现代大学英语精读3第二版Unit4Book3

GilbertHighetDiogenesandAlexander*DiogenesandAlexanderUnit4*Questions/ActivitiesCheck-onPreviewObjectivesWarmingupDiogenesandAlexanderUnit4*WarmingupQuestions/Activities WhatdoestheauthortellusaboutDiogenes?Whowashe?Whatwashisphilosophy?Whatdidhethinkwastheproblemwithpeople?Howdidheintendtohelpthem?Whatwerethekeyvalueshepromoted?How,inhisopinion,couldwefindtruehappiness? WhatdoestheauthortellusaboutAlexander?WhatdidthiskinghaveincommonwithDiogenes,thebeggar?WhywasAlexanderconsideredamanofdestiny? Howwouldyoucontrastthetwocharacters?WhydidAlexanderdecidetovisitDiogenes?WhatdidDiogenesreallymeanwhenhesaidthatAlexanderwasblockingthesunlight?*Definethefollowingwordsandphrases:amischievouspebble(para.1)elaborate(para.4)bydesign(para.6)restrained(para.12)chivalrous(para.12)WarmingupCheck-onPreviewParaphrase:Livewithoutconventions,whichareartificialandfalse;escapecomplexitiesandextravagances:onlysocanyouliveafreelife.(para.4)Hislife’saimwascleartohim:itwas“torestampthecurrency”:totakethecleanmetalofhumanlife,toerasetheoldfalseconventionalmarkings,andtoimprintitwithitstruevalues.(para.5)WarmingupCheck-onPreviewObjectives1.Content: differencesandsimilaritiesbetweenDiogenesandAlexander Cynicismanditspresentsignificance philosophyvs.power Writing:comparisonandcontrast Diogenes—Alexander Diogenes—otherbeggars/hermits/philosophers Alexander—otherMacedonians(officers&officials)Here,thealternatingcomparison/contrast(subjectbysubject)isused.WarmingupBackgroundAlexanderDiogenesDiogenesandAlexanderUnit4*BackgroundDiogenes1.WhowasDiogenes? Abeggar Aphilosopher Amissionary Doctrine:Cynicismthedoctrinethatscornedworldlyneedsandpleasuresandheldthatvirtuewasthekeytotheonlygoodhttp://www.iep.utm.edu/d/diogsino.htmBackground Cynicisminmodernsense:thebeliefofacynic,whomaintainsthatpeopleareallmotivatedbyselfishness,thatnoonewillhelpothersforgoodandsincerereasons2.Whatarethemajortenets(principles)ofCynicism?Doyoufindanyexpressionsoftheseprinciplesinthetext? self-sufficiency shamelessness outspokenness perfectionofvirtueDiogenesBackgroundAlexanderMacedonianKing:sonofPhilipTheThinker:studentofAristotleTheConqueror:Greece,Asia,Egypt Whydoyouthinkhewantedtobringsomanyregionsunderhisrule?BackgroundAlexandertheGreat’sEmpireAlexanderBackgroundAlexandertheGreat’sEmpireAlexanderTextAnalysisDiogenesandAlexanderUnit4*Diogenes:thebeggar(paras.1-3) TextAnalysisCharacterAnalysiscask,astoragejarmadeofearthenwareahouse(big,withmanyrooms)nonebeds,chairs,etc.(elaborate)blanket(half-naked)clothes(expensive)bitsoffoodbeggedfromothers,drinkingfromhishollowedhandselaboratenonehorses,servants,bankaccounts(anxious)alifebychoice,outofprinciple→natural,healthy,independentalifeasslavesoftheirpossessions→artificial,anxious,lossofvirtue Diogenes:afreeman Otherpeople:half-men Shelter Furniture Dress Food Possessions NatureofthelifeDiogenes:thebeggar(paras.1-3)Therearecontrastswithinthebroadcontrast. HowdidDiogenescontrastwithordinaryhomelesspeople? TextAnalysisCharacterAnalysisDiogenes:thephilosopher(para.4)“ASocratesgonemad”:repositioningofconventionbelownatureandreason2.Threekeyprinciples:livinginaccordwithnaturetotaldisregardofconventionindependence(freedom)beingtheonlytrue,lastinggood TextAnalysisCharacterAnalysisDiogenes:themissionary(para.5)1.ComparisonwithordinaryhermitsSimilarities:Bothgrewtiredofhumansocietywithitscomplicationsandwantedtolivesimply.Differences: TextAnalysishermitswentawaytolivesimply—onasmallfarm,inaquietvillageoracaveDiogeneshadasenseofmission,deliberatelychosetoliveinthebusystreetsinAthensorCorinth,inordertoconvertpeopleCharacterAnalysisDiogenes:themissionary(para.5)2.Whatwashismission?“torestampthecurrency”callpeoplebacktothenaturalwayoflife—truelife TextAnalysisCharacterAnalysisDiogenes:waysofteaching(para.6)HowdidDiogenesdifferfromotherphilosophersofhistime?Plato:taughthisprivatepupilsinhisAcademy,whichhefoundedasoneoftheearliestcentersofadvancedlearningintheworld.Aristotle:taughthisownprivatepupilsbytheuseoflaboratory,instruments,andspecimens.Diogenes:taughtallthosewhowouldcaretolistenbyhisownexampleorbytakingpeoplearoundhimforexamples.TextAnalysisCharacterAnalysisDiogenes:waysofteaching(para.6)Hecarriedalightedlampinbroaddaylightandinspectedthefaceofeveryonehemet. TextAnalysis“Whenyouareallsobusy,IfeelIoughttodosomething!”CharacterAnalysis Alexander:citizenoftheworld(paras.11-13)1.King:differentfromotherMacedonians drinking? women? fighting?2.Thinker:Aristotle’spupil,helearned culture philosophy principlesofscientificresearch3.Conqueror tookcommandoftheLeagueofGreekStates commander-in-chiefofanewexpeditionagainstold,rich,corruptAsiaTextAnalysisCharacterAnalysisCharacterAnalysisTextAnalysis“Standtooneside.You’reblockingthesunlight.” TheDramaticEncounter(paras.14-17)Thedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenthetwohistoricalcharacters. Differences SimilaritiesTextAnalysisCharacterAnalysisDifferencesTextAnalysisCharacterAnalysishigh,treatedwithrespect,greetedwithabowandacclamationlyingonthebareearth,shoeless,bearded,half-naked,likeabeggar,adoghandsomeface,fieryglance,strongbody,purpleandgoldcloak,airofdestinyphilosopher,missionarygreatmonarch,conquerorlow,treatedwithcontemptanddisapprovalnone,rejectingpossessionorpowerlandandabsolutepower“restampthecurrency”:tocallpeoplebacktothesimpleandnaturallife—truevaluebringpeopleofthewholeworldtothelightofcivilization Diogenes Alexander Physicalappearance Identification Status Possessions&Power Mission Bothweregreatthinkers. Bothhadasenseofmission. Bothwere“citizensoftheworld,”admiringtheheroicfigureofHercules,wholaboredformankind. Bothwerefree.SimilaritiesTextAnalysisCharacterAnalysisTextAnalysisStructure1Paras.1-10Diogenes(life,philosophy,mission,waysofteaching)2Paras.11-13Alexander(aphilosopherkingwithaninquiring,noblemind)3Paras.14-17theirdramaticencounter Sometimestheythrewbitsoffood,andgotscantthanks;sometimesamischievouspebble,andgotashowerofstonesandabuse.(para.1)Sometimespeoplewouldthrowbitsoffoodtohim,buthehardlythankedthematall.Sometimestheywouldthrowapebbleathimforfun,butgetashowerofstonesandastreamofabuseinreturn.TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis2.Hislife’saimwascleartohim:itwas“torestampthecurrency”:totakethecleanmetalofhumanlife,toerasetheoldfalseconventionalmarkings,andtoimprintitwithitstruevalues.(para.5)Hispurposeinlifewascleartohim:itwas“toreprintthecoins.”Humanlifecanbetakenasthecleancoinswhichareimprintedwithfalsemarkings.Hewastoremovethefalsemarkingsandprintthetruevaluesonit.Inotherwords,hisaiminlifewastocallonpeopletorejectthefalse,conventionalwayoflifeandreturntothesimpleandnaturallife.TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis Havingnoworktogotoandnofamilytoprovide____,hewasfree.(para.1) providefor:givesbthethingsthattheyneedtolive,suchasfood,clothing Translation 他要供养他年迈的父母以及两个正在上学的妹妹。Hehastoprovideforhisagedparentsandtwosisterwhoarestillatschool. 道路被切断，无法给部队提供给养。Theroadwascutoffandsuppliescouldnotbeprovidedforthetroops.forTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis2.Asthemarketplace_____upwithshoppersandmerchantsandslavesandforeigners,hehad________throughitforanhourortwo.(para.1) Cf.wander,roam,ramble,stroll Translation 中间还有两个小时，因此她逛了一趟商业中心。Therewerestilltwohourstogo,soshestrolledthroughtheshoppingmall. 漫步海边，感觉太好了。It’swonderfultotakeastrollalongtheseaside.strolledfilledTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis3.Hethoughteverybodylivedfartoo__________,expensively,anxiously.Whatgoodisahouse?(para.2) Translation 彼得制定了一个非常详尽的 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 来筹措资金。Peterworkedoutanelaborateschemeforraisingthefund. 他们为局长准备了一桌精美的饭菜，结果被狠狠批评了一顿。Theypreparedaveryelaboratemealforthebureauheadonlytobeseverelycriticized.elaboratelyTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis4.Nooneneedsbedsandchairsandsuchfurniture:theanimals______________andsleepontheground.Allwerequire,sincenaturedidnotdressusproperly,isonegarmenttokeepuswarm,andsomeshelterfromrainandwind.(para.2) Translation 这名警察死时很年轻，但他的一生过得很有意义。Thepolicemandiedyoung,buthelivedameaningfullife. 作为一个探险者，他的一生充满了冒险。Asanexplorer,helivedanadventurouslife.livehealthylivesTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis …hespentmuchofhislifein…Corinth,mockingandsatirizingitspeople,andoccasionally________oneofthem.(para.2) convert:tomakesbchangefromonereligionorbelieftoanotherAnnhasconvertedtoIslamrecently.Marxistliteratureconvertedhimintoastaunchrevolutionary. Cf. tomakesthchangefromoneform,systemtoadifferentoneThisispartoftheprocessofconvertingironintosteel. tochangefromoneobjectintoanotherIcan’tseehowthisplasticsheetconvertsintoatent.TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisconverting6.Hewasnotthefirstto______suchathing.Buthewasthefirstwhoeverdidso___choice,_____principle.(para.3) inhabitSomeoftherarespeciesinhabitthearea. bychoiceShetookthejobintheWestbychoice. outofJustoutofcuriosity,whydidyoutakethatjob?inhabitbyTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisoutof7.They_______him.Heistheirslave.Inordertoprocureaquantityoffalse,perishablegoodshehassoldtheonlytrue,lastinggood,hisownindependence.(para.4) Cf. Whatpossessedhimtosayastupidthinglikethat? Sheseemedpossessed.Nobodycouldtalkheroutofit.TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysispossess8.Therefore,hechosetoliveinAthensorCorinth,wheretravelersfromallovertheMediterraneanworldconstantlycameandwent.And,design,hepubliclybehavedinsuchwaysastoshowpeoplewhatreallifewas.(para.6) Translation 世界是有意缔造的呢，还是偶然形成的呢？Wastheworldmadebydesignordiditcomeintoexistencebychance?byTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis1.Thelittlesquarebegantofillwithpeople—pageboys,soldiers…theyallgraduallyformedacirclearoundDiogenes.Helookedthem_____,asasobermanlooksatacrowdoftotteringdrunks,andshookhishead.(para.11) lookover:(here)examine,scrutinize Moreexampleswith“over”:thinkover,talkover,readover,gooveroverTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis Withhishandsomeface,hisf____glance,hisstrongbody,hispurpleandgoldcloak,andhisairofd_______,hemovedthroughthepartingcrowdtowardtheDog’sk______.(para.14) Lookingatthepoorbrokencask,thesingler______garment,andtheroughfigurelyingontheground,hesaid:“IsthereanythingIcandoforyou,Diogenes?”(para.15) moreexamples:belovedwife,blessedmorning,awickedman,myagedparents,aruggedcoastlineTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisieryestinyennelagged3.TheMacedonianofficers,afterdecidingthatDiogeneswasnot_____thetroubleofkicking,werestartingto______andnudgeoneanother.(para.17) Cf.worth,worthwhile,worthy aworthwhilecause/discussion/job HighpricesintheUKmakeitworthwhileforbuyerstolookabroad. beworthyofattention/consideration/mention Anumberofthefindingsareworthyofnote. aworthychampion/winner/sonTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisworthguffaw Cf.grin,guffaw,titter,chuckle,giggle grin:tomakeawidesmile guffaw:tolaughloudly titter:tolaughinasuppressedway chuckle:tolaughsoftlyinalowtone giggle:tolaughquietlyinasilly,childish,uncontrolledwayTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisReinforcementWritingTechniquesDiscussionDiogenesandAlexanderUnit4Translation*ReinforcementWritingTechniques Comparison&Contrast→examples usetransitionalwordsorexpressionstomakecomparisonandachieveunity:notso(para.5),theother…butfor…(para.6) usetransitionalparagraphtoachievecoherence2.Parallelism achieveincreasedstrength,soundingmorepowerful,moreeffective,e.g.para.143.Euphemism e.g.donehisbusiness,naturalacts Hewasone,butnottheother.(para.1) NotsoDiogenes.(para.5) ButforDiogenes,…(para.6) …Alexanderwasfarolderandwiserthanhisyears.(para.12) LikeallMacedoniansheloved…(para.12) …hewasamagnificentcommander,buthewasnotmerelyamilitaryautomaton.(para.12) OnlyDiogenes,althoughhelivedinCorinth,didnotvisitthenewmonarch.(para.13) Diogenesmerelysatup…Diogenessaidnothing.(para.14) HeunderstoodCynicismastheotherscouldnot.(para.17) LikeDiogenes,headmired…(para.17) …wholaboredtohelpmankindwhileallotherstoiled…(para.17)ReinforcementWritingTechniquesReinforcement4.TransferredEpithet afigureofspeechthatcarriesthemodifieracrossandputsitontoanotherwordwhichisnotnormallymodifiedbyit,soastostresstheemotionsorfeelings e.g.amischievouspebble(para.1)(ItisDiogenes,notthepebble,thatismischievous.);amazedsilence(para.17)(Itisthecrowd,notthesilence,thatisamazed.)5.Analogy e.g.drawingaparallelbetween“changethevalues”and“restampthecurrency”(para.5)WritingTechniques Ifyouthinkofyourselfasapersonwithamission,amissiontoservethepeople,wouldyouratherbeDiogeneswithhisphilosophyorAlexanderwithhispower? DoesCynicismhaveanyrelevancetotoday’srealities?ReinforcementDiscussion1.possess 他被逮捕并被指控拥有攻击性武器。 我不知道他着了什么魔，在那条繁忙的街道上把车子开得那么快。 他挥着刀子又喊又叫，像是着了魔。2.form 不同的国家有不同的政体，对此我们应当予以更多的理解。 这些人排成一行，把货物从大车上传递到船上。 援助可以以多种形式进行，如个人服务或现金等。ReinforcementTranslation3.roll 司机摇下车窗和警察说话。 展览结束后，这些油画被人从画框中取下来，卷起来以收藏。 船摇动得厉害，我们感到头晕。4.appoint 他被任命为销售部经理。 指派一个律师到这个岗位还是有道理的。 已任命一个委员会来调查这些投诉。ReinforcementTranslation5.account 他在会上向我们简单地描述了那天发生的情况。 我们在任何情况下都不能忘记我们的“根”。 现在乡镇企业总产值已快占全市总产值一半以上了。 他得向主席说明他是如何支配公司的资金的。 坏天气不足以用来解释今年庄稼为何欠收。ReinforcementTranslation*******