbedoomedtomountingdespair.我们需要的不是更多的时间�是更少的欲望。我们定要关掉手机�让孩子们自己玩耍。我们定要少购物�少阅读�少出游。我们定要在有所为、有所不为方面给自己设定界限�不然则注定会越来越感到绝望。PeggyNoonanlivesinNewYorkandwritesaweeklycolumnforTheWallStreetJournal.Thispieceistakenfromoneofthem.Initshereflectsonherweekandonlifeinthecity.WritinglessthanayearawayfromthedestructionoftheWorldTradeCenter,herthoughtsareinevitablyaffectedbythatterribleevent.佩吉·诺南住在纽约�每周为《华尔街时报》撰写专栏文章。本文即其中一篇。她在文章中反思了自己的一周以及这个城市的生活。撰写此文时�离世贸中心被毁还不到一周年�她的思考不可避免地带有这一可怕事件的阴影。TheNightmareandtheDreams--HowhasSept.11affectedournationalunconscious?PEGGYNOONAN1ItishotinNewYork.ItissohotthatoncewhenIhadafeverafriendcalledandaskedmehowIfeltandIsaid,"Youknowhowdryandhotpaperfeelswhenit'sbeenfaxed?That'showIfeel."AndhowIfeltalldayyesterday.Itishot.Wefeelasifwe'vebeenfaxed.梦魇与梦想――9·11事件如何影响了国民的潜意识�佩吉·诺南纽约真热。天气如此炎热�因此�有一次我发高烧�朋友打电话来问候我感觉如何时�我就说�“你知道发传真时纸张有多干燥多烫手吗�那就是我的感觉。”昨天整整一天我都是这种感觉。太热了。我们觉得自己被传真过似的。2Ifoundmyselffullyawakeat5a.m.yesterdayandwentforawalkontheBrooklynBridge.Nowmorethaneverthebridgeseemslikeagreatgifttomycity.Itspans.Inthechangedlandscapeofdowntownitisourundisturbedbeauty,grownevermorestatelyeachyear.Peopleseemtoloveitmorenow,oratleastmentionitmoreornoticeitmore.SodoI.It'salwaysfulloftouristsbutalwaysfullofNewYorkers,too.昨天清晨5点我就完全醒了�便去布鲁克林大桥散步。如今这座大桥越发像是赐予我们这个城市的一件贵重礼物。它跨河而立。在业已改变的市区景观中�它依旧是一道美丽的景致�年复一年�越发显得气势非凡。如今�人们似乎更喜欢它�至少是更多地提到它、注意到它。本人也一样。桥上总是挤满游客�也总是挤满纽约居民。3Iamstruck,asIalwaysamwhenI'monit,thatIamwalkingononeoftheengineeringwondersoftheworld.AndIwasstruckyesterdaythatIwaslookingatoneofthegreatestviewsinthehistoryofman'screation,Manhattanatsunrise.我在这座桥上行走时总是深感骄傲�因为自己漫步在世界工程技术一大奇迹之上�今天踏上这座桥�我同样深感骄傲。昨天我深受感动�因为我在观看有人类创造史以来最辉煌的景象之一�曼哈顿日出。4Andallofitwasfree.Abillionairewouldpaybillionstoownthisbridgeandkeepthisview,butIandmyjogging,bikingandhikingcompanionshaveitfornothing.Weinheritedit.Nowallwedoispaymaintenance,intheformoftaxes.Wearelucky.而且那是分文不花的。亿万富翁要想拥有这座桥�将这一景致占为己有�那得付出亿万钱财�而我以及那些或慢跑、或骑车、或徒步的同行者却能免费享用。我们继承了这座大桥。如今我们所要做的只是以纳税的方式支付维修费用。我辈实属有幸。5AsIroundedtheentrancetothebridgeontheBrooklynside,asmallmomentaddedtomyhappiness.Itwasdawn,trafficwaslight,Ipassedablackvanwithsmokedwindows.Inthedriver'sseatwiththewindowdownwasablackmanof30orso,acaplowonhisbrow,wearingthickblacksunglasses.Iwasonthewalkwaythatleadstothebridge;hewaslessthantwofeetaway;weweretheonlypeoplethere.Wemadeeyecontact."Goodmorning!"hesaid."Goodmorningtoyou,"Ianswered,andfornoreasonatallwestartedtolaugh,andmovedonintotheday.Nothingsignificantinitexceptitmayormaynothavehappenedthatway30or40yearsago.I'mnotsurethefullchargeoffriendlinesswouldhavebeenassumedoranswered.我从布鲁克林一边上桥时�一件小事更增添了我的快乐。天刚亮�车辆稀少�我与一辆车窗熏黑的黑色面包车擦肩而过。窗开着的驾驶座里坐着一个30岁左右的黑人�帽子低低地压在眉檐上�戴着一副厚厚的黑色太阳镜。我走在通往大桥的人行道上�他距我不到两英尺�周围只有我们两个人。我们目光对视。“早上好�”他说。“早上好�”我回答着�两人随即无缘无故地大笑起来�笑罢各人继续各人的生活。这事并没有什么特别的意义�只是30年或40年前是不是会发生这样的事。我不知道那时会不会有这种完全友好的表示�又会不会得到回应。6ItmademethinkofsomethingIsawMondaynightonTV.Theywereshowingthe1967movie"GuessWho'sComingtoDinner?"withKatharineHepburn,SidneyPoitierandSpencerTracy,aboutayoungwhitewomanandayoungblackmanwhofallinlove,hopetomarryandmustcontendwithdisapprovingparentsonbothsides.It'sheldupwell,andpartsofitseemedmovinginawayIdidn'tremember,andpertinent.这让我想起星期一晚上看的电视节目。他们播放的是1967年的影片《猜猜谁来赴晚餐》�由凯瑟琳·赫本、辛尼·普瓦提艾和斯潘塞·特雷西主演�讲的是一个白人姑娘与一个黑人小伙子相爱�想要结婚�不得不与持反对态度的双方父母做斗争。影片拍得不错�故事的部分细节似乎很感人�如何感人我记不清楚了�反正很切题。7Therewasabitofdialoguethatpackedawallop.SpencerTracyasthefatherofthewould-bebrideispressingMr.Poitieronwhetherhehasconsideredthesufferingstheirmixed-racechildrenmighthavetoendureinAmerica.Hashethoughtaboutthis?Hashisfiancée?"Sheisoptimistic,"saysMr.Poitier."ShethinkseveryoneofthemwillgrowuptobecomepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Iontheotherhandwouldsettleforsecretaryofstate."Thosewords,written35yearsagomayhaveseemeddreamythen.Butinitsaudiencewhenthemoviecameoutwouldlikelyhavebeenayoung,film-lovingArmylieutenantnamedColinPowellwho,thatyear,waspreparingforasecondtourofdutyinVietnam.Andnowheissecretaryofstate.Thisisthelanddreamsaremadeof.Doesthatstrikeyouasacornythingtosayandtalkabout?Itis.That'sanothergreatthing.有几段对话让人为之震动。饰演未来新娘父亲的斯潘塞·特雷西质问普瓦提艾先生�他是否想过他们混血的孩子在美国将会承受多少痛苦。他考虑过这点吗�他的未婚妻考虑过这点吗�“她很乐观�”普瓦提艾先生说。“她认为他们每个人都能长大成人当上美国总统。而我则觉得他们能当国务卿也就可以了。”这些写于35年前的话当时听上去或许就像是痴人说梦。但影片上映时�观众中可能就有爱看电影的年轻的陆军中尉科林·鲍威尔�当年他正准备第二次到越南去服役。如今他正担任着国务卿一职。这是个梦想成真的国度。这么说你是否觉得有点老生常谈�这又是一件美妙的事情。8LateTuesday,onasubwayridefromBrooklyntothenorthofManhattan,IresawsomethingI'dnoticedandforgottenabout.Itisthatmoreandmore,onthestreetsandonthetrain,IseepeoplewearingIDtags.WeallwearIDsnow.Wedidn'tuseto.Theyhangfromthickcottonstringoranaluminumchain;they'rewornoneatatimeorthreeatatime,butthey'rethere.星期二晚些时候�在从布鲁克林开往曼哈顿北部的地铁上�我又看到一个我注意过�可后来又忘了的现象。那就是大街上�地铁里�我越来越经常地发现人们挂着表明身份的胸卡。如今人人都佩带胸卡。过去我们是不带的。胸卡吊在粗棉线或铝制链上�有的佩带一张�有的同时佩带三张�反正胸卡处处可见。9Ipondertheimplications.WhatdoesitmeanthatwewearIDs?Whatarewesaying,ordowethinkwe'resaying?Imeanasidefromtheobvious.我思索着这一现象意味着什么。大家随身携带身份证件�这意味着什么�我们是在表明什么�或者说我们自以为是在表明什么�我指的是表象之外的意义。10Iimaginedyesterdaytherowofpeopleacrossfrommeonthetrain,lookingupallofasuddenfromtheirnewspaperandansweringoneafteranother:假设昨天地铁车厢里我对面的那排人一下子放下报纸抬起头来�逐个回答道�11"ItmeansIknowwhoIam,"saysthemaninblueshirtandsuspenders.“这意味着我知道自己是谁�”穿蓝衬衫和吊裤带的那个男子说。12"ItmeansIcangetintothebuilding,"saysthewomaningray.“这意味着我能进办公楼�”那个灰衣女子说。13"ItmeansIamasolidcitizenwithajob."“这表明我是个有职业的体面公民。”14"Iamknowntoothersinmyworkplace."“在工作场所别人知道我是谁。”15"I'mnotjustblowingthroughlife,I'mintegratedintoit.Ibelongtosomething.Ireceivearegularpaycheck."“我不是在混日子�我融入了生活。我有所归属。我有固定的工资。”16"IhavehadabackgroundcheckdonebysecurityandhavebeenfoundtobeaSafePerson.Haveyou?"“安检部门对我的背景来历核查过�认定我为人可靠。你呢�”17Iwonderifunemployedpeopleonthetrainlookatthetagsaroundtheotherpeoples'necksandthink.SoonIhopeI'llhaveonetoo.Iwonderifkidsjustgettingtheirfirstjobat17willeverknowthatinAmericawedidn'tallusetobeID'd.Usedtobeonlyforpeoplewhoworkedinnuclearpowerplantsorgreathallsofgovernment.Otherwiseyoucouldbeprettyobscure.Whichisn'tabadwaytobe.我不知道车上那些失业的人看着别人头颈里吊着的胸卡�会不会有什么想法。我希望不久我也有张胸卡。我不知道那些刚刚开始工作的17岁的小伙子们会不会知晓�以前在美国�我们并不是人人携带身份证的。过去只有在核电站或政府办公大楼里工作的人才用。在别处�没人会知道你是谁。这可不是件坏事。18Amonthagotherewerenewsreportsofapost-Sept.11babyboom.Everyonewassorockedbynewsoftheirmortalitythattheyrealizedtherewillneverbeaperfecttimetohavekidsbutwe'reherenowsolet'shaveafamily.Ibelievedthebabyboomstoryandwaitedforthebabies.一个月前�有关于9·11事件之后出现生育高峰的新闻报道。大家为那些关于死亡的报道所震惊�意识到决没有什么生养孩子的最佳时机�现在我们既然活着�就该生儿育女。我相信关于生育高峰报道的真实性�期待着这些孩子的出生。19Thencamethestoriessaying:Nah,thereisnobabyboom,it'sallanecdotal,there'snostatisticalevidencetobackitup.AndIbelievedthattoo.ButI'vebeennoticingsomethingforweeksnow.Inmyneighborhoodthereisababyboom.TherearebabiesalloverinBrooklyn.Itisfullofnewborns,ofpinksoft-limbedinfantsincottoncarriersondaddy'schest.Itisfullofstrollers,notonlyregularstrollersbutthekindthatcarrytwochildren--double-wides.Andtriple-wides.Idon'tcarewhatanyonesays,therehavegottobedatathatbackupwhatI'mseeing:thatafterSept.11,therewasatleastaBrooklynbabyboom.后来又有报道说�不对�没有什么生育高峰�那完全是道听途说�并没有统计数据加以证实。我也相信这一报道的真实性。但好几个星期以来我一直关注着一个情况。我家附近出现了生育高峰。布鲁克林到处都是婴儿。处处可见新生婴儿�处处可见粉嘟嘟的、小手小脚软软的婴儿�他们蜷伏在父亲胸前的棉兜里。处处可见婴儿小推车�不仅是普通的小推车�还有那种可放两个婴儿的小推车。甚至还有可放三个婴儿的小推车。别人怎么说我不管�应该有数据证实我目睹的情况�9·11事件之后�至少在布鲁克林出现了生育高峰。20Adreamboom,too.TheotherdayIspokewithafriendIhadn'tseensincetheworldchanged.Hewastwoblocksawaywhenthetowersfell,andhesaweverything.Wehaveallseentheextraordinaryfootageofthatday,seenitoverandover,butfewofushaveseenwhatmyfrienddescribed:howintheofficebuildingsneartheWorldTradeCentertheystoodatthewindowsandsuddenlydarknessenvelopedthemasthetowerscollapsedandthedemoniccloudsweptthrough.Didyouseethoseforcedtojump?Iasked.夜梦也激增。一天我跟事件发生后一直没见过面的一位朋友交谈。世贸大楼倒下时�他就在两个街区之外�目睹了一切。我们都看过当日那令人震惊的电视镜头�看过一遍又一遍�但很少有人看到过我朋友所描述的情景�在世贸中心近旁的办公大楼里�他们站在窗边�突然黑暗将他们笼罩�那两幢楼倒塌了�可怕的浓烟迅速蔓延。你有没有看到那些被迫往下跳的人�我问。21"Yes,"hesaid,andlookedaway.“看到�”他说着移开了视线。22Haveyouhadbaddreams?你有没有做噩梦�23"Yes,"hesaid,andlookedaway.“做的�”他说着�仍看着别处。24Ithoughtaboutthisforafewdays.Myfriendisbrilliantandbynatureadescriberofthingsfeltandseen.Butnotthistime.Ispoketoafriendwhoisatherapist.Areyourpatientsgettingextraordinarydreams?Iasked.我好几天都想着这事。我的这位朋友才华横溢�天生擅长描述自己的感受与见闻。但这次却例外。我跟一位当治疗专家的朋友交谈。你的病人是不是都做些稀奇古怪的梦�我问。25"Always,"helaughs.“总是做那样的梦�”他笑了起来。26Sept.11-related?都跟9·11事件有关�27"Yes,"hesays,"mostlyamongadolescents."“是的�”他说�“主要都是青少年。”28Iaskedifhewassavingthem,writingthemdown.Heshookhisheadno.我问他有没有把这些梦收集好记下来。他摇了摇头。29So:TheSept.11DreamProject.Weshouldbeginit.Iwantto,thoughI'mnotsurewhy.IthinkmaybedowntheroadIwilltrytowriteaboutthem.Maybenot.Iamcertain,however,thatdreamscanbeanexpressionofanation'sunconscious,iftherecanbesaidtobesuchathing,anddeserverespect.(CarlJungthoughtso.)是啊�9·11梦录项目。我们应该着手进行了。本人有意去做�虽说我自己也不太清楚到底为什么。我想�以后也许我会试着把那些梦写下来。也许不会。但我相信�梦可以反映国民的潜意识――如果真有所谓潜意识――而且值得把梦当一回事。�卡尔·荣格持肯定态度。�30Torespectistorecord.SendinyourSept.11relateddream--recurring,unusual,striking,whatever.Iwillreadthem,andappreciatethemandpossiblyweavethemintoapieceonwhatSept.11hasdonetoourdreamlivesandtoourimaginations,whenourimaginationsareoperatingontheirown,unfettered,unstopped,spanning.既然值得当回事就要记录下来。请把你做的与9·11事件有关的梦寄给我――一再重复的�不同寻常的�惊人的�等等。我会阅读你们的来函�会理解�可能的话会将它们编成一篇文章�反映9·11事件对我们的梦幻生活和想象力――即当我们的想象力独立地、无拘无束地、毫无牵绊地持续发挥时――产生了什么影响。AnnieDillardtellsofhervisittotheNapoRiverintheheartoftheEcuadorianjungle,oneofnature'smostunspoiledplaces.Shedescribesthebeautyoftheforestandheradmirationforthepeoplewholivethere.安妮·迪拉德讲述了自己游览厄瓜多尔丛林深处的纳波河的经历。那是大自然遭受人为破坏最少的地区之一。她描述了森林之美以及对生活在那里的土著人的歆慕之情。IntheJungleAnnieDillard1Likeanyout-of-the-wayplace,theNapoRiverintheEcuadorianjungleseemsrealenoughwhenyouarethere,evencentral.Outofthewayofwhat?Iwassittingonastumpattheedgeofabanksidepalm-thatchvillage,inthemiddleofthenight,ontheheadwatersoftheAmazon.Outofthewayofhumanlife,tenderness,ortheglanceofheaven?在丛林中安妮·迪拉德如同所有僻远之地�当你身临其境时�厄瓜多尔丛林深处的纳波河就显得那么真实�甚至有中心要地的感觉。那么僻远之地远离什么呢�夜半时分�在亚马逊河的源头�我坐在一个树墩上�身后是傍水的棕榈叶作屋顶的小村落。远离人类活动�远离脉脉温情。或者说远离天堂的扫视�2Anightjarindeep-leavedshadowcalledthreelongnotes,andhushed.Themenwithmetalkedsoftly:threeNorthAmericans,fourEcuadorianswhowereshowingusthejungle.Wewereholdingcooldrinksandidlywatchingahand-sizedtarantulaseizemothsthatcametothelonebulbonthegeneratorshedbesideus.一只欧夜鹰在密密的树叶间发出三声长啼�旋即静默无声。和我一起的那些男人轻声交谈着�3个北美人�4个为我们在丛林中带路的厄瓜多尔人。我们手里拿着清凉的饮料�悠闲地看着一只有手那么大小的狼蛛捕捉纷纷扑向我们身旁发电机棚屋上一个灯泡的飞虫。3ItwasFebruary,themiddleofsummer.Greenfirefliesspatteredlightsacrosstheairandilluminedforseconds,nowhere,nowthere,thepaletrunksofenormous,solitarytrees.BeneathusthebrownNapoRiverwasrising,inallsilence;itcoiledupthesandybankandtangleditsfoaminvinesthattrailedfromtheforestandrootsthatloopedtheshore.时值2月�正当仲夏。绿莹莹的萤火虫在空中闪出光亮�一会儿这里照亮一下�一会儿那里照亮一下幽木巨树的暗淡的树干。在我们下方�褐黄色的纳波河水正在涨潮。万籁俱寂�惟见河水沿着沙岸蜿蜒流过�水沫裹挟在蔓生在森林里的藤蔓间以及盘绕岸边的树根上。4Eachbreathofnightsmelledsweet.EachstarinOrionseemedtotrembleandstirwithmybreath.Allatonce,inthethatchhouseacrosstheclearingbehinduscamethesoundofarecorder,playingatunethattwinedoverthevillageclearing,mutedourtalkonthebankside,andwanderedovertheriver,dissolvingdownstream.夜晚吸入的每口气都沁人心脾。猎户星座里的每一颗星星似乎都因了我的呼吸而颤动。突然�我们身后空地旁的茅屋里�传出了录音机的声音�一首乐曲在村子空地之上缭绕�减弱了我们在河畔谈话的声音�然后又传至河面�随流飘去。5Thiswilldo,Ithought.Thiswilldo,foraweekend,oraseason,orahome.人生遇此情景足矣�我暗想。在此度过周末足以�在此小住数月足以�在此安家足以。6LaterthatnightIloosedmyhairfromitsbraidsandcombeditsmooth--notformyself,butsothevillagegirlscouldplaywithitinthemorning.夜半时分�我散开辫子�把头发梳理得平平整整--不是为我自己�而是为了村里那些姑娘早上可以玩我的头发。7Wehaddisembarkedatthevillagethatafternoon,andIhadslumpedonsomeshadedsteps,wishingIknewsomeSpanishorsomeQuechuasoIcouldspeakwiththeringoflittlegirlswhowerealternatelystaringatmeandsmilingattheirtoes.Ispokeanyway,andfooledwithmyhair,whichtheywereobviouslydyingtogettheirhandson,andlaughed,andsoontheywereallbraidingmyhair,allfiveofthem,allfiftyfingers,allmyhair,evenmybangs.Andthentheytookitapartanddiditagain,laughing,andteachingmeSpanishnouns,andmeetingmyeyesandeachother'swithopendelight,whiletheirsmallbrothersinbluejeansclimbeddownfromthetreesandbegankickingavolleyballaroundwithoneoftheNorthAmericanmen.我们是那天下午在这个小村上岸的�我垂着头坐在树阴下的踏级上�真希望自己会说几句西班牙语或盖丘亚语�好跟围成一圈的小女孩说说话�她们一会儿看看我�一会儿又低头看着自己的脚趾窃笑。我还是开口了�笑着抚弄自己的头发�她们显然也都非常想碰碰我的头发。没过一会儿�她们就给我编辫子了�她们5个人�50个手指�我是一头辫子�连留海也编成了辫子。她们拆了编�编了拆�一边笑一边教我西班牙语单词�望望我�又相互对望�个个喜形于色�她们那些穿着牛仔服的小弟弟们则纷纷下得树来�跟一个北美人踢排球玩耍。8Now,asIcombedmyhairinthelittletent,anotherofthemen,afree-lancewriterfromManhattan,wastalkingquietly.Hewastellingusthetaleofhislife,describinghisworkinHollywood,hisapartmentinManhattan,hishouseinParis...."Itmakesmewonder,"hesaid,"whatI'mdoinginatentunderatreeinthevillageofPompeya,ontheNapoRiver,inthejungleofEcuador."Afterapauseheadded,"ItmakesmewonderwhyI'mgoingback."此刻�我在低矮的帐篷里梳理着头发�另一个北美人�一位来自曼哈顿的自由作家�正在轻声说话。他在向我们讲述他人生的故事�讲述他在好莱坞的工作、在曼哈顿的公寓、在巴黎的家……“我不由纳闷�”他说�“在厄瓜多尔的丛林里�在纳波河上�在蓬帕雅小村�在树下的帐篷里�自己在干什么。”他顿了顿�接着说�“我不由寻思�自己为什么要回去。”9ThepointofgoingsomewhereliketheNapoRiverinEcuadorisnottoseethemostspectacularanything.Itissimplytoseewhatisthere.Wearehereontheplanetonlyonce,andmightaswellgetafeelfortheplace.Wemightaswellgetafeelforthefringesandhollowsinwhichlifeislived,fortheAmazonbasin,whichcovershalfacontinent,andforthelifethat--there,likeanywhereelse--isalwaysandnecessarilylivedindetail:onthetributaries,intheriversidevillages,suckingthisparticularwhite-fleshedguavainthisparticularpatternofshade.去厄瓜多尔纳波河这种地方不是为了观赏什么世界奇观�而只是去看一看那里有些什么。人生在世�惟有一次�我们不妨去感受一下那个地方。我们不妨去感受一下有生命生活其间的远方水乡山谷�去感受覆盖了半个大陆的亚马逊河流域�去感受那样一种生活――在那里�一如在别的地方――那种必定总是琐碎的生活�在各条支流上�在临水的村落里�在有着独特形状的阴凉处吮吸着有白色浆果的独特的番石榴。10Whatisthereisinteresting.TheNapoRiveritselfiswideandbrown,opaque,andsmearedwithfloatingfoamandlogsandbranchesfromthejungle.Parrotsinflocksdartinandoutofthelight.Underthewaterintheriver,unseen,areanacondas--whicharereputedtotakeafewvillagetoddlerseveryyear--andwaterboas,crocodiles,andsweet-meatedfish.那里的一切都趣味盎然。纳波河河面宽阔�河水混浊�呈褐黄色�浮沫以及丛林里来的木段和树枝翻浮其上。成群的鹦鹉忽而飞进树荫里�忽而飞入阳光里。水下潜伏着南美蟒蛇――据说每年都要吞吃几名村童――还有水蟒、鳄鱼�以及肉质鲜美的鱼类。11Lowwaterbaresgraystripsofsandbaronwhichthenativesbuildtinypalm-thatchsheltersforovernightfishingtrips.Youseetheseextraordinarilycleanpeople(whobathetwiceadayintheriver,andwhosestraightblackhairisalwaysfreshlywashed)paddlingdowntheriverindugoutcanoes,huggingthebanks.水浅的地方露出灰茫茫的狭长沙洲�土著人在沙洲上为过夜的渔夫搭建了小小的棕榈茅舍。你能见到这些清洁得出奇的人�他们在河里一天沐浴两次�满头直挺的黑发更是刚刚洗过�在独木舟里紧贴着河岸荡桨。12SomeoftheIndiansofthisregion,earlierinthecentury,usedtosleepnakedinhammocks.Thenightsarecold.GordonMacCreach,anAmericanexplorerintheseAmazontributaries,reportedthathewasstartledtoheartheIndiansgetupatthreeinthemorning.Hewasevenmorestartled,nightafternight,tohearthemwalkdowntotheriverslowly,halfasleep,andbatheinthewater.Onlylaterdidhelearnwhattheyweredoing:theyweregettingwarm.Thecoldwokethem;theywarmedtheirskinsintheriver,whichwasalwaysninetydegrees;thentheyreturnedtotheirhammocksandsleptthroughtherestofthenight.在本世纪早期�这一地区的一些印第安人常常赤身睡在吊床里。夜晚颇凉。勘测亚马逊河支流的美国探险家戈登·麦克里奇曾记述说�他凌晨3点就听见印第安人起身�深感愕然。更令他惊奇的是�夜复一夜�他都听见他们半睡半醒地缓步走向河边�趟到河里洗起澡来。后来他才弄明白他们是在干什么�他们在取暖。凉意把他们冻醒�他们便到河里暖暖身子�因为河水保持90�华氏�度不变�随后他们再回到吊床上�睡到天亮。13Whenyouareinsidethejungle,awayfromtheriver,thetreesvaultoutofsight.Butterflies,brightblue,striped,orclear-winged,threadthejunglepathsateyelevel.Andatyourfeetisaswathofantsbearingtriangularbitsofgreenleaf.Theantswiththeirleaveslooklikeawidefleetofsailingdinghies--buttheydon'tquit.Ineitherdirectiontheywobbleoverthejunglefloorasfarastheeyecansee.当你离开大河�深入丛林�满眼树木高耸入云。一眼望去�成群的蝴蝶穿过丛林小径�有宝蓝的�有条纹的�有纯色翅膀的。在脚下�则有一长列蚂蚁背负着三角形的绿叶碎片。负叶爬行的蚂蚁就像一支规模庞大、扬帆行驶的船队――只是它们不会停歇。无论什么方向�都能看到它们在丛林的地面上摇摇摆摆地爬行。14Longlakesshineinthejungle.Wetraveledoneoftheseindugoutcanoes,canoespaddledwithmachete-hewnoars,orpoledintheshallowswithbamboo.Ourpart-Indianguidehadclearedthepathtothelakethedaybefore;whenwewalkedthepathwesawwherehehadimpaledtheloppedheadofaboa,open-mouthed,onapointedstickbythecanoes,fordecoration.丛林中狭长的湖泊上波光闪闪。我们荡舟其上�划着用大砍刀砍削而成的木桨�在浅水处则以竹当篙。有着一半印第安血统的向导前一天已经辟出了通往湖泊的小路�我们在小路上行走时�看见他砍下作为装饰的蟒蛇头�张开大口�钉在独木舟边尖头枝条上。15Thislakewaswonderful.Heronsploddedtheshores,kingfishersandcuckoosclatteredfromsunlighttoshade,greatturkeylikebirdsfussedindeadbranches,andhawkshungoverhead.Therewasallthetimeintheworld.Aturtleslidintothewater.Theboyinthebowofmycanoeslappedstonesatbirdswithasimplesling,arubberthongandleatherpad.Heaimedbrilliantlyatmovingtargets,always,andalwaysmissed;thebirdswereoutofrange.Hestuffedhisslingbackinhisshirt.Ilookedaround.湖泊奇妙无比。苍鹭在岸边缓缓地迈着步子�翠鸟和杜鹃欢叫着从阳光里飞入树荫�火鸡模样的大鸟在枯枝间忙碌�鹰在头上盘旋。我们毋庸为时间担忧�可以从容地欣赏周围的一切。一只乌龟滑入水中。我乘坐的独木舟船头坐着个男孩�他用简陋的弹弓――橡皮弹架和皮索――发射石弹击打飞鸟。他摆出漂亮的架势瞄准飞鸟�却一次又一次地偏离目标�鸟总是飞出他的射程。他把弹弓塞回进衬衣内。我移开目光。16Thelakeandriverwatersareasopaqueasrainforestleaves;theyareveils,blinds,paintedscreens.Youseethingsonlybytheireffects.Isawtheshorelinewaterheaveaboveathrashingpaichi,anenormousblackfishofthesewaters;onehadbeencaughtthepreviousweekweighing430pounds.Piranhafishliveinthelakes,andelectriceels.Idangledmyfingersinthewater,figuringitwouldbeworthit.湖水与河水都如热带雨林中的树叶那样乳浊�那水是面纱�是窗帘�是画屏。你只能从表象看事物。我看到近岸的河水在起伏�上面翻腾着一条巨滑舌鱼�那是这一带水域出产的一种奇大的黑鱼�上一个星期捕获一条�重达430磅。湖里有水虎鱼�还有电鳗。我用手指在水里划着�心想即使被鱼咬一口也值得。17Wewouldeatchickenthatnightinthevillage,togetherwithrice,onionsandheapsoffruit.Thesunwouldringdown,pullingdarknessafteritlikeacurtain.Twilightisshort,andtheunseenbirdsoftwilightwistful,catchingtheheart.Thetwonunsintheirdazzlingwhitehabits--thebeautiful-bonedyoungnunandthewarm-facedold--wouldglidetotheopencane-and-thatchschoolroomindarkness,andstartthechildrensinging.ThechildrenwouldsinginpipingSpanish,high-pitchedandpure;theywouldsing"NearerMyGodtoThee"inQuechua,veryfast.Asthechildrenbecameexcitedbytheirownsinging,theylefttheirlogbenchesandswarmedaroundthenuns,hopping,smilingatus,everyonesmiling,thenuns'facesburstingintheircowls,andtheclear-voicedchildrenstillsinging,andthepalm-leafedroofingstirred.那天夜晚在小村里�我们将吃鸡肉�还有米饭、洋葱和一大堆水果。夕阳会西下�像落幕似地把夜暮降下。黄昏短暂�暮色中�看不见的鸟儿在伤感似地啼鸣�声声动人。两位修女�身穿耀眼的白色道服――年轻的修女身材姣好�年长的那位慈眉善目――会在夜色中悄然来到开着门的用藤条茅草搭建的教室里�让孩子们唱歌。孩子们会用西班牙语放声歌唱�歌声又高又纯�他们会用盖丘亚语唱“上帝离你更近”�唱得非常快。孩子们唱着唱着兴奋起来�纷纷从木凳上站起�簇拥在两位修女身旁�又是跳�又是冲着我们笑。人人都在欢笑�穿戴头巾的修女满脸欢笑�声音清脆的孩子们还在歌唱�棕榈叶铺的屋顶也在颤动。18TheNapoRiver:itisnotoutoftheway.Itisintheway,catchingsunlightthewayacupcatchespouredwater;itisabowlofsweetair,abasinofgreenness,andofgrace,and,itwouldseem,ofpeace.纳波河�那不是荒僻的地方。那是个有人烟的地域�像杯子盛载往里倒的水那样�纳波河接住照射下来的阳光�那是个充满清新空气的低洼地区�一片翠绿的盆地�环境优美的盆地�看来还是个平静的盆地。
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