POLIM2051 Asian Security

Asian Security 1 Department of Politics POLIM2051 ASIAN SECURITY Teaching Block 2 (weeks 13-24) 2008-2009 Hiro Katsumata Office hour: Friday 10:00-11:00 (34 Tyndall’s Park Road, 02.01) Tel: 0117-331-7878 Email: Hiro.Katsumata@bristol.ac.uk THE UNIT Asia is a region in which elements of power politics and security cooperation are intertwined. It contains some of the most serious potential sources of conflict in the world. Equally important is the persistence of ‘human security’ threats, concerning economic development and human rights. The aim of this unit is to explore contemporary political/security issues in Asia – Northeast and Southeast Asia – which involve various global and regional players, including China, Korea, Japan, the US, India, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Various theories and concepts of International Relations are employed for analysis, such as realism, liberalism, institutionalism, constructivism, balance of power, strategic culture, regional identities, path dependence and norm entrepreneurs. The issues explored include: regional order mechanisms, multilateral cooperative security, the characteristics of the security policies of Asian countries, security dilemmas in Northeast Asia, the ASEAN Way, non-traditional security threats and human rights. METHODS The following methods will be used in this unit: x Lectures x Seminar discussions x Oral presentations x Essay Writing x Note-taking OBJECTIVES The objectives of the unit are: x to enhance your knowledge of Asian security issues; x to allow you to identify a particular issue concerning Asian security, which you should explored in depth; x to help you analyse this issue through various perspectives in international relations theory; x to build up your analytical skills and provide you with useful tools for analysing international relations in general and Asian security in particular; and x to allow you to develop critical views and an awareness of theoretical diversity (the unit addresses issues from several different perspectives, without supporting any Asian Security 2 policy or promoting a particular theory; thus, you are encouraged to develop your own views). LEARNING OUTCOMES You will learn the following sets of knowledge/skills: x A broad knowledge of Asian affairs – including sources of conflicts, initiatives for cooperation, historical developments and social backgrounds. x The ability to identify key political/security issues in the region. x The ability to make use of academic theories and concepts for the analysis of Asian affairs (here you will be using theories and concepts, such as realism, liberalism, institutionalism, constructivism, balance of power, strategic culture, regional identities, path dependence and norm entrepreneurs). x Academic writing skills x Oral presentation skills. TEACHING ARRANGEMENTS The teaching arrangements of this unit are as follows: Weeks 13-22: x 50 minute lecture x 10 minute break x 50 minute seminar (including a 10 minute student presentation and a class discussion) Weeks 23 and 24: x Set aside for essay preparation When you have questions or need advice on essay writing, you should feel free to approach me during my office hour, which will be announced on the first day. LEARNING HOW TO LEARN You are advised to spend about 13 hours a week studying for this unit. Each week, you are expected to: x read all the ‘core’ texts and some of the ‘recommended’ texts, x prepare questions which are to be raised in the seminar, x take notes in the lecture and seminar, x actively participate in the discussion, and x consolidate notes and other relevant materials after the seminar. Concurrently, you are expected to write an essay and to make an oral presentation – in concrete terms, you should: x identify a particular issue which you should explore in depth, by reflecting on the texts, the lectures and the seminars, x formulate a research question, x decide on ways to approach this question, in terms of theories and analytical concepts, Asian Security 3 x conduct analyses by using these theories and concepts, x present your findings in a logical and persuasive way. REQUIRED WORK x 1 assessed essay (3,500 words, due on the Friday of the last week of term – i.e., 16 May 2008 – by 12 noon) x 1 oral presentation Assessed Essays There are no seminars during weeks 23 and 24 so that you can concentrate on writing your assessed essays. The questions for the essay and the oral seminar presentation must be on different topics. Essay questions will be handed out in class once the external examiner has approved them. Full details about all requirements and rules regarding assessed essays – including length, formatting, submission, pass marks, extensions, feedback, resubmissions, and so on – are in the Departmental Graduate Studies handbook which is available at http://www.bris.ac.uk/politics/current-pg/contents.html. To write a good essay: (1) answer the question (don’t just summarise); (2) explain in the introduction the context of the question, your basic argument and how the essay will proceed step by step (the structure); (3) signpost the structure throughout the essay, indicating the logical progression from paragraph to paragraph and section to section. Oral Presentation You are required to make an oral presentation. The rules are as follows: 1. The topic will be allocated in the first seminar. 2. Your presentation should be 10 minutes in length. Timekeeping is part of the learning exercise. 3. You should speak from notes, not read a script word by word. 4. Your presentation should address the question set for discussion, and cover both theoretical/conceptual and empirical materials. 5. Your presentation should follow the structure of academic writings – in particular, you should state your research question at the beginning, and then conduct an analysis. 6. You should prepare a one-page word-processed handout. This should include a brief bibliography. 7. I will photocopy sufficient copies of the handout for every seminar member, if you can give me a soft or hard copy one day in advance. Alternatively, you may prepare sufficient photocopies yourself. 8. If you choose to use a computer for your presentation, it will be your responsibility to set a projector up and be ready to start on time. 9. After making a presentation, you will have 5 minutes to answer questions from the seminar group. 10. I will comment on your presentation. Comments on a feedback sheet will be returned to you within two weeks. Asian Security 4 11. The mark for the presentation does not count toward the marks for the degree. FEEDBACK You will receive the following from me: x one feedback sheet for your essay, x one feedback sheet for your oral presentation, and x comments during the seminar on your oral seminar performance. LEARNING RESOURCES Course Pack x The course pack contains many of the reading materials. Recommended Books for Purchase x David Capie and Paul Evans, The Asia-Pacific Security Lexicon (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2002). x Muthiah Alagappa (ed.), Asian Security Order: Instrumental and Normative Features (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003). Other Useful Books x Muthiah Alagappa (ed.), Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998). x Donald E. Weatherbee, International Relations in Southeast Asia: the Struggle for Autonomy (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005). x Samuel S. Kim (ed.), The International Relations of Northeast Asia (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004). x G. John Ikenberry and Michael Mastanduno, (eds.), International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacific (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003). x J. J. Suh, Peter J. Katzenstein, and Allen Carlson (eds.), Rethinking Security in East Asia: Identity, Power, and Efficiency (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004). Relevant Journals Asian Security Asian Survey Contemporary Southeast Asia International Security Pacific Affairs Pacific Review Review of International Studies Useful Websites Governmental agencies, for official documents x ASEAN Secretariat x ASEAN Regional Forum x Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China x Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan Asian Security 5 x Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, South Korea . x Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Taiwan . x Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australia , on the ASEAN Regional Forum . x US Department of State Research institutes for their publications x S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Singapore x Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS), Singapore x Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Indonesia . x Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS), Malaysia . x Strategic and Defence Studies Centre (SDSC), Australian National University (ANU) . x AUS-CSCAP, Australia . x Canadian Consortium on Asia Pacific Security (CANCAPS), . x Japan Institute of International Affairs (JIIA) . x Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP) . WEEKLY READING There are three categories: core, recommended and additional texts. x You must read all the “core” texts before the lecture/seminar. In principle, there are three items per week. When more than three items are required, the materials are relatively short. x You should also read some of the “recommended” texts, for a fuller understanding of the topic. x If you intend to write an essay or make an oral presentation on the topic, you should also read many of the “additional” texts. Items marked with ♦ are not focused on Asia. Nonetheless, they are important because they will provide you with useful tools for analysing the given topic. Asian Security 6 SCHEDULE AND CONTENTS 1. Human security: Have the people been secured? 2. Regional order mechanisms: Why are there no wars in Asia today? 3. Power politics and cooperative security: Do cooperative norms matter? 4. Continuity and change in security policy: Do Asian countries change at all? 5. Strategic culture and national security policy: Are Asian countries unique? 6. Security dilemmas in Northeast Asia: a ‘normal’ Japan vs. an assertive China? 7. Southeast Asian security: Is ASEAN becoming a security community? 8. Asia-Pacific regionalism: Is the ASEAN Way the way to go? 9. An ‘Asian NATO’ and an ‘Asian OSCE’: Is Asia different from Europe? 10. NGOs and think tanks: Can the people make a difference? 11. Essay writing 12. Essay writing SESSION 1 (WEEK 13) Human Security: Have the People been Secured? We start this unit with a ‘people-centred’ view of security, as opposed to a ‘state-centred’ one. Traditionally, the notion of security has referred to military confrontations between states. However, in today’s global society, the notion of human security is becoming prominent, shedding light on the safety of people within states. There are a number of human security threats in Asia concerning economic development, the environment and human rights. We focus on the various aspects of these human security issues, and consider the measures taken by governments. Key words: Human security, human rights, freedom from fear and freedom from want Questions: x In what ways have countries of Asia addressed the issues of human security, and why have they taken such ways? x Have the countries of Asia taken appropriate measures to deal with human security threats? If so, what have been the key factors which determined their policies? x If not, why have they failed to do so? Learning outcomes: You will learn the various aspects of human security issues in Asia, including their origin, pervasiveness, and economic and political implications. You will also be able to participate in the academic debate over the concept of security. In addition, you will be able to assess the appropriateness of the measures taken by governments and international organisations, and to make some policy recommendations. Core texts (two short articles for the first session): Asian Security 7 Hiro Katsumata, “Human Rights and Democracy: from Big Talk to Concrete Actions?” in Hiro Katsumata and See Seng Tan (eds.), ASEAN and Governments’ ASEAN, RSIS Monograph No. 12 (Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, 2007), pp. 33-40. [course pack] United Nations Development Programme, "Redefining Security: The Human Dimension," Current History 94, no. 592 (1995), pp. 229-236.♦ [course pack] SESSION 2 (WEEK 14) Regional Order Mechanisms: Why are there no Wars in Asia Today? Asia in the post-Cold War era has been relatively stable. Although this region contains some of the most serious potential sources of conflict in the world, there has been no direct military confrontation between states for more than a decade. What explains the absence of military conflicts? Several security “models” are considered, such as balance of power, the great power concert, and security communities. Key words: Regional order models – balance of power, hegemony, concert, economic interdependence, democratic peace, and security communities Questions: x By what mechanisms has regional order in Asia been maintained? x What explains the absence of military conflicts in Northeast Asia – or in Southeast Asia? x What are the prerequisites for constructing a liberal regional order, and does Asia meet these prerequisites? Learning outcomes: You will learn various mechanisms for creating regional order, and be able to assess the extent to which each mechanism contributes to regional order in Asia today. Furthermore, you will be able to consider some policy implications. Core texts: Muthiah Alagappa, "The Study of International Order: An Analytical Framework," in Asian Security Order: Instrumental and Normative Features, ed. Muthiah Alagappa (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), pp. 33-69. [book to be purchased] Richard Rosecrance, The Rise of the Trading State: Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World (New York: Basic Books, 1986), pp. 3-43 (chap. 1 and chap. 2).♦ [course pack] David Capie and Paul Evans, The Asia-Pacific Security Lexicon (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2002), pp. 28-38 (Balance of Power), pp. 76-81 (Concert of Powers), pp. 98-107 (Cooperative Security), pp. 198-206 (Security Community). [book to be purchased] Recommended texts: Muthiah Alagappa (ed.), Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), pp. 139-345 (Part II, “Pathways to Order” – hegemony, balance of power, regional institutions, Track 2, economic interdependence, and the UN system).[short loan UA830 ASI] Samuel S. Kim, "Northeast Asia in the Local-Regional-Global Nexus: Multiple Changes and Contending Explanations," in The International Relations of Northeast Asia, ed. Samuel S. Kim (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004), pp. 3-61. [course pack] Amitav Acharya, "A Concert of Asia?," Survival 41, no. 3 (1999), pp. 84-101. [available online] Asian Security 8 Additional texts: <> Aaron Friedberg, "Will Asia's Past Be Asia's Future?," Survival 42, no. 3 (Autumn 2000), 147-159. [available online] Aaron L Friedberg, "Ripe for Rivalry: Prospects for Peace in a Multipolar Asia," International Security 18, no. 3 (1993), 5-33. [available online] Richard K. Betts, "Wealth, Power, and Instability: East Asia and the United States after the Cold War," International Security 18, no. 3 (Winter 1993), 34-77. [available online] Paul Dibb, Towards a New Balance of Power in Asia, Adelphi Paper No. 295 (Oxford/London: Oxford University Press/International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1995). [UA830 DIB] Barry Buzan and Ole Waever, Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 93-182 (Part II “Asia). [JZ5588 BUZ] David C. Kang, "Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks.," International Security 27, no. 4 (Spring 2003), 57-85. [available online] Amitav Acharya, "Will Asia's Past Be Its Future?," International Security 28, no. 3 (Winter 2003), 149-164. [available online] Amitav Acharya, "Collective Identity and Conflict Management in Southeast Asia," in Security Communities, ed. Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 198-227.[short loan JZ1305 SEC] Amitav Acharya, Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order (London: Routledge, 2001).[short loan DS526.7 ACH] Thomas Berger, "Set for Stability? Prospects for Conflict and Cooperation in Asia," Review of International Studies 26, no. 3 (July 2000), 405-428. [available online] SESSION 3 (WEEK 15) Power Politics and Cooperative Security: Do Cooperative Norms Matter? One of the most remarkable phenomena in post-Cold War Asia is the development of multilateral cooperative security, aimed at fostering cooperative security norms. Yet, at the same time, many Asian countries seem to have strengthened their defence capabilities and their military relations with external powers, such as the US. We explore the relevance of cooperative security norms and of balance-of-power mechanisms in Asian security. Key words: US alliances, ASEAN Regional Forum, cooperative security norms, eclecticism, realism vs. constructivism Questions: x How relevant have the balance-of-power mechanisms been in post-Cold War Asia? x What kinds of norms have developed in post-Cold War Asia, and to what extent are they relevant? x Is the ASEAN Regional Forum one of the pathways to regional peace? Learning outcomes: You will be able to participate in the academic debate over the relevance of multilateral cooperative security in Asia. In other words, you will be able to assess the relevance of cooperative security norms and of balance-of-power mechanisms. In addition, you will be able to make some policy recommendations. Asian Security 9 Core texts: Yuen Foong Khong, "Making Bricks without Straw in the Asia Pacific?," Pacific Review 10, no. 2 (1997), 289-300. [available online] Alastair Iain Johnston, "Socialization in International Institutions: The ASEAN Way and International Relations Theory," in International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacific, ed. G. John Ikenberry and Michael Mastanduno (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), 107-162. [course pack] John Garofano, "Power, Institutions, and the ASEAN Regional Forum: A Security Community for Asia?," Asian Survey 42, no. 3 (May 2002), 502-521. [available online] Recommended texts: Alastair Iain Johnston and Paul Evans, "China's Engagement with Multilateral Security Institutions," in Engaging China: The Management of an Emerging Power, ed. Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross (London: Routledge, 1999), 235-272.[short loan DS779.27 ENG] Hongying Wang, "Multilateralism in Chinese Fore