兰迪·波许 - 时间管理

兰迪·波许 - 时间管理 于弗吉尼亚大学 2007年11月27日, 星期二. 更多信息, 请访问 www.randypausch.com © Copyright Randy Pausch, 2007 英文文本由Friederike Sophie Brand提供. 其中可能会有错 误. 中文翻译由张晓宇(河流)提 供, 能力问题, 其中必不乏错 译,漏译等. 为了翻译稿的通 顺, 我做了一些细小的文字润 色. 感谢Lichao Chen对我的翻译错误的指正! 如有意见与建议, 请与我联系沟通, 我将及时做出修改. 时间关系,我没有翻译讲座前后的致辞,敬请原谅. Email: ocirlin@gmail.com 标注体系: []用来表示波许教授在讲座中的动作等. {}表示译者的注记. Randy Pausch: 兰迪·波许: Thank you, that's very kind, but never tip the waiter before the meal arrives. 谢谢. 非常感谢. 不过大餐尚未享用, 先别给我这个侍者小费. (讲的好再鼓掌.) Thank you, Gabe and Jim, I couldn't imagine being more grateful for an introduction. These are two people that I've known a long time, I taught here at UVA, I love this school, it's an incredible place filled with tradition and history and respect, the kind of qualities that I really admire, that I want to see preserved in American society. And this is one of the places that I just love for preserving that. I think the honor code alone at the University of Virginia is something that every university administrator should study and look at and say: “Why can't we do that too?“ I think there are a lot of things about this place to love. 谢谢你们, 盖伯, 吉姆. 非常感谢对我的介绍. 我认识了这两个朋友很久了. 我曾经在弗尼吉亚 大学这里讲过课. 我热爱这所学校, 这是一个充满非常深厚的传统, 历史与尊崇的地方. 我确实 很欣赏这样的特点, 我也期望这些特点长存于美国社会中, 而这里也正是一个我所希望能长存 这样的特点的地方. 我认为, 光是弗尼吉亚大学的荣誉规范体系这一件事就值得每个大学管理 者去学习, 他们应该去 反思 小班合家欢主题反思小班合家欢主题审议反思小班合家欢反思恩怨历尽后的反思下载恩怨历尽后的反思下载 : “为什么我们不能这样做?”我觉得这里的许多东西都让我喜爱. I'm going to talk today on the topic of time management. The circumstances are, as you probably know, a little bit unusual. I think at this point I'm an authority to talk about what to do with limited time. My battle with pancreatic cancer started about a year and a half ago. Fought, did all the right things but as my oncologist said, if you could pick off a list, that's not the one you'd want to pick. On August 15th, these were my CAT scans. You can see that if you scroll through all of them, there are about a dozen tumors in my liver, and the doctors at that time said, - I love the way they say it: “You have three to six months of good 1 health left.“ Optimism and positive phrasing. It's like when you are at Disney: “What time does the park close?“ - “The park is open until eight.“ So I have “three to six months of good health.“ Well, let's do the math: Today is three months and twelve days. So what I had on my day-timer for today was not necessarily being at the UVA. I'm pleased to say that we do treat with palliative chemo, they're going to buy me a little bit of time on the order of a few months if it continues to work. I'm still in perfectly good health. With Gabe in the audience, I'm not going to do push-ups, because I'm not going to be shown up. Gabe is really in good shape! But I continue to be in relatively good health, I had chemotherapy yesterday, you should all try it, it's great. 我今天要讲的话题是时间管理. 你可能已经知道了, 我现在的情况有些不寻常. 我觉得现在, 在 利用有限的时间能做些什么的话题上, 我算是个权威了. 我与胰腺癌的战斗开始于一年半之 前. 我尽我所能和它战斗, 但就像我的肿瘤医师说的那样, 如果有一张写着各种癌症名字的单 子来让我挑, 那也不要选择得上胰腺癌. 在8月15日, 我的CAT扫描结果出来了. 你们翻翻页就 可以看到, 我的肝脏上差不多有一打肿瘤. 那时医生说到--我喜欢他们这样说--你还有三至六 个月的健康生命可活. 这是个乐观而积极的表述. 这就像当你身在迪士尼乐园问道: “公园几 点关门?” “ 公园一直开到八点.” 那么, 我有“三到六个月的健康生命”. 那么来做个计算 吧. 明天就已经三个月零十二天了, 我的日历不知道带到这里没有, 我很高兴与化疗打交道, 要 是它能继续有效的话, 它能帮我换回几个月的时间, 我仍非常健康. 盖伯在听众里面, 我就不做 俯卧撑了,因为我不想炫耀了. 盖伯身体很棒! 我一直处在相对健康的情况下. 我昨天刚做过化 疗, 你们不妨都试一下, 很棒. But it does beg the question, I have finite time - some people said: “So why are you going and giving a talk?“ There are a lot of reasons I'm coming here and giving a talk. One of them is that I said I would. That's a pretty simple reason. And I'm physically able to. Another one is that going to the University of Virginia is not like going to some foreign place. People say: “Aren't you spending all your time with family?“ And by coming back here for a day, I am spending my time with family both metaphorically and literally because it turns out that - many of you have probably seen this picture from the talk that I gave, these are my niece and nephew Chris and Laura. My niece Laura is actually a senior... a fourth- year! here at Mr. Jefferson's university. Laura, could you stand up, so they see you've gotten taller? There you are. I couldn't be happier to have her here at this university. The other person in this picture is Chris, if you could stand up so they see you've gotten much taller? They have grown in so many ways, not just in height. It's been wonderful to see that and be an uncle to them. Is there anybody here on the faculty or Ph.D. students of the history department? Any history people here at all? Anybody here who is from history, find Chris right after the talk. Because he is currently in his sophomore year at William and Mary and he's interested in going into a Ph.D. program in history down the road and there aren't many better Ph.D. programs in history than this one. So I'm pimping for my nephew here! Let's be clear! 但说实在的, 我只有有限的时间了. 有人说, 那你为什么来做讲座呢? 我来这里做讲座有许多 原因. 一个原因就是我曾说过我会来. 这是一个非常简单的理由. 并且我的身体条件也允许我 这样做. 另外, 对我来说弗尼吉亚大学并不是一个陌生的地方. 人们常问: “难道你不打算将所 有的余生都与家人度过吗?”我与我的家人一起来到这里, 不仅是身体一起, 心灵也在一起. 你们中的许多人可能已经在我原先的演讲中看到过这张图片了. 我的侄女劳拉是个大三..大四 的学生. 她在杰弗逊大学.劳拉, 站起来下好吗, 让大家看看你长高了没有. 你在这哦. 她在这 里,我别提多开心了. 另一个照片里的人是克里思, 能不能站起来, 让大家也看看你长高没有? 他们在很多方面都成长了, 而不仅仅是身高. 看到这些, 作为叔叔的我感觉非常棒. 这里有历史 部的老师或是博士生吗? 这里有搞历史的人吗? 要是谁搞历史的话, 讲座结束后不妨找克里思 谈谈. 他现在是威廉玛丽大学的大二的学生, 对继续读历史学的博士生非常感兴趣. 没几个大 学的历史学博士项目比这里更好. 说白了,我在给我的侄子找后门! What are we going to talk about today? We're going to talk about - this is not like the lecture that you may have seen me give before. This is a very pragmatic lecture. One of 2 the reasons that I had agreed to come back and give this is because Gabe and many other faculty members had told me that they had gotten so much tangible value about how to get more done, and I truly do believe that time is the only commodity that matters. So this is a very pragmatic talk. It is inspirational in the sense that it will inspire you by giving you some concrete things you might do to be able to get more things done in your finite time. I'm going to talk specifically about how to set goals, how to avoid wasting time, how to deal with a boss, - originally this talk was how to deal with your advisor, but I tried to broaden it, so it's not quite so academically focused. How to delegate to people, some specific skills and tools that I might recommend to help you get more out of the day. And to deal with the real problems in our lives, which are stress and procrastination. If you can lick that last one, you are probably in good shape. 我们今天都要讲些什么呢? 我们要讲些-- 这和你们以前看到的我的讲座不一样. 这是一个很 实用的讲座. 我愿意回来做这个讲座的一个原因就是盖伯和许多教师都告诉我,他们觉得如何 在有限的时间内做更多事, 有实实在在的价值, 我真的觉得时间是唯一重要的东西. 这是一个 非常实用的讲座. 它告诉你一些非常实际的方法来帮助你在有限的时间内做更多的事情. 从这 个角度而言, 这个讲座是很有启发性的. 我将专门地讨论如何设立目标, 如何避免浪费时间. 如 何与老板打交道.. 本来是要讲如何与你的辅导员打交道的, 但我尝试去扩展这次讲座, 使之不 是仅针对学术. 如何委派他人, 教你们使用一些特定的技巧和工具来使你的一天更有效率. 还 包括如何与身边的问题打交道, 例如面对压力和拖延. 如果你不拖延的话, 你身材可能会很棒. You don't need to take any notes. I presume if I see any laptops open you're actually just doing IM or email or something. If you're listening to music, please at least wear headphones. All of this will be posted on my website and to make it really easy, if you want to know when to look up, any slides that have a red star are the points that I think you should really make sure that you got that one. Conversely, if it doesn't have a red star, well... 你们不用记笔记.要是我看到有笔记本电脑开着的话, 我会假定你实际上是在聊天,发邮件, 或 干其它的事. 要是你在听音乐, 至少把耳机戴上. 这次的讲座的全部内容将会在我的网站上发 布出来. 更方便的是, 如果你想回顾这次讲座, 我把重点的幻灯片用红星标注出来了. 反之, 要 是没有红星, 呃.. The first thing I want to say is that Americans are very, very bad at dealing with time as a commodity. We're really good at dealing with money as a commodity. We are, as a culture, very interested in dealing with money, how much somebody earns is a status thing and so on, but we don't really have time elevated to that. People waste their time and it always fascinates me. One of the things that I've noticed is that very few people equate time and money and they are very, very equatable. The first thing I started doing when I was a teacher was asking my graduate students: “Well, how much is your time worth an hour?“ Or if you work at a company: “How much is your time worth to the company?“ What most people don't realize is that if you have a salary, let's say you make 50,000 $ a year, you probably cost that company twice that in order to have you as an employee because there's heating and lighting and other staff members and so forth, so if you get paid 50,000 a year, you are costing that company - they have to raise 100,000 $ in revenue! And if you divide that by your hourly rate, you begin to get some sense of what you are worth an hour. When you have to make trade-offs of “Should I do something like write software or should I just buy it or should I outsource this?“, having in your head what you cost your organization an hour is really a staggering thing to change your behavior. Because you start realizing that, wow, if I free up three hours of my time and I'm thinking in that in terms of dollars, that's a big savings! So start thinking about your time and your money almost as if they are the same thing. Of course Ben Franklin knew that a long time ago. 3 我想说的第一件事是, 美国人不善于将时间看作商品, 我们很善于将金钱看成商品. 作为一种 文化, 我们对跟金钱打交道非常感兴趣, 一个人的收入多少往往是身份高低的象征, 但我们却 从未将时间提升到这样的高度. 人们浪费他们的时间, 这种现象经常引起我的注意. 我注意到: 极少的人将时间看作与金钱同等重要的东西, 尽管它们事实上非常同质. 在我当老师时, 第一 件事就是问我的研究生, 你的一个小时值多少钱? 或者你工作在公司里, 你的一小时对公司来 说值多少钱? 许多人并不知道, 如果你有一份50000美元年薪的工作, 那么你可能实际上要耗 掉公司两倍于你的薪水的钱来雇用你: 要考率到水电, 其它人力等等的费用. 也就是说, 如果 你每年拿到50000美元, 那么公司的盈利得相应增加100000美元! 用这个数字去除你的工时, 你就能对你自己一个小时的价值有点感觉了. 当你需要做一些交易的时候, 比如说, 我是去自 己写一个程序, 还是去买一个, 或是将这项工作外包出去给别人. 在你的头脑中保持你每个小 时耗掉公司多少钱这样的概念, 对改变你的行为有巨大的帮助. 因为你开始意识到, 哇, 如果我 能节省自己三个小时的时间, 把它换算成金钱, 那真是省了很多钱啊! 所以, 要开始把你的时间 和金钱当成同等的事物来考虑. 当然, 本杰明.富兰克林很久之前就懂这个道理了. So you've got to manage it and you've got to manage it just like you manage your money. Now I realize not all Americans manage their money, that's what makes the credit card industry possible. And apparently, mortgages too. But most people do at least understand - they don't look at you funny if you say: “Can I see your monetary budget for your household?“ In fact, when I say “your household budget“, you presume that I'm talking about money when in fact the household budget I really want to talk about is probably your household time budget. 于是你需要开始像打理你的金钱一样来打理你的时间, 我知道现在也不是所有美国人都去打 理自己的金钱, 这造就了信用卡行业. 当然, 还有抵押贷款. 不过许多人最终将会明白. 当你说: “我能否看一下你的家政预算?”的时候, 他们不会以滑稽的眼神看着你了. 事实上, 当我提到 你的家政预算的时候, 你可能会假定我说的是经济上的, 而实际上,我说的是你的家政时间预 算. At the Entertainment Technology Center at Carnegie Mellon, students would come in during the orientation, I would say: “This is a master's program, everybody is paying full tuition.“ It was roughly 30,000 $ a semester, and the first thing I would say is: “If you're going to come into my office and say: “I don't think this is worth 60,000 $ a year“, I will throw you out of the office. I'm not even going to have this discussion.“ Of course they would say: “Oh god, this Pausch guy is a real jerk.“ And then they were right! But what I then followed on with was: “Because the money is not important. You can go and earn more money later. What you'll never do is get the two years of your life back. So if you want to come into my office and talk about the money, I'll throw you out, but if you want to come into my office and say: “I'm not sure this is a good place for me to spend two years“, I will talk to you all day and all night because that means we're talking about the right thing, which is your time, because you can't ever get it back. 在卡耐基-梅隆大学的娱乐技术中心, 参观的学生有时会走进我的办公室. 我会告诉他: “这是 一个硕士项目, 每个人都要付全额的学费.”大约是三万美元一年. 首先我要说, 要是你走进我 的办公室对我说, “我觉得这不值六万美元一年的学费.”那我会把你扔出办公室. 我将不再 和你讨论. 当然, 他们会说: “哦,老天, 这个叫波许的家伙真混蛋.”他们说对了! 但我接着要 说: “因为金钱并不重要, 你能把你的钱以后再挣回来. 但你永远不能找回你这两年度过的时 光. 要是你打算走进我的办公室跟我讨论钱的事, 我会把你扔出去;但如果你走进了跟我 说:“我不知道这里是否值得我花费两年时光.”我会跟你没日没夜的谈, 因为这代表着我们在 谈论正确的事情, 那就是你的时间, 你永远也不能找回自己逝去的时光. A lot of the advice I'm going to give you particularly for undergraduates - how many people in this room are undergraduates, by show of hands? Okay, good! Still young! A lot of this - put it to Hans and Franz of Saturday Night Life if you're old enough: “Hear me now, but believe me later!“ A lot of this is going to make sense later, and one of the nicest things is that Gabe has volunteered to put this up on the web. I understand that people can actually 4 watch videos on the web now. So a lot of this will make sense later, and when I talk about your boss if you're a student, think about that as your academic advisor, if you're a Ph.D. student, think about it as your Ph.D. advisor, and if you're watching this and you are a young child, think of this as your parent because that is the person who is in some sense your boss. 许多建议是专门为本科生准备的. 这里有多少人是本科生, 手举起来! 好的! 你们还年轻啊! 今 天说的许多好多东西, 如果你看Saturday Night Life的Hans and Franz的话, 都是 “现在先 听着, 晚些才相信”的. 许多东西, 你以后才会意识到. 最好的是, 盖伯愿意将这次讲座整理到 网上. 我知道人们现在可以通过网络观看视频了, 到你再次看这视频时, 可能就能意识到一些 东西了. 如果你是个学生, 当我讨论到关于老板的时候, 你可以想象成是你的辅导员, 如果你是 博士生, 那就换成博士生导师. 要是你还是个年轻的孩子, 那么就想象成你的父母, 他们就类似 你的老板. {注:Saturdy Night Life是一档美国周末晚间的节目, Hanz and Franz是其中的角色. 我没有看过这个节目, 如果 有朋友看过的话不妨告诉我更多背景知识.} The talk goes very fast and I'm very big on specific techniques. I'm not really big on platitudes. Platitudes are nice, but they don't really help me get something done tomorrow. The other thing is that one good thief is worth ten good scholars. And in fact, you can replace the word “scholars“ in that sentence with almost anything. Almost everything in this talk is to some degree inspired, which is a fancy way of saying lifted, from these two books [Cathy Collins: Time Management for Teachers, 1987; Career Track Seminar: Taking control of Your Work Day, 1990], and I found those books very useful but it's much better to get them into a distilled form. What I've basically done is I've collected the nuggets for your bath. 讲座的速度很快, 我长于专业技巧, 而不善于老生常谈. 它们可能听起来不错, 但不能真正地帮 助我们在未来去把事情搞定. 同时,“一个好的贼顶过十个好的学者.”事实上, 你可以将句子 中“学者”这个词换成几乎任何一个其它的词. 这次讲座中几乎所有的思想都收到这两本书 的启发:[Cathy Collins: Time Management for Teachers, 1987; Career Track Seminar: Taking control of Your Work Day, 1990] 我发现这些书非常有用, 可将它们中的精华提炼出来 会更好. 我基本上已经将书中的精华采集出来, 为你准备好了. I like to talk about “The Time Famine“. I think it's a nice phrase. Does anybody here feel like they have too much time? Okay, nobody, excellent. I like the word “famine“, because it's a little bit like thinking about Africa. You can airlift all the food you want in to solve the crisis this week but the problem is systemic, and you really need systemic solutions. A time management solution that says, “I'm going to fix things for you in the next 24 hours“ is laughable, just like saying: “I'm going to cure hunger in Africa in the next year.“ You need to think long-term and you need to change fundamental underlying processes because the problem is systemic, we just have too many things to do and not enough time to do them. 我喜欢讲“时间饥荒”. 我觉得这个短语很好. 在座的各位, 有人觉得自己的时间很多吗? 很好, 没有. 我喜欢“饥荒”这个词, 是因为这有点让人联想到非洲. 你可以空降一些食物来解决这周 的危机, 可问题是系统性的,因此你也需要系统性的解决 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 . “24小时之内我能帮你把事情 做完”, 这样的时间管理方法就很可笑, 这就像是说: “一年之内我能解决非洲的饥饿”一样. 你得从长计议, 你需要通过改变基础的,潜在的过程来解决这个系统性的问题: 我们有太多的 事情要做, 但我们没有足够的时间. The other thing to remember is that it's not just about time management. That sounds like a kind of a lukewarm, a talk about time management, that's kind of milk-toast. But how about if the talk is: How about not having ulcers? That catches my attention! So a lot of this is life advice.This is, how to change the way you're doing a lot of the things and how you allocate your time so that you will lead a happier, more wonderful life, and I loved in the 5 introduction that you talked about fun! Because if I've brought fun to academia, well, it's about damn time! If you're not going to have fun, why do it? That's what I want to know. Life really is too short, if you're not going to enjoy it... People who say: “Well, I've got a job and I don't really like it“, I'm like: “Well, you could change?!“ “But that'll be a lot of work!“ - “You're right, you should keep going to work every day doing a job you don't like. Thank you, good night.“ 此外, 这次讲座并不仅仅是关于时间管理. 一个关于时间管理的讲座, 听起来可能就感觉无关 痛痒-无非就那么回事. 但如果这个讲座是: 如果没有得溃疡会怎样? 那就会引起我的注意. 这 次讲座包含了不少对人生的建议. 这包括如何去改变你行事的方式, 如何把你的时间汇聚起 来, 以使你过上更幸福,更精彩的生活. 我挺喜欢刚刚谈到快乐的讲座前的介绍. 因为要说我能 给学术界带来了些欢乐, 那就是在关于时间的问题上. 如果你不打算快乐, 那么为什么还要做 某件事? 我想知道答案. 生命着实太短暂, 难道你不想好好去享受它吗? 有人说, “嗯, 我有一 份工作, 但我不喜欢.”我会说“那么, 你能改变现状吗?”“可那要做很多工作!” “确实如 此, 可你每天做着自己不喜欢的工作, 也要干很多事啊. 谢谢, 晚安..” So the overall goal is fun. My middle child Logan is my favorite example. I don't think he knows how to not have fun. No, grant, the lot of the things he does are not fun for his mother and me. But he's loving every second of it. He doesn't know to do anything that isn't ballistic and full of life. He's going to keep that quality, he's my little Tigger, and I always remember Logan when I think about the goal is to make sure that you lead your life - I want to maximize use of time, but that's the means, not the end. The end is maximizing fun. 所以说人生的总目标就是快乐. 我最喜欢拿我的孩子劳甘举例子. 我不知道他什么时候才不快 乐. 他做的许多事情对我和我的妻子来说, 都不显得那么有趣. 然而, 他却的确非常享受做这些 事的每一秒钟. 他不知道怎样不去专心的做什么事情. 他一直保持着这样的特点, 他就是我的 小跳跳虎. 当我意识到我的目标是让自己能够引领自己的生活时, 我总能想起劳甘. 我希望尽 可能最大化的利用我的时间--但这就意味着, 还没到止境. 止境是获得最大化的快乐. People who do intense studies and log people on videotape and so on say that the typical office worker wastes almost two hours a day. Their desk is messy, they can't find things, they miss appointments, are unprepared for meetings, they can't concentrate. Does anybody in here by show of hands ever have any sense that one of these things is part of their life? Okay, I think we've got everybody! So these are a universal thing and you shouldn't feel guilty if some of these things are plagueing you because they plague all of us, they plague me for sure. 有人做了仔细的研究, 他们通过录影带观察, 发现普通的办公室职员一天差不多能能浪费掉两 个小时. 他们的桌面乱糟糟的, 东西要用的时候就找不着, 他们经常忘记掉约会, 或是对会议毫 无准备, 无法集中注意力. 这里有人也有过同样的感觉吗? 举手. 好的, 差不多所有人都这样! 这是件很普遍的事情, 你也没必要因为这些现象的困扰感到负罪感. 因为这些事也同样困扰着 所有人. 当然, 也包括我. The other thing I want to tell you is that it sounds a little clichéd and tried, but being successful does not make you manage your time well. Managing your time well makes you successful. If I've been successful in my career, I assure you it's not because I'm smarter than all the other faculty. I mean, I'm looking around, and I'm looking at some of my former colleagues, and I see Jim Cohoon up there: I'm not smarter than Jim Cohoon. I constantly look around at the faculty at places like the University of Virginia or Carnegie Mellon, and I go: “Damn, these are smart people!“ And I snuck in! But what I like to think I'm good at is the meta-skills, because if you're going to have to run with people who are faster than you you have to find the right ways to optimize what skills you do have. 6 Administrator 高亮 Administrator 高亮 另外我想告诉你们, 可能听起来有点陈腐, 不过成功并不意味着你会管理好你的时间. 而管理 好你的时间却能够使你成功. 要说我的职业生涯还算成功的话, 我向你保证, 这不是因为我比 别人聪明. 我的意思是, 当我放眼四顾, 我能看到一些我曾经的同事, 我看到了吉姆·科洪, 我没 有他聪明. 我一直在观察那些在卡耐基-梅隆或者弗尼吉亚大学这样地方的教师, 我会惊叹, “天啊, 全是聪明人.”而我也在其中暂露头角. 我倾向于认为我擅长(时间管理这个)基本技 能. 因为如果你要和比你跑的快的人赛跑, 你就必须找到能最大程度的发挥你掌握的技能的路 径. Let's talk first about goals, priorities and planning. Anytime anything crosses your life, you've got to ask: “This thing I'm thinking about doing, why am I doing it? Almost no one that I know starts with the core principle of, there's this thing on my To Do list, why is it there? Because if you're start asking like, why am I... my kids are great at this. That is, all I've ever heard at home is: Why? Why? Sooner or later they're going to stop saying “Why“, they're just going to say: “Okay, I'll do it.“ So ask, why am I doing this, what is the goal, why will I succeed at doing it, and here's my favorite: What will happen if I don't do it? The best thing in the world is when I have something on my To Do list and I just go: Hmm, no. No one