新世纪大学英语综合教程第三册课文原文

新世纪大学英语综合教程第三册课文原文Unit1Whatisfriendship?MicheleEDoyle&MarkKSmithWhatweapproachthenotionoffriendship,ourfirstproblemisthatthereisalackofsociallyacknowledgedcriteriaforwhatmakesapersonafriend.Inonesetting,wemaydescribesomeoneasafriend;inanother,thelabelmayseemlessappropriate.Therefore,peopletendtohavethinunderstandingofwhatfriendshipreallymeans.Tohelpusunderstandwhatfriendshipreallymeans,weneedtoreviewsomeclassicalviewoffriendship.OneclassicalviewoffriendshipisprovidedbyAristotle,thefamousancientGreekphilosopher.Aristotledistinguishesbetweenwhathebelievestogenuinefriendshipsandtwootherforms:onebasedonmutualusefulness,theotherforms:onebasedonmutualusefulness,theotheronpleasure.So,accordingtoAristotle,wemayfindthreekindsoffriendship:Friendshipbasedonutility.Utilityisanimpermanentthing:itchangesaccordingtocircumstances.Whenthegroundforfriendshipdisappears,thefriendshipalsobreaksup.Friendshipsofthiskindseemtooccurmostfrequentlybetweentheelderly,becauseattheiragewhattheywantisnotpleasurebututility.Friendshipbasedonutilityarealsofrequentlyfoundamongthoseinmiddleorearlylifewhoarepursuingtheirownadvantage.Suchpersonsdonotspendmuchtimetogether,becausesometimestheydonotspendmuchtimetogether,becausesometimestheydonotevenlikeoneanother,andthereforefeelnoneedofsuchanassociationunlesstheyaremutuallyuseful.Theytakepleasureineachother’scompanyonlyinsofarastheyhavehopesofadvantagefromit.Friendshipbasedonpleasure.Friendshipbetweentheyoungisthoughttobegroundedonpleasure,becausethelivesoftheyoungareregulatedbytheirfeelings,andtheirchiefinterestsareintheirownpleasureandtheopportunityofthemoment.Astheygrowup,however,theirtasteschangetoo,sothattheyarequicktomakeandtobreakfriendships.Thatiswhytheyfallinandoutoffriendshipquickly,changingtheirattitudeoften,evenwithinthesaneday.Friendshipbasedongoodness.Perfectfriendshipisbasedongoodness.Onlythefriendshipofthosewhoaregoodandsimilarintheirgoodness,isperfect.Theconductofgoodmenisthesameorsimilar.Itisbetweengoodmenthatbothloveandfriendshiparechieflyfoundandhighestform.Suchfriendshipsarerareandtheyneedtimeandintimacy;forassayinggoes,truefriendsmustgothroughtrialsandtribulationstogether.Andnotwopersonscanaccepteachotherandbecomefriendsuntileachhasprovedtotheotherthatheisworthyoflove,andsowonhisstrust.Thewishforfriendshipmaydeveloprapidly,buttruefriendshipdoesnot.AnotherclassicalviewoffriendshipcanbefoundinthewritingsofCicero,anancientRomanstatesmanandorator.AccordingtoCicero,truefriendshipisonlypossiblebetweengoodmen.Hefurtherdefines“thegood”as“thosewhoseactionsandlivesleavenoquestionastotheirhonor,purity,equity,andwhohavethecourageoftheirconvictions.” Thefriendshipbetweengoodmen,basedonvirtue,doesoffermaterialbenefits,butdoesnotseekthem.Allhumanbeingsarebondedtogetherinacommunityofsharedreason.Therefore,infriendshipandrelationships,thosewhopossessanysuperioritymustregardthemselvesasequalsofthosewhoarelessfortunate.Itisvirtuethatandpreservestruefriendship.Thus,wemayseethatthetraditionalideaoffriendshipismadeupofthreecomponents:Friendsmustenjoyeachother’scompany;theymustbeusefultooneanother;andtheymustshareacommitmenttothegood.Accordingtotheclassicalviews,virtuousfriendsareboundtogether,astheyrecognizeeachother’smoralexcellence.Toperceiveafriend,therefore,istoperceiveoneself;andtoknowafriendistoknowoneself.Eachcanbesaidtoprovideamirrorinwhichtheothermayseehimself.Throughnetworksofsuchvirtuousfriends,wecandevelopasharedideaofgoodandpursueittogether.Friendshipofthiskindispermanent,becauseinitareunitedtheattributesthatfriendsoughttopossess.Unit2HowDeepIsYourLove?MansiBhatiaLovetosomeislikeacloudTosomeasstrongassteelForsomeawayoflivingForsomeawaytofeel AndsomesayloveisholdingonAndsomesayletitgo AndsomesayloveiseverythingSomesaytheydon'tknowAtsomestageortheotherinourlivesweexperienceanemotionwhichdefiesdefinition.It'safeelingthatcanonlybefeltandnotdescribed.Anoverwhelmingjoythatcomestogetherwithitsshareofsadness.Love.Giventhebusynatureofourlives,it'stobeappreciatedthatweevenfindthetimetoindulgeinmattersoftheheart.ButatthesametimeIwonderifweevenunderstanditstruedepth.Irememberhavingcountlesscrusheswhileinschool.Mymathteacher,ourneighbour'sson,mybestfriend'sbrotherandlotsofotherswhomIfanciedforthecolouroftheireyes,theshapeoftheirmoustachesorjustthewaytheywalked.Harmlesspuppylovesthatareasbriefassoapbubbles.Icanlaughaboutallthosesillyandadventurousthoughtsandactsnowbutatthattimenothingcouldbemoreseriousanaffairforme.Thencamethestageofrealrelationships.Beinginanallgirls'schoolIhardlyhadtheopportunitytointeractwithmembersoftheoppositegender.Socialsbetweenourschoolandtheboys'college,therefore,wouldbeawaitedanxiously.Thosethreehoursofunhesitantattentionbyagroupofwell-groomedyounggentlemenprovideduswithenoughcontenttotalkandfeelexcitedaboutforthenextfourweeks.Andeventhentherewasnorealneedofhavingaboyfriend.Isomehowgrewupbelievingthatlovewouldhappenwhenithadto.Andsureenoughitdid.ItcameatanagewhenIhadacareer,along-termplanandamoreorlesssettledlife(andnowIamnotyet25!).Iwasmatureenoughtoenterarelationshipwhichdemandsalotofgiveandnotsomuchoftake.LovewasamagnificentbuildingIbuiltonthefoundationoffriendship.Ittooktimetoblossom.Ittookalotofunderstanding,loadsofsharingandcaring,andplentyofaffectiontobecomewhatitistoday.Anditmeantameetingofminds.YoumightsaythatIbelongtothetraditionalschoolofromance.Butinmyopinion,loveneedstobenurtured.Andithastobedistinguishedfromtheintensebutshort-livedloveorthepleasuresoftheflesh.Ourparents'generationwasfedlavishlywithideals.Itwasaneraofconstraints,restraints,respect,admiration,andplentyofromance.Thelongskirts,thequietandunpretentiouslooks,thecurledlonghair,thecalmness,theshyglance—theseareallsofrequentlyremindfulofabygoneera.Anagewhenthedistancebetweenthesexessomehowmanagedtohelppreservetheholinessofloveandrelationships.Theyoungergeneration,withitsopennessandfadinglinesofproximity,hasjumpedonthebandwagonoflovewithsomuchhastethatitisdifficultforthemtodistinguishbetweenphysicalattractionandmentalcompatibilities.Whatwehavebeenexposedtoviathemediahavefastpacedoursensibilitiessomuchthattakingthingsslowrequireseffortonourparts.Iamsorrytolearnaboutthekindofemotionalbaggageschoolkidsarecarryinginwhatarepurelyunemotionalrelationships.Somemightblamethecurrentstateofaffairsonpeerpressure.Buthasanyoneeverstoppedtofigureoutwherethispeerpressureoriginates?Doanyofustryandunderstandwhoisresponsibleforthisshift?Doesanyonebothertostudythestateofmindoftheteenagers?Themindsetofthisgenerationisalltooevidentinthewayithandlesitspersonallife.Therearemorerelationshipsbeingdistortedunderthepressuresoflustthaneverbefore.Thereismorefocusonphysicalbeautythanoninnercharm.Thereismoreofclosenessandlessofintimacy.Thereismoreofpassionandlessofemotion.Thereismoreofacquiringandlessofsharing.Thereismoreofopportunismandlessofselflessness.Inshort,thereismoreofMEandlessofUS.Wehavehardenedourselvessomuchinthiscompetitiveagethatwehaveforgottentheessenceofrelationships.There'smuchmoretobeingsomeone'sloverthangiftingthemredrosesandfifty-centcards.Whataboutgiftingourobjectofaffection,ourtime,ourcompany,oursupport,ourfriendship?Whataboutsettingprioritiesinourlivesandfocusingoneachwithsincerity?Whatabouttryingtobeself-sufficientemotionallybeforelettingourselvesloose?Whataboutgivingourselves,andothers,timeandspacetoforgerelationships?Whataboutworkingtowardsmeaningfulandlastingfriendships?Whatabouthonouringourcommitments?Whataboutchannelingourenergiesandemotionstowardsbuildinglifelongbondsratherthanwastingthemonseasonalrelationships?Wehavebutonelifeandwemustexperienceeverythingthatcanmakeusstronger.Truelovehappensonceinalifetime.Andweshouldnothavebecomesotiredbyourfrivolousactsthatwhenitcomeswearen'tabletoreceiveitwithopenarms.Unit3ThePursuitofHappinessfortheCommonGoodRichardLayardOverthelast50years,weinthewesthaveenjoyedunparalleledeconomicgrowth.Wehavebetterhomes,cars,holidays,jobs,educationandaboveallhealth.Accordingtostandardeconomictheory,thisshouldhavemadeushappier.Butsurveysshowotherwise.WhenBritonsorAmericansareaskedhowhappytheyare,theyreportnoimprovementoverthelast50years.Morepeoplesufferfromdepression,andcrime—anotherindicatorofdissatisfaction—isalsomuchhigher.Thesefactschallengemanyoftheprioritieswehavesetourselvesbothassocietiesandasindividuals.Thetruthisthatweareinasituationpreviouslyunknowntoman.Whenmostpeopleexistnearthebreadline,materialprogressdoesindeedmakethemhappier.Peopleintherichworld(above,say,$20,000aheadperyear)arehappierthanpeopleinpoorercountries,andpeopleinpoorcountriesdobecomehappierastheybecomericher.Butwhenmaterialdiscomforthasbeenbanished,extraincomebecomesmuchlessimportantthanourrelationshipswitheachother:withfamily,withfriendsandinthecommunity.Thedangeristhatwesacrificerelationshipstoomuchinpursuitofhigherincome.Thedesiretobehappyiscentraltoournature.Weallwantasocietyinwhichpeopleareashappyaspossibleandinwhicheachperson’shappinesscountsequally.Thatshouldbethephilosophyforourage,theguideforpublicpolicyandforindividualaction.Anditshouldcometoreplacetheintenseindividualismwhichhasfailedtomakeushappier.Indeed,moneyisperceivedasoneofthekeyfactorsaffectingaperson’shappiness.Butcanmoneyalonemakeushappyinthelongrun?Inanysociety,richerpeopleareoftenhappierthanpoorpeople.Yet,asawesterncountrybecomesricher,itspeopleoveralldonotbecomehappier.Thereasonforthisisthatovertimeourstandardsandexpectationsrisetomeetourincome.AGalluppollhasaskedAmericanseachyear:"Whatisthesmallestamountofmoneyafamilyoffourneedstogetalonginthiscommunity?"Thesumsmentionedriseinlinewithaverageincomes.Sincepeoplearealwayscomparingtheirincomeswithwhatothershave,orwithwhattheyareusedto,theyonlyfeelbetteroffiftheymoveuprelativetothenorm.Thisprocesscanhavecounterproductiveeffects.Ihaveanincentivetoworkandearnmore:itwillmakemehappier.Sodoothermembersofsociety,whoalsocareabouttheirrelativestandardoflife.Sincesocietyasawholecannotraiseitspositionrelativetoitself,theeffortwhichitsmembersdevotetothatendcouldbesaidtobeawaste—thebalancebetweenleisureandworkhasbeenshifted"inefficiently"towardswork.Toreinforcethecase,letmeexplainitintermsofstatus,whichmayderiveasmuchfromtheearningofincomeasfromthespendingofit.Peoplework,inpartatleast,toimprovetheirstatus.Butstatusisasystemofranking:one,two,threeandsoon.Soifonepersonimproveshisstatus,someoneelselosesanequalamount.Itisazero-sumgame:privatelifesacrificedinordertoincreasestatusisawastefromthepointofviewofsocietyasawhole.Thatiswhytheratraceissodestructive:welosefamilylifeandpeaceofmindinpursuingsomethingwhosetotalcannotbealtered.Inonesense,whatpeoplemostwantisrespect.Theyseekeconomicstatusbecauseitbringsrespect.Butwecanincreaseordecreasetheweightwegivetostatus.Inanincreasinglycompetitivesociety,lifewillbecometougherforpeopleinthebottomhalfoftheabilityrangeunlesswedevelopbroadercriteriaforrespect.Weshouldrespectpeoplewhoco-operatewithothersatnogaintothemselves,andwhoshowskillandeffortatwhateverlevel.Thatiswhyitissoimportanttoenableeveryonetodevelopaskill.InBritain,thismeansensuringthatallyoungpeoplecantakeupanapprenticeshipiftheywish,sothatthosewhohavenotenjoyedacademicsuccessatschoolcanexperienceprofessionalprideandavoidstartingadultlifebelievingthemselvestobefailures.Somecomparisonsbetweenpeopleareinevitable,sincehierarchyisnecessaryandunavoidable.Somepeoplegetpromotedandothersdonot.Moreover,thosewhogetpromotedmustbepaidmore,sincetheyaretalentedandtheemployerwishestoattracttalent.Sopayisimportantatkeymomentsasawayofaffectingpeople'sdecisionsaboutoccupationsorinchoosingbetweenemployers.Theproblemisthatinmostjobsthereisnoobjectivemeasureofindividualperformance,sopeoplemustineffectbeevaluatedagainsttheirpeers.Buttherankingprocess,whichisverysubjective,fundamentallyalterstherelationshipofco-operationbetweenanemployeeandhisboss,andbetweenanemployeeandhispeers.Ifwewantahappiersociety,weshouldfocusmostontheexperienceswhichpeoplevaluefortheirintrinsicworthandnotbecauseotherpeoplehavethem–aboveall,onrelationshipsinthefamily,atworkandinthecommunity.Itseemslikelythattheextracomfortswenowenjoyhaveincreasedourhappinesssomewhat,butthatdeterioratingrelationshipshavemadeuslesshappy.Weliveinanageofunprecedentedindividualism.Thehighestobligationmanypeoplefeelistomakethemostofthemselves,torealisetheirpotential.Thisisaterrifyingandlonelyobjective.Ofcoursetheyfeelobligationstootherpeopletoo,butthesearenotbasedonanyclearsetofideasinwesternsocieties.Theoldreligiousworldviewisgone;sotooisthepostwarreligionofsocialandnationalsolidarity.Weareleftwithnoconceptofthecommongoodorcollectivemeaning.Tobecomehappier,wehavetochangeourinnerattitudesasmuchasouroutwardcircumstances.Iamtalkingoftheeverlastingphilosophywhichenablesustofindthepositiveforceinourselves,andtoseethepositivesideinothers.Suchcompassion,toourselvesandothers,canbelearnedanditoughttobetaughtinschools.Everycityshouldhaveapolicyforpromotingahealthierphilosophyoflifeinitsyoungstersandforhelpingthemtodistinguishbetweensuperficialpleasuresandrealhappiness.Somyhopeisthatinthisnewcenturywecanfinallyadoptthegreatesthappinessofhumankindasourconceptofthecommongood.Thiswouldhavetworesults.Itwouldserveasaclearguidetopolicy.But,evenmoreimportant,itwouldinspireusinourdailylivestotakemorepleasureinthehappinessofothers,andtopromoteit.Inthiswaywemightallbecomelessself-centeredandmorehappy.Unit4HowtogrowoldBertrandRussellInspiteofthetitle,thisarticlewillreallybeonhownottogrowold,which,atmytimeoflife,isamuchmoreimportantsubject.Myfirstadvicewouldbetochooseyourancestorscarefully.Althoughbothmyparentsdiedyoung,Ihavedonewellinthisrespectasregardsmyotherancestors.Mymaternalgrandfather,itistrue,wascutoffintheflowerofhisyouthattheageofsixty-seven,butmyotherthreegrandparentsalllivedtobeovereighty.OfremoterancestorsIcanonlydiscoveronewhodidnotlivetoagreatage,andhediedofadiseasewhichisnowrare,namely,havinghisheadcutoff.Agreatgrandmotherofmine,whowasafriendofGibbon,livedtotheageofninety-two,andtoherlastdayremainedaterrortoallherdescendants.Mymaternalgrandmother,afterhavingninechildrenwhosurvived,onewhodiedininfancy,andmanymiscarriages,assoonasshebecameawidow,devotedherselftowomen'shighereducation.ShewasoneofthefoundersofGirtonCollege,andworkedhardatopeningthemedicalprofessiontowomen.SheusedtorelatehowshemetinItalyanelderlygentlemanwhowaslookingverysad.Sheinquiredthecauseofhismelancholyandhesaidthathehadjustpartedfromhistwograndchildren."Goodgracious",sheexclaimed,"Ihaveseventy-twograndchildren,andifIweresadeachtimeIpartedfromoneofthem,Ishouldhaveadismalexistence!""Madresnaturale,"hereplied.Butspeakingasoneoftheseventy-two,Ipreferherrecipe.Aftertheageofeightyshefoundshehadsomedifficultyingettingtosleep,soshehabituallyspentthehoursfrommidnightto3a.m.inreadingpopularscience.Idonotbelievethatsheeverhadtimetonoticethatshewasgrowingold.This,Ithink,istheproperrecipeforremainingyoung.Ifyouhavewideandkeeninterestsandactivitiesinwhichyoucanstillbeeffective,youwillhavenoreasontothinkaboutthemerelystatisticalfactofthenumberofyearsyouhavealreadylived,stilllessoftheprobablebrevityofyourfuture."AsregardshealthIhavenothingusefultosaysinceIhavelittleexperienceofillness.IeatanddrinkwhateverIlike,andsleepwhenIcannotkeepawake.Ineverdoanythingwhateveronthegroundthatitisgoodforhealth,thoughinactualfactthethingsIlikedoingaremostlywholesome.Psychologicallytherearetwodangerstobeguardedagainstinoldage.Oneoftheseisundueabsorptioninthepast.Itdoesnotdotoliveinmemories,inregretsforthegoodolddays,orinsadnessaboutfriendswhoaredead.One'sthoughtsmustbedirectedtothefutureandtothingsaboutwhichthereissomethingtobedone.Thisisnotalwayseasy:one'sownpastisagraduallyincreasingweight.Itiseasytothinktooneselfthatone'semotionsusedtobemorevividthantheyare,andone'smindmorekeen.Ifthisistrueitshouldbeforgotten,andifitisforgottenitwillprobablynotbetrue.Theotherthingtobeavoidedisclingingtoyouthinthehopeofsuckingvigourfromitsvitality.Whenyourchildrenaregrownuptheywanttolivetheirownlives,andifyoucontinuetobeasinterestedinthemasyouwerewhentheywereyoung,youarelikelytobecomeaburdentothem.Animalsbecomeindifferenttotheiryoungassoonastheiryoungcanlookafterthemselves,buthumanbeings,owingtothelengthofinfancy,findthisdifficult.Itisnousetellinggrown-upchildrennottomakemistakes,bothbecausetheywillnotbelieveyou,andbecausemistakesareanessentialpartofeducation.Butifyouareoneofthosewhoareincapableofimpersonalinterests,youmayfindthatyourlifewillbeemptyunlessyouconcernyourselfwithyourchildrenandgrandchildren.Inthatcaseyoumustrealizethatwhileyoucanstillrenderthemmaterialservices,suchasmakingthemanallowanceorknittingthemjumpers,youmustnotexpectthattheywillenjoyyourcompany.Someoldpeopleareoppressedbythefearofdeath.Intheyoungthereisajustificationforthisfeeling.Youngmenwhohavereasontofearthattheywillbekilledinbattlemayjustifiablyfeelbitterinthethoughtthattheyhavebeencheatedofthebestthingsthatlifehastooffer.Butinanoldmanwhohasknownhumanjoysandsorrows,andhasachievedwhateverworkitwasinhimtodo,thefearofdeathissomewhatignoble.Thebestwaytoovercomeitsoatleastitseemstomeistomakeyourinterestsgraduallywiderandmoreimpersonal,untilbitbybitthewallsoftheegorecede,andyourlifebecomesincreasinglymergedintheuniversallife.Anindividualhumanexistenceshouldbelikeariversmallatfirst,narrowlycontainedwithinitsbanks,andrushingpassionatelypastrocksandoverwaterfalls.Graduallytherivergrowswider,thebanksrecede,thewatersflowmorequietly,andintheend,withoutanyvisiblebreak,theybecomemergedinthesea,andpainlesslylosetheirindividualbeing.Themanwho,inoldage,canseehislifeinthisway,willnotsufferfromthefearofdeath,sincethethingshecaresforwillcontinue.Andif,withthedecayofvitality,wearinessincreases,thethoughtofrestwillnotbeunwelcome.Ishouldwishtodiewhilestillatwork,knowingthatotherswillcarryonwhatIcannolongerdoandcontentinthethoughtthatwhatwaspossiblehasbeendone.Unit5EducationincyberspaceOnarecentbusinesstripamanaskedmewhatIdidforaliving.IrepliedthatIwroteandtaughtcollegecourses."Oh?"hesaid."Wheredoyouteach?AhonestanswercameoutofmymouthbeforeIcouldthink."Nowhere,"Isaid.It'strue.Since1990Ihavetaughtandcounseledforwhatafriendofminecalls“keyboardcolleges"–distance-learningdegreeprograms.WhereIteachisinsidethatelectricallychargedspacethatliesbetweenmyphonejackandthehomecomputersofagroupofgenerallyolder-than-averagecollegestudents.In1990,IdesignedAmerica'sfirstonlinecounselingcenterfordistancelearners.SincethenI'veworkedwithmorethan7,000learnersonline.I'veflunkedafewofthem.I'veneverpersonallymetanyofthem. Forwantofaclearerexplanationofmycareersituation,ItoldthemanwhoinquiredthatIteachincyberspace."I'mavirtualprofessor,"Itriedexplaining."Distancelearning…onlinedegreeprograms…virtualuniversities." Theman'sfaceremainedasblankasaclearsummersky. Icouldn'ttellwhetherhewassilentoutofrespectorkeenconfusion.Iimaginedbothtobethecase,soIsettledintoexplainwhatIhavetoexplainfrequentlythesedays:thedeclineoftheAmericancollegecampusandtheriseoftheAmericaneducationalmind–asIseeit.Distancelearning,oreducationalprogramswherepupilandprofessornevermeetface-to-face,isnothingnew.SirIsaacPitmanofBath,England,hitupontheideaofhavingruralresidentslearnsecretarialskillsbytranslatingtheBibleintoshorthand,thenmailingthesetranslationsbacktohimforgrading.Hebegandoingthisin1840.Andhemademoundofmoneydoingit.Idon'tteachshorthand;Iteachpsychologyandcareerdevelopment.Iwritemanyofmyownlessons,though,justasSirIsaachadtodo.MypostistheWorldWideWeb.Ipostassignmentstoelectronicbulletinboardsandsendgradedpapersacrosstheinternationalphonelinesintariff-freee-mailpackets.Iconveneclassesandgivelecturesinonlinechatroomswhenneedbe.Isthisanywaytodispensewitharealcollegeeducation?Canpeoplelearnwithoutsittinginneatrowsinalectureroomlisteningtotheprofessor–theSageontheStageYes,absolutely.Whynot?Infact,whilemanypeoplefindithardtoimagineacollegewithnocampus,Inowadaysfindithardtoimagineteachinganywhereotherthanintheliberalfreedomthatiscyberspace.Incyberspace,Ilisten,read,commentandreflectwhatmystudentshavetosay–eachoftheminturn.Whattheyknow,theymustcommunicatetomeinwords.Theycannotsitpassivelyinthebackrowtwiddlingtheirmentalthumbsastheclockticksaway.Theymustthink;andhorrorsofhorrors,theymustwrite.Thinkingandwriting:Aren'tthesetheHallmarksofaclassicallyeducatedmind?Iknowmystud