lecture2英译汉的技巧

英译汉的技巧加注annotation释义paraphrase增词amplification减词omission转换shiftofperspective切分division合并combination加注annotation由于社会文化的差异，英语中有些词义在汉语中完全不存在，形成了词义上的空缺。1.音译加注(transliteration+annotation)2.直译加注(literaltranslation+annotation)音译加注：音译后附加解释性注释。1.词语翻译Pizza比萨饼Toyota丰田车Sahara撒哈拉沙漠AIDS艾滋病Jazz爵士乐2.句子翻译HediditaJordon.他投篮像飞人乔丹那样棒。I’mPeterDarwin.Everyoneasks,soImayaswellsayatoncethatno,I’mnotrelatedtoCharles.我叫彼得.达尔文。谁都会对我的名字产生疑问，我不妨当下说个明白：我与进化论创始人查尔斯没有关系。AdeadleaffellinSoapy’slap.ThatwasJackFrost’scard.一片枯叶飘落到苏贝的膝头。那是杰克.弗罗斯特的名片。（杰克.弗罗斯特：英文里对“寒霜”的拟人称号。）直译加注：直译 原文 少年中国说原文俱舍论原文大医精诚原文注音大学原文和译文对照归藏易原文 ，并附加解释性注释，注释可长可短，既可采用文中注释，也可采用脚注，还可二者合用。1.单词，尤其是专有名词的翻译ZeroGround零地带（指纽约世贸大厦2001年9月11日遭两架被劫持的飞机撞击坍塌后所形成的瓦砾场，源出自原子弹着陆后的爆炸点）SesameStreet芝麻街（指美国儿童电视连续节目，每天一小时，主要为动画片、游戏、木偶戏等）OvalOffice椭圆形办公室（指美国总统办公室）treehugger紧抱树干的人（指极端环境保护主义者）TheFreedomRide自由乘车运动（六十年代初期由民权运动积极分子发起的活动，反对南部各州在公共交通中实行种族隔离政策）直译加注2.句子的翻译ButIamshort-tempered,frazzledfromallresponsibilities.Iamthe“sandwichgeneration”,caughtbetweenkidsandparents.但我的脾气不好，都是这些事给烦的。我是个夹在孩子和父母之间的“三明治人”。（三明治人：指既要照顾孩子又要照顾父母的人)PeopleconsideredthatwhathehadplayedonthatoccasionwasnomorethanaJudasKiss.人们认为他在那种场合所 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 演的不过是犹大之吻，居心险恶。ItwasFridayandsoonthey'dgooutandgetdrunk.星期五发薪日到了,他们马上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉.*星期五[Friday]为英国的发薪日.Evenbeforetheywereacquainted,hehadadmiredOsborninsecret.Nowhewashisvalet,hisdog,hismanFriday.他没有认识奥斯本之前,已经暗暗佩服他.如今便成了他的听差,他的狗,他的忠仆星期五*.*星期五(Friday)是《鲁滨逊漂流记》故事中RobinsonCrusoe的忠实奴仆.练习1.Theprofessorrappedonhisdeskandshouted:“Gentlemen,order!”Theentireclassyelled,“Beer!”释义（paraphrase)定义：舍弃原文的具体表达形式和比喻形象，采取解释性的办法译出原文。在翻译一些具有鲜明民族色彩的词语（如成语、典故、超常规搭配）时，如果直译不能使译文读者明白其意思，而加注又使译文太啰嗦时，可采用释义法，将原文的意思传达出来。例：Bill’snewgirlfriendiscertainlyaknockout.比尔新结识的女友确实是个迷人的姑娘。Knockout:inboxingaknockoutisasituationinwhichaboxerwinsthefightbymakinghisopponentfalltothegroundandbeunabletostandupbeforetherefereehascountedtoten.Ifyoudescribesomeoneasaknockout,youthinkthattheyareextremelyattractiveorimpressive.(informal)IwonderwhetherheisaTrojanHorse我不知道他是不是内奸。IfyoudescribeapersonorthingasaTrojanhorse,youmeanthattheyarebeingusedtohidesomeone’struepurposeorintention..Ofcourse,it’shardtokeepalliancealive.Therearemanystressesandstrains.But,I’mgladtosay,nothinghasactuallybrokenasyet--touchwood.当然，使联盟长期保持下去是很不容易的，有不少的艰难曲折。但是，我高兴地说，到目前为止确实没有出现过什么裂痕—希望能一直这样老天保佑，无灾无难。Youcansay‘touchwood’inBritishEnglish,or‘knockonwood’inAmericanEnglish,toindicatethatyouhopetohavegoodluckinsomethingyouaredoing,usuallyaftersayingthatyouhavebeenluckywithitsofar.释义法释义法也可以用来翻译某些不可直译成汉语的英语表达形式，或是处理那些虽可直译成汉语但表达效果不是令人费解就是不够简练的英语表达方式。Hewassmoothandagreeable.他待人处事，八面玲珑。Whatisknownisthatweightextremesineitherdirectionaredefinitelyunhealthy.众所周知，过度肥胖或消瘦都肯定是不健康的。Heactsalotolderthanhisyears.他年纪轻轻，做事却相当老练。Theyounggirlthumbedherwaytothepassingcars.那个年轻的姑娘站在路边不停地向来往的汽车摆动着竖起的拇指表示她要搭车.It'snoteasytobecomeamemberofthatclub-theywantpeoplewhohaveplentyofmoneytospend,notjusteveryTom,Dick,andHarry.要参加那个俱乐部并非易事――他们只吸收手头阔绰的人,而不是普通百姓.Oursonmustgotoschool.Hemustbreakoutofthepotthatholdsusin.我们的儿子一定得上学,一定要出人头地.Ifanythinggoeswrongnow,whatacome-downthatwillbe.Hisbestjokesfellflat.FranklinRooseveltlistenedwithbright-eyed,smilingattention.Hewasquicktouseself-deprecatinghumortothrowanyoneoffthescent.Nothing,whetheraweightymatterorsmalldetail,wasoverlooked.增词（amplification)英汉两种语言由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯。增词的原则：增词不增义。增词的两种情况1把不清楚的语义用更多的字讲清楚。例如：presidentialhistorianA总统的历史学家B研究总统的历史学家2调整译文结构，使更地道。Formistakeshadbeenmade,badones.A因为犯了错误，很严重的错误。B因为犯了错误，而且是很严重的错误。1增加动词Intheevening,afterthebanquets,theconcertsandthetabletennisexhibitions,hewouldworkonthetermpaper.晚上在参加宴会，出席音乐会，观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得写学期论文。Asia’sstrengthofeconomicmanagement,however,hasnotbeenitsperfection,butitspragmatismandflexibility.亚洲经济管理向来不以完美见长，而是以务实和弹性取胜。2增加形容词WithwhatenthusiasmtheChinesepeoplearebuildingsocialism!中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！3增加副词Thecrowdsmeltedaway.人群渐渐散开了。Ashesatdownandbegantalking,wordspouredout.他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝的说个没完。4增加名词Firstyouborrow,thenyoubeg.开始是借钱，接下来就是讨饭。Heisacomplicatedman–moody,kind,withamelancholystreak.他是一个性格复杂的人-------喜怒无常，反复多变，有些忧郁。Shewasmoreroyalthantheroyals.他比皇家成员更有皇家气质。5增加表示时态的词YesterdayeveningIhadseenheronherkneesinfrontofthehouse.昨天夜晚我曾看见她跪在房子面前。Shewouldspendhoursdressingherselfinfineclothes,andbrushingherblackhair.ThenshewouldstandbythemirrorandadmireHerself.她总是要花好几个小时为自己盛装打扮，梳理她乌黑的头发。之后她还常常照着镜子自我欣赏一番。汉译英中的增词现象人民犯了法，也要受处罚，也要坐牢。Whenanyoneamongthepeoplebreaksthelaw,hetooshouldbepunished.河南河北两个世界。NorthandSouthoftheriveraretwodifferentworlds.练习：1TheywantedagenerationofAmericansconditionedtoloyaltyandDuty.2TheworthofaState,inthelongrun,istheworthoftheindividualscomposingit.1他们都希望把下一代美国人训练的忠于祖国，恪尽职责。2归根到底，一个国家的价值是这个国家全体国民价值的总和。减词omission省略是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文中虽无其词而有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的。一省略代词Butit’sthewayIam,andtryasImight,Ihaven’tbeenabletochangeit.但我就是这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能改变过来。Weliveandlearn.活到老，学到老。Youcannevertell.很难说。Heshruggedhisshoulders,shookhishead,castuphiseyes,butsaidnothing.他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话不说。Inmychildhood,IlearnedagreatdealaboutRussia.童年时，我就听到许多关于俄国的事情。二省略连接词Helookedgloomyandtroubled.他看上去有些忧愁不安。Evenifyougothereitwon’tdoanygood.去了也是白去的。Whateveryouliketoread,justtellme.想读什么，只管告诉我。IfIhadknownit,Iwouldnothavejoinedinit.早知如此，我就不参加了。Whateveryouliketoread,justtellme.想读什么，只管告诉我。三省略介词和介词短语Englishisrichinprepositionsandprepositionalphrases,whichplayanimportantroleinthelanguage.TheyaregenerallytranslatedintoChineseinthreeways(1)intoChineseVerbs(2)intoChineseconnectives(3)beomittedThissectionmainlydealswiththethirdone.Whenasubstancechangesonlyinstateorinform,itisaphysicalchange.当一种物质只是改变状态和形式时，就是物理变化。Changeofinformation,ifany,concerningthecontentsofthissectionwillbefoundintheappendixattheendofthisbook.本节内容如有更改，均见本 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 最后的附录。。练习1Ican’thelpit,I’mcrazyaboutthorough-bredhorses.2Wemustteachourchildrentodreamwiththeireyestoopen.3Shewassweetandamiableandkindlyagain.1我这是身不由己，象纯种马想的发了疯。我们必须教孩子睁开眼睛梦想。她再一次变得和蔼可亲起来。转换（Conversion）1转换词类1.1ConversionfromEnglishNounsintoChineseVerbsLetmebeyourbanker.你需要钱，我可以借给你。1.2ConversionfromEnglishAdjectivesintoChineseVerbsInordertocarrythroughitspoliciesofeconomicdevelopment,peaceisnecessaryforChina.为了执行发展经济的政策，中国需要和平。Thewholevillagewasastirwiththenews.消息传来，全村轰动。1.3ConversionfromEnglishNounsintoChineseAdjectivesThelowerstretchesofriversshowconsiderablevariety.河流下游的情况是多种多样的。Iamaperfectstrangertophysics.我对物理可一窍不通。1.4ConversionfromEnglishVerbsintoChineseNounsTheGreekword“atom”means“cannotbecut”.希腊语“原子”一词的意思是“不可分割”。Oftenpropertydamageanddisruptedlivesresult.结果往往是财产遭受损失，生活受到影响。2转换句子成份2.1ObjectsconvertedintoSubjectsTheroadhasanascentoffivedegrees.2.2PrepositionalObjectsconvertedintoSubjectsWefoundagoodteacherinMr.Brown.我们觉得布朗先生是个好老师。2.3SubjectsconvertedintoAttributesVarioussubstancesdifferwidelyintheirmagneticcharacteristics.各种材料的的磁特性有很大的不同。2.4SubjectsconvertedintoObjectsAsthematchburns,heatandlightaregivenoff.火柴燃烧时发出热和光。2.5AttributesconvertedintoPredicatesItslimitedthicknessandyouthfulageareotherdiscoveries.它厚度有限，年代短，这是另外两个发现。切分1.1PickingOutofWordsItisadvisabletopickoutthosewordswhicharehardtoreproduceintheoriginalstructureandexpandthemintoChineseword-groups,clausesorsentences.Thereareusuallythreestepstodealwithsuchwords:1Determinewhichwordtopickout2ApplyConversionofAddition,ifnecessary,tomakethetranslatedversionsmoothandwell-connected.3RearrangeandwordorderaccordingtoTheChinesemodeofexpression.HeremindedmeofwhatIshouldotherwisehaveforgotten.他提醒了我，要不然我就把这事给忘了。TheheadlinesoftheParisandLondonnewspaperswerebig,black,andfrightened.巴黎和伦敦的报纸用的饿时大号黑体标题，显得惊慌失措。Ishallbegladofyourcompanyonthejourney.如果你能陪我一块儿去，我会很高兴。Thesailorsswarmedintoalaughing,cheeringringaroundthetwomen.水兵们欢笑着纷涌而至，把这两个人围了起来。练习Theyrelentlesslytearattheflowerstheysee.他们见花就摘，好不爱惜。ThedictionaryfallatlengthatthefeetoftheastonishedMissZhan.字典最后掉在詹小姐脚边，吓了她一大跳。1Donresumedhismeditativesmoking.2Theprisonersofwarwereallowedtowritecensoredletters.3AndagrowingminorityofWesternintellectualsagreed.1唐又点起一支烟，一面抽，一面思考。2允许战俘们写信，但是信件要受到审查（才能发出去）。3越来越多的西方知识分子当时接受这种看法，虽然从数量上说，他么仍是少数。）拆译短语Participialphrases,nounphrases,andprepositionalphrases,et.ifhardtoreproduceintheoriginalstructure,maylikewisebepickedoutandexpanded.Somehowourpathtookustowardthepark,acrossthebridgehighabovetherollingwatersoftheriver.我们不知不觉朝公园走。公园就在桥对面，湍急的河水在高高的桥下流过。Theimageofasuddenwallofdarkwatercarryingthecarawayinaninstantisstillonmymind.顷刻间，浊水象墙一般冲了过来，卷走了汽车。这情景，现在还在我脑海里。Myfatherwasnotwronginjudgingmetooyoungtomanagebusinessofimportance.我父亲认定我太年轻，办不了大事。他算是没说错。练习1Hisarticleisawell-writtencompositionwithgoodorganizationandfinestyle.2Inthedoorwaylayatleasttwelveumbrellasofallsizesandcolors.3Thedifficultyofattainmentincreasesthevalueoftheobject.1他的文章写得好，结构严密，风格优美。2门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。3越是难得的东西，其身价就越高。合并combinationTheoppositeofdivisioniscombination,atechniqueemployedtoachieveconcisenessandcontractednessintranslation.Wemaycondenseawordgroupintoaword,aclauseintoawordgrouportwoormoresimplesentencesintoonesimplesentence,tomakeourtranslatiionconciseorcontracted.一单词的合并Theinaugurationtookplaceonabright,cold,andwindyday.就职典礼那天天气晴朗，寒风凛冽。Thankyouforyouradviceandcounsel.谢谢你的忠告。二句子的合并NoonehastoldthemabouttheBritishcustomofliningupforabussothatthefirstpersonwhoarrivesatabusstopisthefirstpersontogetonthebus.谁也没有跟他们说过，英国人有排队候车，先到先上的习惯。WhenwepraisetheChineseleadershipandthepeople,wearenotmerelybeingpolite.我们对中国领导人和中国人名的赞扬绝不是出于虚假的礼貌。Thereisnotimewhenthecirculationofwaterdoesnottakeplace.水循环无时不在进行。练习Itisayearsincethismotorwasputintoservice.Theonlyalternativewastogoonwiththesowingthewaytheyhadplannedit.Note:，在当代美国英语中,theway用作为副词的对格,"theway+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句.theway=asI'mtalkingtoyoujustthewayI'dtalktoaboyofmyown.这台电动机已经投入使用一年了。唯一的选择就是按照他们原来的 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 继续播种。Diction(选词法）Inordertomakeanaccurateandsmoothtranslation,atranslatorshouldconsiderhowtofindawordorwordsbywhichtheoriginalideamaybemostaptlyexpressed.Diction,thechoiceofwordsandphrasestoexpressmeaning,isthereforeoneofthebasictechniques.一选择语法意义Thesameword,whenusedasdifferentpartsofspeechandplayingdifferentrolesinasentence,hasdifferentmeanings.Hehadnostomachtofollowus他不想跟我们走。Ican’tstomachthisjobanylonger.这工作我再也受不了啦。Ilightedthelamp,butitgaveabadlight.我点亮了灯，但灯光微弱。练习Isawhimsawwithasawinsawmill.Iironmyclotheswithaniron.二选择语境意义Thesameword,whenusedindifferentcontextsorfieldsofdiscourse(business,law,medicine,etc)hasdifferentmeanings.英语词义：较概括，较灵活，范围较广。汉语词义：较具体，较凝滞，范围较窄。Themusicwasfine,butthebookwasverypoor.音乐是出色的，但歌词很糟糕。Thepatientcomplainedthathehadterriblestomachpainsandtheconstantruns.病人自诉肚子疼的厉害，而且不停的泻。练习Theworstwaytomisssomeoneistobesittingrightbesidethemknowingyoucan’thavethem.Thelecturercarriedhisaudiencewithhim.Shewasinadelicatecondition.Thesmokebetrayedwherethedwellinglay.三选择搭配意义Somewordshavethesamebasicmeanings,butdifferincollocation.Thatis,theyhavedifferentcollocativemeanings.Forinstance,“handsome”isrenderinto“英俊的”.Itisperfectlyallrighttosay“ahandsomecar”,but“英俊的车子”wouldbetotallyunacceptabletotheChinesereader.Thus,AtranslatormustensurethattheversionisidiomaticorcollocativelyacceptableinChinese.Examples:Buildbuildaship盖房子buildabridge架桥buildafire生火builddam筑坝Buildone’sconfidence树立信心Buildthedramaofastory构思故事的戏剧性情节Inordertogetalargeamountofwaterpowerweneedalargepressureandalargecurrent.为了得到大量的水力，我们需要高水压和强水流。Briefly,alongthinwirehasahighresistance.简单说，长而细的导线电阻大。练习AheavyrainaheavyseaAheavyloadaheavybuyerAheavyvoteaheavythinkerAheavycropaheavyplayThisbookisheavyreading.大雨波涛汹涌的海面重负大主顾大量的得票思想深沉的人丰收严肃的戏这本书读起来枯燥乏味。Ondisplaywasmerchandiseattractiveinpriceandquality.Theycapturedfiftyenemysoldiersandmanyweapons.四ChoiceofStylisticMeanings(选择文体意义）Somewordsconveythesameideabutdifferinstylisticfeatures.Thesewordsareknownasstylisticsynonyms.Translatorshavetochooseamongformalwords,neutralwordsandinformalwordstoensurethatthestyleisappropriatetotheoriginalcontext.WordsExplanatoryDescriptiveLively生动的栩栩如生Irrelevant无关的风马牛不相及thick厚的如胶似漆Meagerfood简单的食物粗茶淡饭You’reanungratefulwickedgirl.你真是个不识好歹的坏丫头。Ignoreitasyouignorethecoldoflastwinter.管他们干什么？他们的话，当作耳边风好了。TheyconfusedmesothatIdidn’tknowthebigendfromthesmall.他们把我搞得不知东南西北了。练习Itisatruesayingthattimeandtidewaitfornoman.Iamgettingoldofthinkingofyou.ItwasjustthetimeoftheMid-autumnFestival.时不待我，确是至理名言。思君催人老。时值中秋佳节。五Choiceofambiguousmeanings(选择模糊意义）Ambiguity,isdefinedasonesurfacestructurecoveringtwoormoredeepstructures,thatis,onelinguisticexpressionallowsmorethanoneunderstandingsorinterpretations.Ambiguitycanbeclassifiedaslexicalambiguityandstructuralambiguity.LexicalambiguityThemultiplemeaningoftheutterancedependsonthemeaningofthesingleword.Forexample,inthesentenceIsawhimatthebank;shecannotbearchildren;AsGreendesignedthemachine,hemusthaverealizeditscapability.StructuralambiguityThemultiplemeaningoftheutterancedependsonthesentencestructure.ThesentenceFlyingplanescanbedangerouscouldmean1)theactofflyingplanescanbedangerousor2)planesthatareflyingcanbedangerous.Anothersourceofstructuralambiguityisnegation.Forinstance:Johndidn’tbeatMarybecausehelovesher.Wecanemploythefollowingmeanstodisambiguatetheproblematicexpressions.(1)Locateanambiguousexpressionandrelatedittothecontextorbackgroundknowledge.(2)Stressesandotherphonologicaldevices.Iwasn’tˇlisteningallthetime.我整段时间都没听。Iwasn’tlisteningalltheˇtime.我并不是整段时间都在听。练习Translatethefollowingandseehowmanywaysinwhichtheymaybeinterpreted.1Theypaintedthecarsblackandwhite.2JohnandMaryaremarried.3THeywereentertainingwomen.六选择引伸意义Sometimesamechanicaltranslationmaybeunintelligibletoourreaders.Onewayistoextendthemeaningfromtheconcreteorspecifictotheabstractorgeneral,orviceversa.1Fromconcretetoabstract,specifictogeneralNowadaysastudentheadingforcollegemaypackafryingpanalongwithhisbooks.如今大学生在学校里也可以自己做点吃的了。WhenIgoaroundonspeakingengagements,theyallexpectmetoassumeaQuakeOatslook.我应邀外出演讲时，她们都指望我摆出一副毫无表情一本正经的表情。（QuakerOats是欧美一种有名的麦片商标，商标中的老头毫无表情）2Fromabstracttoconcrete，generaltospecificHeisavaluableacquisitiontotheteam.他是该队不可多得的新队员。练习TheChildren’sFundhadprimarilyacatalyticeffect.儿童基金会主要起促进作用。IfMainstreetdidn'tunderstandthis,Wallstreetdid.这一点，普通老百姓不明白，华尔街那些老板是明白的。Zhaoexpressesdeeploveandequallystronginsecuritywithconsiderablesubtlety,thoughhighestkudosgotoZhouformakinganactressasattractiveaszhaolookplaininherpresence.赵薇细腻的演绎了对爱人深深的爱以及那份对爱的不安全感，但是周迅更是耀眼，让象赵薇这样迷人的演员也显得黯然失色。问题解答?