2021吉大考博英语真题

PartIVocabularyandStructure(30%)Directions：Thereare30incompletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA，B，CandD.ChoosetheONEthatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.1.Language，culture，andpersonalitymaybeconsideredofeachotherinthought，buttheyareinseparableinfact.A.indistinctlyB.separatelyC.inelevantlyD.independently2.Theworkwasdoneintheofreformsintheeconomic，socialandculturalspheres.A.contextB.contestC.pretextD.texture3.Thedeantriedtoretaincontrolofthesituationoncampus，buthisattemptwasbytheboardoftrustees.A.approvedB.frustratedC.disclosedD.justified4.Somejournalistsarefoundofoverstatingthesituationsothattheirnewsmaycreateagreat.A.explosionB.sensationC.exaggeratingD.stimulation5.Therewaslittle，ifany，evidencetosubstantiatethegossipand，therewaslittletodisproveit.A.bythesametokenB.underthesameconditionC.atthesamestageD.forthesamepurpose6.Everychemicalchangeeitherresultsfromenergybeingusedtoproducethechange，orcausesenergytobeinsomeform.A.givenoffB.putoutC.setoffD.usedup7.TheUnitedNationLawoftheSeaConferencewouldsoonproduceanocean-miningtreatyfollowingitsdeclarationin1970thatoceansweretheheritageofmankind.A.unanimousB.abstractC.autonomousD.almighty8.Thisgrowthintheofdiabetesisdue，inpart，toanincreaseinobesity.A.inferenceB.incidenceC.regulationD.repetition9.Preliminaryestimationputsthefigureataround＄110billion，the＄160billionthePresidentisstrugglingtogetthroughtheCongress.A.inproportiontoB.inreplytoC.inrelationtoD.incontrastto10.France’sofnucleartestingintheSouthPaciticlastmonthtriggeredpollticaldebatesandmassdemonstrations.A.assumptionB.consumptionC.presumptionD.resumption11.Theofaoulturalphenomenonisusuallyalogicalconsequenceofsomephysicalaspectinthelifestyleofthepeople.A.implementationB.demonstcationC.manifestationD.expedition12.Readingthemindonlywithmaterialsofknowledge，itisthinkingthatmakeswhatwereadour.A.rectitiesB.prolongsC.minimizesD.furnishes13.Previousstudiesprovokedbecausetheusedpatientswhosediagnosiswasquestionable.A.contrlbutionB.contractionC.controversyD.convergence14.Althoughthemodellooksgoodonthesurface，itwillnotbearclose.A.temperamentB.contaminationC.scrutinyD.symmetry15.IneversaidanythinglikethatatallYouarepurposelymyideastoproveyourpoints.A.revisingB.contradictingC.distortingD.distracting16.Tosurviveintheintensetradecompetitionbetweencountries，companiesmustthequalitiesandvarietiesoftheirproductstotheworld-marketdemand.A.forfeitB.enhanceC.guaranteeD.gear17.Iwasunawareofthecriticalpointsinvoived，somychoicewasquite.A.arbitraryB.rationalC.mechanicalD.unpredictable18.Animportantpropertyofascientifictheoryisitsabilitytofurtherresearchandfurtherthinkingaboutaparticulartopic.A.stimulateB.renovateC.arouseD.advocate19.Alltheoff-shoreoilexplorerswereinhighspiritsastheyreadlettersfromtheirfamilies.A.affectionateB.sentimentalC.intimateD.sensitive20.Whoeverformulatedthetheoryoftheoriginoftheuniverse，itisjustandneedsproving.A.spontaneousB.hypotheticalC.intuitiveD.empirical21.Theceremonywillassoonasthepresidentarrives.A.commendB.complyC.confrontD.commence22.Thebarbarousaggressorsgrewmoreandmoreinslaughteringpeopleandburningdowntheirhouses.A.amorphousB.ferociousC.audaciousD.egregious23.SomeofthewordsemployedbyShakespeareinhisworkshavebecomeandarenolongerusedinthepresentdays.A.obsoleteB.obsceneC.obviousD.oblique24.Becauseoftheeconomicslowdown，thegovernmentchangeditspolicytorevenuebylimitingcommerce.A.disregardB.challengeC.diminishD.reject25.Thespectatorsinthestadiumcheeredupwhentheysawhundredsofcolorfulballoonsslowlyintothesky.A.descendingB.ascendingC.escalatingD.elevating26.Anincreasingproportionofourpopulation，unabletolivewithoutadvancedmedical，willbecomeprogressivelymorereliantonexpensivetechnology.A.interferenceB.interruptionC.interventionD.interaction27.Severalintemationaleventsintheearly1990sseemlikelyto，oratleastweaken,thetrendsthatemergedinthe1980s.A.revoltB.revolveC.reverseD.revive28.ForeigndisinvestmentsandtheofSouthAfricafromworldcapitalmarketsafter1985furtherweakeneditseconomy.A.displacementB.eliminationC.exclusionD.exception29.Wearemovingtowardsamoreandcooperativesociety,whichisgettingbetterandbetter.AfraternalBemotionalCexclusionDillegal30.Thestudentwereaboutwhotheirnewteacherwouldbewhenthebellrangfortheirfirstclassinthenewsemester.A.foreseeingB.speculatingC.fabricatingD.ponderingPartIIIReadingComprehension(60%)Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsripsintothepopulace，scientistsimmediatelygettowork，tryingtolocatethesourceoftheafflictionandfindwaystocombatit.Oftentimes，successisachieved，asmedicalscienceisabletoisolatetheparasite，germorcellthatcausestheproblemandfindswaystoeffectivelykillorcontainit.Inthemostseriousofcases，inwhichtheentirepopulationofaregionorcountrymaybeatgraverisk，itisdeemednecessarytoprotecttheentirepopulationthroughvaccination，soastosafeguardlivesandensurethatthediseasewillnotspread.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodytodevelopimmunitytothevirusordiseasesothat，ifitisencountered，onecanfightitoffnaturally.Toaccomplishthis，asmallweakordeadstrainofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment，sothathisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvaderproperly.Informationonhowtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesistransmittedtoallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturally，inwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat，shouldthepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblem，hisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedtodealwithit，havingalreadydonesobefore.Therearedangersinherentintheprocess，however.Onoccasion，eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineprovestoomuchforthebodytohandle，resultingintheimmunecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine，designedtoeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearlywipedouttheentireNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.Approximately1in10,000peoplewhoreceivesthevaccinecontractthesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Thus，iftheentirepopulationoftheUnitedStatesweretoreceivetheSmallpoxVaccinetoday，3000Americanswouldbeleftdead.Fortunately，thesmallpoxviruswasconsiderederadicatedintheearly1970s，endingthemandatoryvaccinationofallbabiesinAmericaIntheeventofare-introductionofthedisease，however，mandatoryvaccinationsmayresume，resultinginmoreunexpecteddeathsfromvaccination.Theprocess，whichistrulyablessing，mayindeedhidesomehiddencures.51.Howdovaccinesprotecthumansfromdiseasesaccordingtoparagraphtwo?A.Bypassinginformationonhowtofightthediseasetothedisease.B.Bypassinginformationonhowtofightthediseasetotheimmunesystem.C.Byweakeningthediseasesothattheimmunesystemcandefeatit.D.Introducingthediseasetothebody，sothatsurvivorshavealreadyfoughtit.52.Whatdoestheexampleofthesmallpoxvaccineillustrate?A.Thewaythatvaccinesprotectpeoplefromdiseases.B.Theeffectivenessofvaccinesineradicatingcertaindiseases.C.Thepracticaluseofavaccinetocontrolanepidemicdisease.D.Thepossiblenegativeoutcomeofadministeringvaccines.53.Theauthorarguesthatvaccinationsarebothablessingandacursebecause.A.savingthemanywouldnotnecessarilyjustifythedeathofthefew.B.somevaccines，suchasthesmallpoxvaccine，havenegativesideeffects.C.theydon’talwayswork.D.whilemanylivesaresaved，SOMEAREACTUALLYKILLEDBYTHEVACCINT.54.Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe.A.“TheSmallpoxVaccine：AnAnalysis”.B.“HowVaccinesWork”.C.“Vaccines：MethodsandImplications”.D.“AWarningontheNegativeSideEffectsofVaccines”.55.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto.A.convincethereaderthatvaccinesarenotassafeasmanythink.B.educatethereaderonhowvaccinesareusedandsomeoftheirdangers.C.educatethereaderonthecircumstancesthatwouldnecessitatewidespreadvaccinations.D.presentthemethodbywhichvaccinesareusedthroughthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine.PassageTwoQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Fewnaturaldangersaremorefearedthanavalanches.AvalanchesareafamiliarpartofEuropeanhistory，ParticularlyintheSwissandFrenchAlps.Thisiswherethedirectionofwarshasturnedalmostinstantlybecauseofavalancheswipingoutinvadingarmies.InNorthAmerica，avalanchesarelimitedalmostentirelytotheRockyMountainsandthelowerrangestothewest，theSierraNevadasandtheCascades.AvalancheshaveoccurredinthemountainsofNewEnglandbutnotwiththeregularityandintensityseeninthewesternmountains.Severalmethodsareusedinexplainingandpredictingavalanches.Scientistsandlearningaboutthemusingresearchmethods.Somanyofthefactorsthatcreateavalanchesarehiddenbeneaththesnow’ssurfacethatpredictionsarestilllargelyguesswork.Therefore，wintertravelersmustassumetheworstofconditionswhenthetraversetheslopes.Anavalancheoccurswhenagivenamountofsnowbecomestooheavyforwhateverisholdingitinplace.Itthenbreakslooseandslidesdownhill.Avalanchesaredividedintotwogeneralcategories，loosesnowandslab.Aloosesnowavalancheusuallystartsatasinglepoint，suchasaskier’strack，andspreadsoutlikeafanorapyramidinachainreaction.Onecrystalbreaksanotherfree，whichmultiplesastheloosesnowmovesdownhill.Sometimestheseavalanchesstopafteronlyafewfeet.Sometimestheymovethousandsoftonsofsnowdownhillinspeedsupto300milesperhour.Thiscreatesashockwavethatcanflattenpartsofaforestthatarenoteventouchedbytheactualavalanche.Slabavalanchesarethosethathaveawideareaofsnowwhichbreakslooseinalargepiece.Thesecanrangeinsizefromjustafewsquarefeeltothousandsofsquarefeetofsnow.Themostdangerousandcommontypeofavalancheforskiersistheso-called“softslab”avalanche.Thistypeoccursmostoftenduring，orjustafteraheavysnowfall.Thesnowhasn’tyethadachancetosettleandadheretothetemperature，thelesslikelythenewsnowwillformabondwiththeexistingsnow.56.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.AvalanchesB.TheHistoryofAvalanchesC.SkiersBewareD.AvalanchesCanKill57.Accordingtothepassage，howdidavalanchesaffectwars?A.Theyhidthearmiesapproachingthecityaidingintheattack.B.Theykilledthearmiesapproachingthecity.C.Theyblockedpathsintothecity.D.Theysnowblindedtheapproachingarmies.58.Accordingtothepassage，whatmustskiersassumeaboutavalancheswhenskiing?A.Theyonlyhavetoworryafteraheavysnowfall.B.AvalanchesonlyoccurintheSwissorFrenchAlps.C.Theyshouldalwaysexpectthatanavalanchewilloccur.D.WhenskiinginNewEngland，theywillneverhavetoworryaboutanavalanche.59.Accordingtothepassage，whenisthemostdangeroustimeforskiers?A.Whenthetemperatureisbelow20degreesF.B.Rightbeforeasnowstorm.C.Duringasnowstorm.D.Inthewinter.60.Accordingtothepassage，whichfactorcausesanavalanche?A.Theslopeofthemountain.B.Thesizeofthesnowfall.C.Theamountandintensityofmovementaroundthesnowfall.D.Theweightofthesnow.PassageThreeQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Recentstoriesinthenewspapersandmagazinessuggestthatteachingandresearchcontradicteachother，thatresearchplaystooprominentapartinacademicpromotions，andthatteachingisbadlyunderemphasized.Thereisanelementoftruthinthesestatements，buttheyalsoignoredeeperandmoreimportantrelationships.Researchexperienceisanessentialelementofhiringandpromotionataresearchuniversitybecauseitistheemphasisonresearchthatdistinguishessuchauniversityfromanartscollege.Someprofessors，however，neglectteachingforresearchandthatpresentssproblem.Mostresearchuniversitiesrewardoutstandingteaching，butthegreatestrecognitionisusuallygivenforachievementsinresearch.Partofthereasonisthedifficultyofjudgingteaching.Ahighlyresponsibleandtoughprofessorisusuallyappreciatedbytopstudentswhowanttobechallengedbutdislikedbythosewhoserecordsarelessimpressive.Themildprofessorgetsoverallratingsthatareusuallyhigh，butthereisasenseofdisappointmentonthepartofthebeststudents，exactlythoseforwhomthesystemshouldpresentthegreatestchallenges.Thus，auniversitytryingtopromoteprofessorsprimarilyonthebasisofteachingqualitieswouldhavetoconfrontthisconfusion.Asmodernsciencemovesfaster，twoforcesareexertedonprofessors：oneisthetimeneededtokeepupwiththeprofession；theotheristhetimeneededtoteach.Thetrainingofnewscientistsrequiresoutstandingteachingattheresearchuniversityaswellastheartscollege.Althoughscientistsareusually“made”intheelementaryschools，scientistscanbe“lost”bypoorteachingatthecollegeandgraduateschoollevels.Thesolutionisnottoseparateteachingandresearchbuttorecognizethatthecombinationisdifficultbutvital.Thetitleofprofessorshouldbegivenonlytothosewhoprofessanditisperhapstimeforuniversitiestoreserveitforthosewhoprofessanditisperhapstimeforuniversitiestoreserveitforthosewillingtobeanearnestpartofthecommunityofscholars.Professorsunwillingtoteachcanbecalled“distinguishedresearchinvestigators”ofsomethingelse.Thepaceofmodernsciencemakesitincreasinglydifficulttobeagreatresearcherandagreatteacher.Yetmanyaredescribedinjustthoseterms.Thosewhosaywecanseparateteachingandresearchsimplydonotunderstandthesystem，butthosewhosaytheproblemwilldisappeararenotfulfillingtheirresponsibilities.61.Whatideadoestheauthorwanttoconveyinthefirstparagraph?A.Therelationshipbetweenteachingandresearchshouldnotbesimplified.B.Teachingandresearcharecontradictory.C.Researchcanneverbeemphasizedtoomuch.D.Itiswrongtooverestimatetheimportanceofteaching.62.Inacademicpromotionsresearchuniversitiesstillattachmoreimportancetoresearchpartlybecause.A.researchimprovesthequalityofteaching.B.studentswhowanttobechallengedappreciateresearchprofessors.C.professorswithachievementsinresearchareusuallyresponsibleandtough.D.itisdifficulttoevaluateteachingqualityobjectively.63.Accordingtothefourthparagraph，whichofthefollowingwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?A.Distinguishedprofessorsatresearchuniversitiesshouldconcentrateonresearchonly.B.Itisofutmostimportancetoimproveteachinginelementaryschoolsinordertotrainnewscientists.C.Theseparationofteachingfromresearchcanlowerthequalityoffuturescientists.D.Therapiddevelopmentofmodernsciencemakesitimpossibletocombineteachingwithresearch.64.Thetitleofprofessorshouldbegivenonlytothosewhofirstandforemostdo.A.scientificresearchB.teachingC.fieldworkD.investigation65.Thephrase“theproblem”(Line4，Para.5)refersto.A.raisingthestatusofteaching.B.theseparationofteachingfromresearch.C.thecombinationofteachingwithresearch.D.improvingthestatusofresearch..PassageFourQuestions66to70arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Largecompaniesneedawaytoreachthesavingsofthepublicatlarge.Thesameproblem，onasmallerscale，facespracticallyeverycompanytryingtodevelopnewproductsandcreatenewjobs.Therecanbelittleprospectofraisingthesortofsumsneededfromfriendsandpeopleweknow，andwhilebanksmayagreetoprovideshort-termfinance，theyaregenerallyunwillingtoprovidemoneyonapermanentbasisforlong-termprojects.Socompaniesturntothepublic，invitingpeopletolendthemmoney，ortakeashareinthebusinessinexchangeforashareinfutureprofits.ThistheydobyissuingstocksandsharesinthebusinessthroughTheStockExchange.Bydoingso，theycanputintocirculationthesavingsofindividualsandinstitutions，bothathomeandoverseas.Whenthesaverneedshismoneyback，hedoesnothavetogotothecompanywithwhomheoriginallyplacedit.Instead，hesellshissharesthroughastockbrokertosomeothersaverwhoisseekingtoinvesthismoney.ManyoftheservicesneededbothbyindustryandbyeachofusareprovidedbytheGovernmentorbylocalauthorities.Withouthospitals，roads，electricity，telephones，railways，thiscountrycouldnotfunction.Alltheserequirecontinuousspendingonnewequipmentandnewdevelopmentiftheyaretoserveusproperly，requiringmoremoneythanisraisedthroughtaxesalone.TheGovernment，localauthorities，andnationalizedindustriesthereforefrequentlyneededtoborrowmoneytofinancemajorcapitalspending，andthey，too，cometoTheStockExchange.Thereishardlyamanorwomaninthiscountrywhosejoborwhosestandardoflivingdoesnotdependontheabilityofhisorheremployerstoraisemoneytofinancenewdevelopment.Inonewayoranother，thisnewmoneymustcomefromthesavingsofthecountry.TheStockExchangeexiststoprovideachannelthroughwhichthesesavingscanreachthosewhoneedfinance.66.Almostallcompaniesinvolvedinnewproductionanddevelopmentmust.A.relyontheirfinancialresources.B.persuadethebankstoprovidelong-termfinance.C.borrowlargesumsofmoneyfromfriendsandpeopleweknow.D.dependonthepopulationasawholeforfinance.67.Themoneywhichenablesthesecompaniestogoaheadwiththeirprojectsis.A.repaidtoitsoriginalownersassoonaspossible.B.raisedbythesellingofsharesinthecompanies.C.exchangesforpartownershipinTheStockExchange.D.investedindifferentcompaniesonTheStockExchange.68.Whenthesaverswanttheirmoneybackthey.A.askanothercompanytoobtaintheirmoneyforthem.B.lookforotherpeopletoborrowmoneyfrom.C.puttheirsharesinthecompanybackonthemarket.D.transfertheirmoneytoamoresuccessfulcompany.69.Alltheessentialservicesonwhichwedependare.A.runbytheGovernmentorourlocalauthorities.B.inconstantneedoffinancialsupport.C.financedwhollybyratesandtaxes.D.unabletoprovidefortheneedsofthepopulation.70.TheStockExchangemakesitpossiblefortheGovernment，localauthoritiesandnationalizedindustries.A.toborrowasmuchmoneyastheywish.B.tomakecertaineverybodysavesmoney.C.toraisemoneytofinancenewdevelopments.D.tomakecertaineverybodylendsmoneytothem.PassageFiveQuestions71to75arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Theproducersofinstantcoffeefoundtheirproductstronglyresistedinthemarketplacesdespitetheirmanifestadvantages.Furthermore，theadvertisingexpenditureforinstantcoffeewasfargreaterthanthatforregularcoffee.Effortsweremadetofindthecauseoftheconsumers’seeminglyunreasonableresistancetotheproduct.Thereasongivenbymostpeoplewasdislikeforthetaste.Theproducerssuspectedthattheremightbedeeperreasons，however.Thiswasconfirmedbyoneofmotivationresearch’sclassicstudies，oneoftencitedinthetrade.MasonHaire，oftheUniversityofCalifornia，constructedtwoshoppingliststhatwereidenticalexceptforoneitem.Thereweresixitemscommontobothlists：hamburger，carrots，bakingpowder，bread，cannedpeachesandpotatoes，withthebrandsoramountsspecified.Theseventhitem，inthefifthplaceonbothlists，read“Ilb.MaxwellHousecoffee”ononelistand“Nescafeinstantcoffee”ontheother.Onelistwasgiventoeachpersoninagroupoffiftywomen，andtheotherlisttothoseinanothergroupofthesamesize.Thewomenwereaskedtostudytheirlistsandthentodescribe，asfarastheycould，thekindofwoman(“personalityandcharacter”)whowoulddrawupthatshoppinglist.Nearlyhalfofthosewhohadreceivedthelistincludinginstantcoffeedescribedahousewifewhowaslazyandapoorplanner.Ontheotherhand，onlyonewomanintheothergroupdescribedthehousewife，whohadincludedregularcoffeeonherlist，aslazy，onlysixofthatgroupsuggestedthatshewasapoorplanner.Eightwomenfeltthattheinstant-coffeeuserwasprobablynotagoodwife！Nooneintheothergroupdrewsuchaconclusionaboutthehousewifewhointendedtobuyregularcoffee.71.Thefactthatproducersfoundresistancetotheirproductdespitethefactthattheyspentmoreadvertisingmoneyoninstantthanregularcoffeeshowsthat.A.advertisingdoesnotassurefavorablesalesresults.B.companiesspentmoremoneyonadvertisingthantheyshould.C.peoplepaylittleattentiontoadvertising.D.themoreoneadvertisesthebetterthesalespicture.72.Inthisinstance，thepurposeofmotivationresearchwastodiscover.A.whypeopledrinkcoffee.B.whyinstantcoffeedidnottastegood.C.whyregularcoffeewassuccessful.D.therealreasonwhypeoplewouldnotbuyinstantcoffee.73.Thisinvestigationindicatedthat.A.50percentofhousewivesarelazy.B.housewiveswhouseinstantcoffeearelazy.C.manywomenbelievethatwiveswhouseinstantcoffeearelazy.D.wiveswhouseregularcoffeearegoodplanners.74.Ontheresultsofthistest，theproducersprobablyrevisedtheiradvertisingtoshowa.A.lazyhousewifeusingregularcoffee.B.hard-workinghousewifeusinginstantcoffee.C.lazyhousewifeusinginstantcoffee.D.manobviouslyenjoyingthetasteofinstantcoffee.75.Impliedbutnotstated.A.Despiteitsadvantages，mostpeopledislikedinstantcoffeebecauseofitstaste.B.Theadvertisingexpenditureforinstantcoffeewasgreaterthanthatforregularcoffee.C.Veryoftenwedonotknowtherealreasonsfordoingthings.D.Tasteistheprincipalfactorindeterminingwhatwebuy.PassageSixQuestions76to80arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inrecentyears，therehasbeenanincreasingawarenessoftheinadequaciesofthejudicialsystemintheUnitedStates.Costsarestaggeringbothforthetaxpayersandthelitigants—andthelitigants，ofparties，havetowaitsometimesmanyyearsbeforehavingtheirdayincourt.Manysuggestionshavebeenmadeconcerningmethodsofameliorating（改进）thesituation，butasinmostbranchesofgovernment，changescomeslowly.Onesuggestionthathasbeenmadeinordertomaximizetheefficiencyofthesystemistoallowdistrictsthathaveanoverabundanceofpendingcasestoborrowjudgesfromotherdistrictsthatdonothaves