哈佛大学课程Positive_Psychology_ppt

nullnullPsychology 1504 Positive PsychologyHouse keepingHouse keepingFeedback or questions In case of an emergency… … we’ll take a PP-break Powerpoints and videotape on website Active note-taking Overlap with 1508?The Road to Positive PsychologyThe Road to Positive PsychologyHumanistic Psychology (50’s) The Third Force Reaction to behaviorism Reaction to psychoanalysis Lacked rigorous methodologyMeet the GrandparentsMeet the GrandparentsMeet the ParentsMeet the ParentsMeet 1504Meet 1504It is not merely about informationIt is not merely about informationIt is also about transformation Covering less; uncovering morenull“In pursuit of knowledge, every day something is acquired; in pursuit of wisdom, every day something is dropped.” Lao Tzu“The soul grows by subtraction, not addition.” ThoreauInformation is not enoughInformation is not enough“What is wrong is not the great discoveries of science—information is always better than ignorance, no matter what information or what ignorance. What is wrong is the belief behind the information, the belief that information will change the world. It won’t.” Archibald MaCleishInformation is not enoughInformation is not enough“Humanistic philosophy [offers] a new conception of learning, of teaching, and of education. Stated simply, such a concept holds that the function of education, the goal of education—the human goal, the humanistic goal, the goal so far as human beings are concerned—is ultimately the ‘self-actualization’ of a person, the becoming fully human, the development of the fullest height that the human species can stand up to or that the particular individual can come to. In a less technical way, it is helping the person to become the best that he is able to become.” Abraham MaslowIt is not about providing definitive answers concerning the good lifeIt is not about providing definitive answers concerning the good lifeIt is about identifying the right questions“Children enter school as question marks and leave as periods.” Neil Postman Education is the quest for information and transformation, and therefore must begin with a question.null“The one real object of education is to leave a man in the condition of continually asking questions.” Bishop Creighton“The one real object of education is to leave a man in the condition of continually asking questions.” Bishop CreightonThe Question of QuestionsThe Question of QuestionsHow can we help ourselves and others—individuals, communities, and society—become happier? It is not a survey of positive psychologyIt is not a survey of positive psychologyIt is a selective exploration of the ‘question of questions.’ Cross cultural psychology Eclectic Studying others and ourselvesIt is not English 10a or Math 55It is not English 10a or Math 55It is about rigorous fun“I would not give a fig for the simplicity on this side of complexity, but I would give my life for the simplicity on the other side of complexity.” Oliver Wendell Holmes A different kind of effort Change is hard Rigorous fun???Final ProjectFinal Project 20-30 minute Presentation Any topic within positive psychology Written text (10-15 pages double spaced) Slides (word or powerpoints) Include: Reference to research Optional: stories, film clips, exercises, etc Why a presentation? Teaching as learning Spread goodness… nullWhy Positive Psychology?Why Positive Psychology?Psychological Abstracts (1967-2000)Anger: 5,584 Anxiety: 41,416 Depression: 54,040Psychological Abstracts (1967-2000)Joy: 415 Happiness: 1,710 Life satisfaction: 2,582Ratio: 21/1Focusing on the NegativeFocusing on the Negative“The science of psychology has been far more successful on the negative than on the positive side; it has revealed to us much about man’s shortcomings, his illnesses, his sins, but little about his potentialities, his virtues, his achievable aspirations, or his psychological height. It is as if psychology had voluntarily restricted itself to only half its rightful jurisdiction, and that the darker, meaner half.” Abraham MaslowAccentuating the PositiveAccentuating the Positive“The aim of Positive Psychology is to catalyze a change in psychology from a preoccupation only with repairing the worst things in life to also building the best qualities in life.” Martin SeligmanPsychology Needs HelpPsychology Needs Help21/1 ratio is unhealthy… … but it reflects reality depression 10 times higher today than 1960 mean age for depression today is 14.5 (compared to 29.5 in 1960)nullDoes Psychology Need Help?Does Psychology Need Help?21/1 ratio of studies is unhealthy… … but it reflects reality depression 10 times higher today than 1960 mean age for depression today is 14.5 (compared to 29.5 in 1960) 80% of Harvard students depressed at least once last year 45% of college students nationwide depressed; 94% overwhelmed (Kadison, 2005)Why More “Positive” Research?Why More “Positive” Research?Psychology as creative rather than merely reactive Happiness is not the negation of unhappiness Prevention through cultivating the positivenull“Negative” ResearchNegative ExperiencesUnhappiness Spiralnull“Positive” ResearchPositive ExperiencesHappiness SpiralHeisenberg Uncertainty Principlenull“Human systems grow in the direction of what they persistently ask questions about.” Cooperrider and WhitneyHappiness isn’t the Negation of UnhappinessHappiness isn’t the Negation of Unhappiness Disease Model Health Model Focus on weaknesses Focus on strengths Overcoming deficiencies Building competencies Avoiding pain Seeking pleasure Running from unhappiness Pursuing happiness Neutral state (0) as ceiling No ceiling Tensionless as ideal Creative tension as ideal_______________________ 0 ____________________ +neurosis, anger, anxiety, wellbeing, satisfaction, joy depression, psychosis excitement, happinessPrevention through cultivating positivePrevention through cultivating positiveIllness as the absence of health (vs. health as the absence of illness)“It [neurosis] is a falling short of what one could have been, and even, one could say, of what one should have been, biologically speaking, that is, if one had grown and developed in an unimpeded way. Human and personal possibilities have been lost. The world has been narrowed, and so has consciousness. Capacities have been inhibited.” Abraham Maslow“We have discovered that there are human strengths that act as buffers against mental illness: courage, future-mindedness, optimism, interpersonal skill, faith, work ethic, hope, honesty, perseverance, the capacity for flow and insight, to name several... We have shown that learning optimism prevents depression and anxiety in children and adults, roughly halving their incidence over the next two years... Similarly, I believe, that if we wish to prevent drug abuse in teenagers who grow up in a neighborhood that puts them at risk, that the effective prevention is not remedial. Rather it consists of identifying and amplifying the strengths that these teens already have.” Martin Seligman“We have discovered that there are human strengths that act as buffers against mental illness: courage, future-mindedness, optimism, interpersonal skill, faith, work ethic, hope, honesty, perseverance, the capacity for flow and insight, to name several... We have shown that learning optimism prevents depression and anxiety in children and adults, roughly halving their incidence over the next two years... Similarly, I believe, that if we wish to prevent drug abuse in teenagers who grow up in a neighborhood that puts them at risk, that the effective prevention is not remedial. Rather it consists of identifying and amplifying the strengths that these teens already have.” Martin SeligmanPrevention through cultivating positivePrevention through cultivating positiveIllness as the absence of health (vs. health as the absence of illness)“It [neurosis] is a falling short of what one could have been, and even, one could say, of what one should have been, biologically speaking, that is, if one had grown and developed in an unimpeded way. Human and personal possibilities have been lost. The world has been narrowed, and so has consciousness. Capacities have been inhibited.” Abraham MaslowStronger “psychological immune system” Mental health at HarvardThe Power of Positive Psychology: Studying At-Risk PopulationThe Power of Positive Psychology: Studying At-Risk PopulationTraditional psychology (Post-WWII) “Why do these individuals fail?”Positive psychological approach (1980s-) “What makes some individuals succeed despite unfavorable circumstances?”ResilienceResilience“A class of phenomena characterized by patterns of positive adaptation in the context of significant adversity or risk.” Masten & ReedSuperkids? Ordinary characteristics, extraordinary results Social supportnullResilienceResilience“A class of phenomena characterized by patterns of positive adaptation in the context of significant adversity or risk.” Masten & ReedSuperkids? Ordinary characteristics, extraordinary results Social support Optimism and self-esteem Faith and a sense of meaning Prosocial behavior Focusing on strengths Set goals A role modelnullnullRole models Optimism and faith Blame to responsibility Deficiencies focus to strengths focusPassive Victim Vs. Active AgentPassive Victim Vs. Active Agentself pity blame frustration anger ___________________________________________confidence responsibility hope and optimism forgive/forget“The message of the Positive Psychology movement is to remind our field that it has been deformed. Psychology is not just the study of disease, weakness, and damage; it also is the study of strength and virtue. Treatment is not just fixing what is wrong; it also is building what is right. Psychology is not just about illness or health; it is about work, education, insight, love, growth, and play. And in this quest for what is best, Positive Psychology does not rely on wishful thinking, self-deception or hand-waving; instead it tries to adapt what is best in the scientific method to the unique problems that human behavior presents in all its complexity.” Martin Seligman“The message of the Positive Psychology movement is to remind our field that it has been deformed. Psychology is not just the study of disease, weakness, and damage; it also is the study of strength and virtue. Treatment is not just fixing what is wrong; it also is building what is right. Psychology is not just about illness or health; it is about work, education, insight, love, growth, and play. And in this quest for what is best, Positive Psychology does not rely on wishful thinking, self-deception or hand-waving; instead it tries to adapt what is best in the scientific method to the unique problems that human behavior presents in all its complexity.” Martin SeligmannullBibliography and Recommendations Excellent website: www.psychologymatters.org Antonovsky (1979). Health, Stress, and Coping. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass. Masten, A. S. & Reed, M. J. (2002). Resilience in development. In C. R. Snyder and S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology, 528-540. Oxford University Press. Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive Psychology. American Psychologist, 55, 5-14. Sheldon, K. M. & King, L (2001). Why Positive Psychology Is Necessary. American Psychologist, 56, 216-217. Snyder, C. R. & Lopez, S. J. (Eds.) (2002). Handbook of Positive Psychology, 528-540. Oxford University Press. Collins, M. & Tamarkin, C. (1990). Marva Collins’ Way. Putnam: New York. Werner, E. & Smith, R. (2001). Journeys from Childhood to Midlife: Risk, Reilience and Recovery. Cornell University Press.