跨文化交际课件第七章非语言交流

NonverbalCommunicationIt'snotwhathesaid,butthewayhesaidit.EnglishSayingThereislanguageinhereyes,hercheeks,herlips.WilliamShakespeareTeachingObjectives????DefinitionClassificationFunctionContentDefinition?Nonverbalcommunicationreferstotransmissionormessagesbyamediumotherthanspeechorwriting.?Researchsuggeststhat93%ofthemessagewastransmittedbyvoicetoneandfacialexpressions,whereasonly7%wastransmittedbywords.(MehrabianA.&wienerM.,1967)Nonverbalcommunication,itsstudyareas?Nonverbalcommunicationcoversfourareas:timelanguage(chronemics),spacelanguage(proxemics),bodylanguage(kinesics),andparalanguage(voicemodulation).Nonverbalcommunication,itsstudyareas?Eachofthesebroadareasincludeover20topics.Belowaresomeofthecommontopicsmostcommunicationtheoristsaddress:?1.timelanguage(chronemics):punctuality,promptness,timeorientation,whatisearlyorlate,longorshort,etc.?2.spacelanguage(proxemics):bodydistanceandbodytouch?3.bodylanguage(kinesics):posture(thewaythebodyisheld),stance(thewayofstanding),gesture,facialexpression,eyebehavior,appearance(includingclothing,cosmetics,hairstyleandsmell),etc.?4.paralanguage(voicemodulation):speed,volume,pause,silence,etc.Functions?Repeating?Complementing?Substituting?Regulating?ContradictingTimeLanguage(Chronemics)?Hallelaboratedontwotimesystems:MonochronicTime(M-Time)andPolychronicTime(P-Time).?NorthernAmerican,WesternandNorthernEuropeanculturesaretypicalM-Timecultures.?LatinAmerican,African,ArabandmostAsianculturesareP-Timecultures.MonochronicTime(M-Time)?M-Timeculturesplacegreatemphasisonschedules.?TwostrikingfeaturesofM-Timearepunctualityandpromptness.?M-Timeischaracterizedbycuttingtimeintobitsandschedulingonethingatatime.punctual,onschedule,ontime,totheminute,onthehour,attheappointedtime,atthestatedtime,intime,ingoodtime,timely,well-timed,perfecttiming.PolychronicTime?P-Timepracticedbymostotherpeoplesislessrigidandclock-bound.?PeoplefromP-Timeculturesscheduleseveralactivitiesatthesametime,andthetimeforthemismoreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.MonochronicpeopleDoonethingatatime.Concentrateonthejob.Taketimecommitmentsseriously.PolychronicpeopleDomanythingsatonce.Areeasilydistractedandsubjecttointerruptions.Considertimecommitmentsanobjectivetobeachieved,ifpossible.Arelow-contextandneedinformation.Arehigh-contextandalreadyhaveinformation.arecommittedtothejob.Adheretoplans.Areconcernedaboutnotdisturbingothers;followrulesofprivacy.Showgreatrespectforprivateproperty;seldomborroworlend.Emphasizepromptness.Areaccustomedtoshort-termrelationships.arecommittedtopeopleandhumanrelationships.Changeplansoftenandeasily.Aremoreconcernedwithpeopleclosetothemthanwithprivacy.Borrowandlendthingsoftenandeasily.Basepromptnessontherelationship.Havestrongtendencytobuildlifetimerelationships.Case1?Once,aU.S.diplomat,newtoanAfricancountry,waseagertomeetwithahigh-levelgovernmentofficial.Afterwaitingforabouttwoweeks,hebecameimpatientandpressedforaninterview.Itwasgrudginglypermitted.Hearrivedattheagreedtimebutwasmadetowait.15minutespassed;hewasonpinsandneedles.Hedemandedananswerfromtheofficial'said.Buttherewasnone.Anhourpassedbeforehewasfinallyusheredin.Tohissurprise,however,therewerequiteanumberofguestspresent.Theofficialwasnotpreparedtoreceivehimalone.?Whatwentwrong?Whowastoblame?Case2?KatherinecametoBeijingin1998andfoundajobasanEnglishteacherinaforeignlanguageinstitute.Soonafterherclassesbegan,shefoundthatherstudentsshowednointerestinherteachingstyle.Quiteafewofthemavoidedattendingherclass.ShewasfeelingquiteupsetanddiscouragedsoshedecidedtoasktheDirector,Prof.Wang,forhelp.Prof.Wangreviewedhistimetableandsuggestedtheymeetatteno'clockonThursdaymorning.WhenThursdaycame,KatherinearrivedatProf.Wang'sofficeattheexactlyteno'clockfindinghimtalkingwithanotherteacherinChinese.Seeingthatshehadcome,Prof.Wangsmiledandcontinuedtotalkwiththeotherteacher.Afterfiveminutes,hefinishedhisconversation,andapologizedtoKatherine,andbegantofocushisattentiononhersituation.?Prof.Wangshowedgreatconcernandaskedherwhattheproblemwas.Justasshewasdiscussingherproblem,anotherChineseteacherinterrupted,withaformthatrequiredtheDirector'ssignature.TheDirectorsmiled,apologizedtoKatherineagain,andturnedtotalkwiththeChineseteacherinChinese.Katherinebecameimpatient,andwonderedwhytheirdiscussionshouldbeinterruptedsinceshehadmadeanappointment.Also,shewasupsetandfrustratedthattheycontinuedtospeakChineseinfrontofher.Althoughtheirtalkcontinued,shewasapparentlyunhappyaboutwhathadhappened.TimeOrientations?Pastorientation(China,Japan,Korea,UK)?Presentorientation(Philippines,LatinAmerica)?Futureorientation(America)SpaceLanguage(Proxemics)bodybubbles?Proxemicsreferstobodydistanceandbodytouch.?AccordingtoHall,thereare4majortypesofdistancesinAmerica:–Intimatedistance(closefriends,familymembers):0-45cm–Personaldistance(friends,acquaintancesandrelatives):45-80cm–Socialdistance(colleaguesandpeopleinconversationatsocialgatherings):1.3m-3m–Publicdistance(speakersandteachers):fartherthan2or3m?Theamountofspacechangesdependingontheinterpersonalrelationship.?Personalityalsodeterminestheamountofpersonalspace.(introvertsvs.extroverts)?Culturalstylesplayabigparttoo.ShortDistanceMediumDistanceLatinsAmericansLongDistanceJapaneseMediterraneanNorthernArabsEuropeansMediterraneanEuropeansCase3?MarkhadrecentlymovedfromDenmarktoSydneytoworkasasalespersonforalargeAustraliancompany.Afterthreeweeks,hewasinvitedtojoinalocalclub.Oneday,ataneveningparty,oneofthefemalemembersapproachedhim.Markimmediatelyshowedhisinterestbytalkingabouttheatmosphereoftheparty.Atfirst,theconversationbetweenthemseemedtogoquitesmoothly,butasitprogressed,theladyseemedtostepfurtherandfurtherawayfromMarkashehadbeengraduallymovingclosertoher.?Theladyobviouslyseemeduncomfortable.AsMarkwasabouttoaskherquestionsregardingAustraliansocialcustoms,anothermanstandingnearbydirectedaglancetowardthelady.Sheexcusedherselfandwenttotalkwiththatman,leavingMarkstandingaloneandwonderingwhytheirconversationhadcometosuchasuddenstop.?Anthropologistsdistinguishtwobroadcategoriesofculture:touchcultureandnontouchculture.?CulturesofArabs,southernandwesternEuropeans,JewsandLatinsfallintotheformer.?CulturesofAmericans,NorthernEuropeansandOrientalsbelongtothelatter.?WhenArabstalk,theyvirtuallyenvelopeachotherintheirbreath.Theydon'tseemtofeelcomfortableunlesstheysmelleachother.?Thereisalsoalotofbodytouch,suchasholdinghands,patting,andhugging.?InEnglish-speakingcountries,physicalcontactisgenerallyavoidedinconversationamongordinaryfriendsoracquaintances.?WithChineseandotherAsiancultures,thereislittlebodytouchinginpublic,notevenamongintimatefriendsorfamilymembers,withtheexceptiontobabiesandchildren.BodyLanguage(Kinesics)?Bodylanguagemeansmorethanjusthandorarmgestures;itreferstoanylittlemovementofanypartofthebody.Case4?Occasionally,someAmericanswillsitwiththeirfeetonthedesk.OnceIwenttoanAmericanbanktoclosemyaccountbeforeIleftAmerica.Whiletalkingwithme,thebankmanagerputhisfeetwithleathershoesontothedesk.WhenIreturnedhome,Istillcouldnotforgivehimforsuchbehavior,thinkingmaybehelookeddownonmebecauseofmysmallsavingsorforbeingChinese.LaterIcametoknowthatanAmerican'sputtinghisfeetonhisdeskshowsheiscomfortable.However,forLatinAmericansorAsians,suchbehaviorisrudeandarrogant.Vsign?Palm-outVsign:victory,peaceorfriend,twoandbunnyears.?Palm-inVsign:insultinginUK,Ireland,SouthAfrica,Australia,andNewZealand.AnOKgesture?InAmerica,whenthingsgotdoneorapersongetsready,onemakesthisgesture.Italsomeanspermission,andeverythinggoesonwell.?AmongArabsthisgestureisusuallyaccompaniedbyabaringofteeth,andtogethertheysignifyextremehostility.?ThissamegestureisconsideredobsceneinsomeLatinAmericancountriesandGermany.?InFrance,itmeanszero.?InTurkey,itmeans“I'llkillyou.”?InJapanandKorea,itmeans“money”.Case5?WhenanAmericanwasparkinghisbicycle,thebicycleaccidentallyfellover,hefeltembarrassedathisawkwardness,andwasquiteangeredandhumiliatedbythelaughoftheChineseonlookers.Case6?LindawasayoungPuercoRicangirlstudyinginaNewYorkCityhighschool.Shewasoncesuspectedofsmokingwithagroupoftroublemakersandwaspunishedwiththembytheprincipal.Shewasthoughtsobecausewhenshewasinterviewedbytheprincipal,sheavoidedmeetinghiseyeandonlystareddownatthefloor,hencebeingregardedasslyanddishonest.Hermotherinsistedthatshewasagoodgirlwhiletheprincipalfirmlybelievedthatshewasnot.ThisledtoademonstrationofPuercoRicanparentsattheschoolthenextmorning.Case6?ItwaswhenJohnFlores,aSpanishliteratureteacherattheschool,explainedsomebasicfactsofPuercoRicanculturetotheprincipalthatherealizedthathemighthavemisunderstoodthegirl.AndlaterhefoundthatLindawasindeedagentleandsweetgirl.YesParalanguage好对It'snotwhathesaidbutthewayhesaidit.?Voicemodulationcarriesverystrongemotionalovertones.?Tempoinspeechalsoillustratesculturalvariations.?Volumevarieswithsituationsandacrosscultures.?Silenceisinterpretedaspassivity,ignorance,apathyorhesitationintheAmericanculture,whereasitisviewedasnecessaryanddesirableinJapan.