笔记符号和缩写汇总

笔记符号和缩写汇总 Symbols 1. 字母、图像 Z 表示"人"people/person,因为"Z"看上去像个人头,它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如:日本人:J Z. C 表示政府,统治:government,govern 希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, government. governmental official 可以表示为C Z P 表示政治:politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political.那么politician 就可以表示为P Z ∑表示总数:total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, etc. ∑数学符号表示总值。 G 表示效率:efficient, effective. G为效率符号。 Q 表示"通货膨胀":inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。 A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到,所以用首字母代替。 B 表示商业:business. C×表示冲突,矛盾:conflict,confrontation "C×"中的"×"表示反对,字母"C"将反对的概念缩小为conflict 和confrontation. W 表示工作,职业: work, employ 等。它是work的第一个字母。所以W Z就可以用来表示worker, 而W(Z在字母上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示employee)。 i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱,所以用来可以用来表示工业。 U U 看酷似一个酒杯,在笔记中表示合同、 协议 离婚协议模板下载合伙人协议 下载渠道分销协议免费下载敬业协议下载授课协议下载 (treaty, agreement)一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示"举杯祝贺".如果在U内填入2,就可以表示为bilateral(双边的), 填入3表示为trilateral(三边的)。填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism(单边主义),填入m (multiple)表示多边主义。如果在U上加一个"/"表示谈判破裂。 V 表示胜利,成功 □表示"国家"、"民族"、"领土"等:country, state, nation, etc. g□表示进口,□g表示出口; □/□表示国与国 ∏这个符号酷似一把椅子,可以表示主持、主办:chair, host, preside over.那么在此符号上加Z表示主席,主持人:chairman, host, etc. T 表示"领导人":leader, head那么head of government, head of company 便可以表示为CT ⊙圆圈表示一个圆桌,中间一点表示一盆花,这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等:meeting, conference,negotiation,seminar,discussion,symposium ?圆圈代表地球,横线表示赤道,所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc. ?表示开心:pleasant, joyful,happy,excited, etc. ?表示不满、生气unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc. EO 表示听到、众所周之:as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc. O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷:indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, don't care much, etc. 2. 箭头 g 表示到达、传达:go into,arrive at,give to,send to,present to etc. ? 表示导致、引导:lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc. f 表示来自于:be/come from,return,receive from, etc. ? 表示追溯到:come/go back to,originate ?表示上升:up/upward/rise,increase,arise,ascend, etc. 表示发射、投放市场、发行:launch,open, start, etc. 表示发展、加强、推进:develop, strengthen,promote, etc 表示"波折":ups and downs, twists and turns, etc. 3. 数学符号 ∴ therefore, thus, so ∵ because % per cent ÷ divide, divided by + 表示"多": many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc. ++(+2)表示"多"的比较级:more +3 表示"多"的最高级:most -表示"少": little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc. ×表示"错误"、"失误"和"坏"的概念:wrong/incorrect,something bad,notorious, negative, etc. 或者multiply, multiplied by > 表示"多于"概念:bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc. 表示"高" 概念:superior to,surpass, etc. < 表示"少于"概念:less/smaller,etc. 表示"低"概念:inferior to,etc. = 表示"同等"概念:means,that is to say,in other words,the same as,be equal to, etc. >< 表示"对手"概念:a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc. ()表示"在……之间":among, within, etc. ≠ 表示"不同"概念:be different from, is not equal to, not the same as, etc. ~表示"大约"概念:about/around,or so,approximately, etc. / 表示"否定","消除"等概念:cross out, eliminate, etc. ≈表示“调换、对调、交流”等意思 ?表示“属于” 4. 标点等 : 表示各种各样"说"的动词:say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc. ? 表示"问题":question,issue,例如:台湾问题:tw? ! 表示“注意,警惕”等提醒的意思 . (dot)这个"."点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样".d"表示yesterday; ".y"表示last year; ".2m"表示two month ago; "y"表示this year; "y2." two year later; "next week", 可以表示为"wk." ∧表示转折 √ 表示"好的"状态,right/good,famous/well-known,etc. 表示"同意"状态,stand up for,support,agree with sb, certain/ affirmative, etc. ☆表示"重要的"状态:important,exemplary(模范的)best,outstanding,brilliant, etc. n 表示"交流"状态:exchange,mutual, etc. & 表示"和","与":and,together with,along with,accompany,along with, further more,etc. ∥表示"结束":end,stop,halt,bring sth to a standstill/stop, etc. * 表示数字number __ (下画线) 表示“强调、严重”等加重的意思 # 表示“删除、不要、放弃”等 ?表示“恢复、复原” 表示“压力” II 表示“但是”等转折意 5. 其它 zb = German, for example ibid = Latin, the same work o= degrees H2O = water // parallel @ at 2 to 4 for ff following vs = against \ = therefore Abbreviations Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time. 1. Standard abbreviations dept = department cf. = compare (with) e.g. = for example etc. = et cetera, and so on et al. = and others ibid. = in the same place (in a book or article) i.e. = that is N.B. = note well (something important) viz. = namely (naming someone or something you have just referred to) 2. Use only the first syllable of a word. pol = politics dem = democracy lib = liberal cap = capitalism 3. Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable. pres = presentation subj = subject ind = individual cons = conservative 4. Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation. assoc = associate biol = biology info = information ach = achievement chem = chemistry max = maximum intro = introduction conc = concentration min = minimum rep = repetition 5. Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word. ppd = prepared prblm = problem estmt = estimate bkgd = background gvt = government 6. Use an apostrophe in place of letters. am't = amount cont'd = continued gov't = government educat'l = educational 7. Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s. chpts = chapters egs = examples fs = frequencies intros = introductions 8. Use g to represent ing endings. ckg = checking estg = establishing decrg = decreasing exptg = experimenting 9. Spell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key. Leave out unimportant words. Leave out the words a and the. 10. If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.