第九讲 分词和动名

null第十章 分词和动名词第十章 分词和动名词分词的形式分词的形式分词是一种非限定动词，它兼有动词、形容词和副词的特征，可以带宾语 或受状语修饰。分词加宾语或状语一起构成分词短语。 分词有现在分词（动词原形+ing)和过去分词(动词原形+ed)两种。现在分词和过去分词的区别现在分词和过去分词的区别通常情况下现在分词 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示的意义是主动的，进行的；过去分词表示的意义是被动的和完成的。 1. 语态不同：现在分词表示主动，多用以描述事物对人的情感的影响力或作用。过去分词多由及物动词变来表示被动，用以描述人物的情感，表达外界事物对人所产生的影响。 a moving film/ a moved audience The explanation was confusing. I got confused. null也有一些过去分词是由不及物动词变来的，它们只表示完成，没有被动的意思。如： fallen leaves the risen sun departed friends escaped prisoner a retired teacher returned students newly arrived goods null时间上不同：现在分词表示的动作往往是正在进行；过去分词表示已经完成。如： developing countries （发展中国家） developed countries （发达国家） the rising sun/ the risen sun boiling water/ boiled water the changing world/ the changed world分词的句法功能分词的句法功能作定语：如果是单个的分词放在中心词前面;分词短语放在中心词后面, 相当于定语从句。 I’m reading a very interesting novel. Polluted air is harmful to people’s health. Per capital income is a nation’s entire income divided (which is divided) by the number of people in the nation.null作表语： 相当于形容词，现在分词多指主语的性质，过去分词说明主语的状态。如： The rumors were startling. The news looks quite encouraging. They were completely exhausted. He got excited about the result of the experiment.null作宾语补足语： He kept the machine running for ten hours. We saw her entering the cinema. The work left him exhausted. I had my car repaired.（别人修的）null现在分词和不定式作宾补在意义上有差别。前者表示动作正在发生；后者着重说明动作的全过程，表示动作发生了, 即动作全过程结束了。 I saw the girl getting on the bus. I saw the girl get on the bus. 如果宾补是一系列动作，要用不定式。如： I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out something and leave the room.null作状语: 表时间、原因、方式或伴随情况等。 Walking along the street one day, she saw the car accident. When heated, ice will be changed into water. （为了突出时间，可在分词前加 when 或while） Having no place to go, the man wandered bout in the street. Jane fell off the bike, cutting her leg. He came running back to tell us the news. 独立结构独立结构分词短语的动作的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。 The man giving a lecture is a famous scholar. Watching TV in the room, I heard someone knocking at the door. 如分词的动作不是句子的主语发出，必须在分词前加上一个逻辑主语。其结构叫独立结构, 用作状语，表条件，原因伴随情况等。多用于书面语。如： Weather permitting, we’ll have an outing … The teacher came in, his hand carrying a book. 分词的否定形式分词的否定形式现在分词的否定由 not + 现在分词构成。如： Not knowing where to go, she went to the police for help. 过去分词表否定，常借助un-等前缀来表示。 The boy was left uncared for.那孩子无人照管。 Not having completed the program, they have to stay there for another week.分词的完成时和被动语态分词的完成时和被动语态只有现在分词有完成时和被动语态。 现在分词的完成式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，通常只作状语不作定语，表时间或原因。 Having finished her work, the little girl began to watch TV. Having lived here for years, she knew the city well.null现在分词的被动语态分为一般时和完成时两种。 The building being repaired is our library. （正在维修的那栋楼）一般时 Having been given a wrong number, I couldn’t contact him. （原因） Having been trained for a year, the little dog can play many tricks. （经过一年的训练） 动名词动名词动名词是一种非限定动词，它兼有动词和名词的特征。动名词与现在分词同形。它和现在分词一样有一般式和完成式，并有主动语态和被动语态。因此有的语法学家把二者统称为-ing分词。 动名词的句法功能 由于动名词具有名词的特征，因此在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语等。null在It is no use/good, not any use/good, useless等后面一般用动名词。如： It is no use arguing with him. 同他争论是无用的。 It is no good learning English without practice. 学英语不练是不行的。作主语作主语Seeing is believing. (To see is to belie.) Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. 动名词和不定式都能作主语，一般可以互换, 但有时略有区别。前者往往表示一般或抽象的多次行为，后者表示具体的或一次性的行为。 Smoking is prohibited here. （抽象） It is not good for you to smoke so much.（具体） 作表语作表语The real problem is getting to know the problems of the students. Her job is looking after the children. 动名词和不定式作表语的区别：表抽象的一般行为多用前者；表某次具体的动作或具有将来时的意义时，多用不定式。如： My job is teaching English. My today’s job is to teach you the gerund.null动名词和现在分词作表语的区别：前者说明主语的内容可转换成主语；后者表示主语的特征相当于形容词。 His favorite sport is running. The film is very moving. 动名词与进行时态的区别：进行时说明动作是由主语完成；动名词说明主语的性质或情况。 He is collecting stamps. His hobby is collecting stamps.作宾语作宾语必须以动名词作宾语的动词有： admit appreciate avoid consider deny delay escape enjoy finish fancy mind excuse forbid imagine permit quit regret report require resent risk postpone suggest practicenull在动词need, require, want作“需要”解时，其后须跟动名词或不定式的被动语态作宾语，但这时动名词的主动式表示被动的意义。 The window needs (requires, wants) cleaning (to be cleaned). 这个窗户需要清洗。作定语作定语动名词和现在分词作定语的区别：前者和它的中心词在逻辑上没有主谓关系，只是表明中心词的目的或用途。后者则和中心词有主谓关系。 a sleeping car = a car for sleeping 动名词作定语 a sleeping baby=a baby who is sleeping 分词作定语 常见的动名词作定语的例子： Fishing pole flying suit sleeping pill Drinking water washing line walking stick单元练习单元练习1. Nothing can stop me from ___ to college. a. going b. gone c. be going d. went 2. I don’t feel like ____ the place again. a. to visit b. visiting c. visit d. visited 3. According to a recent U.S. survey, children spend up to 25 hours a week ____ TV. a. to watch b. to watching c. swathing d. watch null4. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk _____ the good opportunity. a. to lose b. losing c. to be lost d. being lost 5. ____ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. a. Dressed b. To dress c. Dressing d. Having dressed null6. In the dream Peter saw himself ____ by a fierce wolf. a. chased b. to be chased c. be chased d. having been chased 答案答案1. A 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. a用动名词写成下列句子的主语或宾语用动名词写成下列句子的主语或宾语1. I like (eat) ___ at this restaurant. 2. We are very tired of (wait) __ for her. 3. (Study) __ at the university gave him a good background 4. (Drive) __ at night can be dangerous. 答案答案1. eating 2. waiting 3. Studying 4. Driving用动名词表达下列句子用动名词表达下列句子1. They want to dance. 2. We like to skate. 3. Lucy hates to boat.答案答案1.They want to go dancing. 2. We like to go skating. 3. Lucy hates to go boating.用feel like 表达下列句子用feel like 表达下列句子1. Where do you want to go? 2. Do you want to go camping? 3. This weekend I want to hike.答案答案1. Where do you feel like going? 2. Do you feel like camping? 3. This weekend I feel like hiking.