完整版美国文学史总结

thcentury)殖民主义时期文学ⅠColonialAmerica(171.In1492,ChristopherColumbusdiscoveredAmericaandhemistookthenativepeopleonthenewcontinentforIndians.Characterofcolonialliterature:a.content:religious,politicalb.form:diary,journal,letters,travelbooks,sermons,history(personalliterature)c.Style:simple.direct,concised.outofhumbleoriginsthcentury,theEnglishsettlementsin17VirginiaandMassachusettsbeganEarlyinthethemainstreamofwhatwerecognizeastheAmericannationalhistory.TheearliestsettlersinAmericaincludedDutch,Swedes,Germans,French,Spaniards,ItaliansandPortuguese.ThefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementinNorthAmericawasestablishedatJamestown,Virginiain1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)2.CaptainTownSmith,thefirstAmericanwriter3.PuritanThoughts:hardwork,thrift(节俭),piety(虔诚),sobriety(节制),这些也成了早期美国作品主导思想.典型的清教徒：JohnCotton&RogerWilliam,JohnCottonwascalled“thePatriarchofNewEngland(新英格兰教父)”清教徒采用的文学体裁：narratives(日记)andjournals(游记)清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）Theirvoyagetothenewland2）Adaptingthemselvestounfamiliarclimatesandcrops3）AboutdealingwithIndians4）Guidetothenewland,endlessbounty,invitationtoboldspirit4.Privateliterature:theological,moral,historical,political5.Theworkoftwowriters,AnneBradstreetandEdwardTaylor,rosetothelevelofrealpoetry.AnneBradstreetisoneofthemostinterestingoftheearlypoets,英国最早移民到美国的诗人.ThebestofthePuritanpoetswasEdwardTaylor.th理性和革命时期文学century)ⅡReasonandRevolution(181.TheWarforIndependence(1776-1783)endedintheformationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublic-theUnitedStatesofAmerica.2.BourgeoisEnlightenment3.BenjaminFranklin:PoorRichard'sAlmanac(穷人理查德的年鉴),anannualcollectionofproverbs.TheAutobiography,18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传?TheAutobiographyis,firstofall,aPuritandocument.ItisPuritanbecauseitisarecordofself-examinationandself-improvement.ThePuritans,asatype,wereverymuchgiventoself-analysis.?TheAutobiographyshowsFranklinwasspokesmanfortheneworderof18th-centuryEnlightenment,andthatherepresentedinAmericaallitsideas,thatmanisbasicallygoodandfree,bynatureendowedbyGodwithcertaininalienablerightsoflibertyandthepursuitofhappiness.?ItisthepatternofPuritansimplicity,directness,andconcision.Theplainnessofitsstyle,thehomelinessofimagery,thesimplicityofdiction,syntaxandexpressionaresomeoftheobviousfeatureswecannotmistake.?Tone:OptimismTheAmericandreambeganwiththesettlementoftheAmericancontinent–thePromisedLand–theGardenofEden–optimisticaboutthefuture4.ThomasPaine:TheAmericanCrisis,极大恢复士气5.ThomasJefferson:TheDeclarationofIndependence6.PhilipFreneau,FatherofAmericanPoetry:TheIndianBurringGround(印第安人的坟地)TheWildHoneySuckle(野忍冬花)?Thepoemisanindicationofthepoet'sdedicationtoAmericansubjectmatterandthenaturalscenesonthenewcontinent.?HereinthispoemFreneaudealswiththethemesoflovelinessandthetransienceoflife.?Thispoem,wellwithinthemelancholygenre,consistsofthepoet'spensivemusingsontheflower'sstory.?Thefirsttwostanzaspicturetheadvantagesoftheflower'scountryretreat.?Thenexttwostanzasunitethethemeoftheseasonswiththethoughtthatallmustdie.Deathanddecay,aswellascreation,aresocommon,somuchapartoftheuniversallaw.thcentury——CivilWar)Romanticism(endofthe18浪漫主义文学Ⅲ1.WashingtonIrving,FatherofAmericanliterature:SketchBook(见闻札记,thefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature,acollectionofessays,sketches,andtales)2.JamesFenimoreCooper:TheLeatherstockingTales(皮袜子故事集,theAmericanNationalEpic)containsofTheDeerslayer(杀鹿者),TheLastoftheMohicans(最后的莫希干人),ThePathfinder(探路人),ThePioneers(拓荒者),andThePrairie(大草原).3.EdgarAllanPoe:TheRaven(乌鸦),AnnabelLee(安娜贝尔·李),TheFalloftheHouseofUsher(鄂榭府崩溃记)ToHelen○EdgarAllanPoewrote“ToHelen”asareflectiononthebeautyofMrs.JaneStithStanard,ofRichmond,Va.,whodiedin1824.ShewasthemotherofoneofPoe'sschoolclassmates,RobertStanard.WhenRobertinvitedEdgar,then14,tohishome(at19thandEastGraceStreetsinRichmond)in1823,Poewasgreatlytakenwiththe27-year-oldwoman,whoissaidtohaveurgedhimtowritepoetry.Hewaslatertowritethatshewashisfirstreallove.○1stanza?Helen:AnallusiontoHelenofTroyinGreekmythology.?Nicean:OforfromNicea(alsospelledNicaea),acityinancientBithynia(nowpartofpresent-dayTurkey)nearthesiteoftheTrojanWar.?Barks:smallsailingvessels.?Endrhyme:A,B,A,B,B.○2stanzawont:accustomedto??Naiad:NaiadswereminornaturegoddessesinGreekandRomanmythology.Theyinhabitedandpresidedoverrivers,lakes,streams,andfountains.?Naiadairs:Peaceful,gentlebreezesorqualities?Theglorythat...Rome:Theselasttwolines,beginningwiththeglorythatwas,areamongthemostfrequentlyquotedlinesinworldliterature.?Endrhyme:A,B,A,B,A.Halfrhyme:FaceandGreece○3stanza?Psyche:InGreekandRomanmythology,Psychewasabeautifulprincessdeartothegodoflove,Eros(Cupid),whowouldvisitherinadarkenedroominapalace.Onenightsheusedanagatelamptodiscoverhisidentity.Later,attheurgingofEros,Zeusgaveherthegiftofimmortality.Erosthenmarriedher.?Endrhyme:A,B,B,A,B.?fromtheregionswhichareHolyLand:fromancientGreeceandRome;fromthememoryPoehadofMrs.Stanard○ThemeBeauty,asPoeusesthewordinthepoem,appearstorefertothewoman's■soulaswellasherbody.Ontheonehand,herepresentsherasHelenofTroy–thequintessenceofphysicalbeauty–atthebeginningofthepoem.Ontheother,herepresentsherasPsyche–thequintessenceofsoulfulbeauty–attheendofthepoem.InGreek,psychemeanssoul.4.Transcendentalism(超验主义):19th-centurymovementofwritersandphilosophersinNew?Englandwhowerelooselyboundtogetherbyadherencetoanidealisticsystemofthoughtbasedonabeliefintheessentialunityofallcreation,theinnategoodnessofman,andthesupremacyofinsightoverlogicandexperiencefortherevelationofthedeepesttruths.Intheirreligiousquest,theTranscendentalistsrejectedtheconventionsof18th-centurythought;andwhatbeganindissatisfactionwithUnitarianismdevelopedintoarepudiationofthewholeestablishedorder.?Representativefigures:some30menandacoupleofwomensuchasEmerson,Thoreau,BronsonAlcott,andMargaretFuller,mostofthemteachersorclergymen,radicalsagainstrigidrationalismofUnitarianism.?Time:1836-1855?Essence:“Transcendentalismisidealism”inessence?MajorFeatures:A.Emphasisonspirit;B.Theimportanceoftheindividualasthemostimportantelementofsociety;C．NatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGodRalphWaldoEmerson,FatherofAmericanEssay,Essayist,poet,philosopher,orator,critic:Nature(theBibleandmanifesto(宣言)oftheNewEnglandTranscendentalism),Self-reliancewasheMovement,Non-Violenceof)者倡提Prophet(Thoreau(TheDavidHenryEmerson'struestdisciple,whoputintopracticemanyofEmerson'stheories):Walden5.NathanielHawthorne:TheScarletLetter⑴女主角honest,calmlyfacefault诚实，坦然的面对罪过。⑵弗洛伊德人格理论：Id本我→欲望，只要快乐→Roger女主角的丈夫Ego自我→分辨对错，受约束，符合现实→Hester女主角Superego超我→→Dim女主角的情人，牧师⑶女主角的自我成长和自我救赎的过程。Egogrowthandredeembyherownofprocess“TheScarletLetter”分析：ItisnotapraiseofaHestersinning,butahymnonthemoralgrowthofthewomanwhensinnedagainst.YoungHesterbordersonbeinglicentious.Herdriveissexual.Shedoesherbesttokeepherholdonthemagicchainhumanity.HerlifeeventuallyacquiresarealsignificancewhenshereestablishesameaningfulrelationshipwithherfellowmenSymbolicofhermoraldevelopmentisthegradualimperceptiblechangewiththescarletletterundergoesinmeaning.Atfirstitisatokenofshame,“Adultery”butthenthegenuinesympathyandhelpHesterofferedtoherfellowvillagers'changesitto“Able”.Laterinthestory,theletterAappearsinthesky,signifying“Angel”.ThereisreasontoagreewiththecriticalobservationthatAmayrepresentAdamic,orprehistoric,anarchetypalvicesuggestiveof“originalsin,”Dimmesdale,ontheotherhand,banisheshimselfformsociety.Deeplypreoccupiedwithhimself,helivesastrangeramonghisadmirers.Theresultisthat,whereasHesterisabletoreconstructherlifeandwinamoralvictory,Dimmesdaleundergoesthetragicexperienceofphysicalandspiritualdisintegration.BetweenhimandHestertheypointtoamoralasHawthornemayintendthemtodo,thatthebestpolicyformanistobetrue,honest,andeverreadytoshowone'sworsttotheoutsideworld.6.HermanMelville:MobyDick(白鲸)①atremendouschronicleofwhalingvoyageinpursuitofaseeminglysupernaturalwhitewhale.主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事。②Thebookissteepedinsymbolism.本 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰。③主人公：Ishmael，取自圣经。④在书中说：towriteamightybookyoumusthaveamightytheme.写一部宏大的著作，必须有一个宏大的主 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 。⑤故事人物：CaptainAhab.船长阿哈比；Queequeg，捕鲸人奎因奎格，wasafriendlyperson；⑥therebelliousstruggleofCaptainAhabagainsttheoverwhelming,mysteriousvastnessoftheuniverseanditsawesome,sometimesmercilessforces.Thefittingsymbolforhisthemewasthe“glidinggreatdemonoftheseasoflife.”阿哈比舰长和各种危险之间的激烈斗争，他同那些强大的、神秘的自然展开斗争，他们令人毛骨悚然，有时还冷酷无情。他把那只大白鲸贴切的比喻为“生命海洋中滑行的恶魔”。⑦“MobyDick”：OneofthemajorthemesinMelvilleisalienation,whichhesensedexistinginthelifeofhistimeondifferentlevels,betweenmanandman,manandsociety,andmanandnature.CaptainAhabseemstobethebestillustrationofitall.Thevoyageitselfisametaphorfor“searchanddiscovery,thesearchfortheultimatetruthofexperience.”HehadAhabtopmostinhismind.InasenseAhabembodiesalloftheevilheonceconsignedtoMobyDick.7.HenryWadsworthLongfellow:APsalmofLife(人生礼赞)8.WaltWhitman(FatherofAmericanPoetry):LeavesofGrass.无固定节奏，无有自由诗体freeverse()withoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme规律的韵脚,thefirstgenuineepicpoem美国历史上第一部真正的史诗Poem's特点：Mostofthepoemsin“LeavesofGrass”areaboutmanandnature.9.EmilyDickinson:BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath■“BecauseICouldNotStopforDeath”isalyricpoemonthethemeofdeath.Itcontainssixstanzas,eachwithfourlines.Afour-linestanzaiscalledaquatrain.■ItrevealsEmilyDickinson'scalmacceptanceofdeath.Itissurprisingthatshepresentstheexperienceasbeingnomorefrighteningthanreceivingagentlemancaller—inthiscase,herfiancé(Deathpersonified).■Theoverallthemeofthepoemseemstobethatdeathisnottobefearedsinceitisanaturalpartoftheendlesscycleofnature.■Theme：死亡是实现永恒Immortality的途径■特点：Herpoetryinuniqueandunconventionalinitsownway.Herpoemshavenotitles,hencearealwaysquotedbytheirfirstlines.现实主义文学I)ⅣRealism(Naturalism)(CivilWar—WorldWar1.HarrietBeecherStowe:UncleTom'sCabin2.WilliamDeanHowells,middleclass3.MarkTwain,lowerclass:TheAdventureofTomSawyerAstoryofhisseekingforfreedom,fame,fortune,love,manhood.ThenovelrevealstheAmericanvalues:oneisherocomplex,theotherisAmericandream.HisadventuresaretherealizationofAmericandream.Ontheotherhand,thebookrecordstherisingAgeofAmericanBourgeoissystem.Italsobearstheironyandsatiretowardthereligionandby-thenpopularrigid,didacticchildreneducation,whichcurbstheimaginationofchildrenandtheirinnatenatureforfreedomandadventuresandmoldsthemintoastereotypeoflifelessman.4.HenryJames(internationaltheme),upperclass:ThePortraitofALady,IsabelArcher(Mrs.Touchett)伊莎贝尔·阿切尔，一位美国少女，父母双亡后，被她富有的姨母(LordWarburton)和美国富商戈德伍德先后拒绝了英国贵族沃伯顿带到英国。在那，(CasparGoodwood)(RalphTouchett)也爱上她，但他知道自的求婚。她的 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 兄拉尔夫己患不治之症无法结婚，便说服父亲把一笔巨额遗产留给表妹。(MadameMerle)，对这位已彻底欧洲化了的美国女伊莎贝尔又结识了梅尔夫人人十分倾倒。姨父死后，伊莎贝尔得到遗产去意大利游历。进入梅尔夫人布下的圈(GilbertOsmond)，梅尔夫人介绍她认识了长期侨居意大利的美国人奥斯蒙德套。外(Pancy)，也引起她的爱怜。她不顾表儒雅斯文。伊莎贝尔为之动心；他的女儿帕茜亲戚朋友的警告和反对，自作主张下嫁于他。婚后她发现自己受骗，奥斯蒙德是平庸卑鄙的小人。她还发现梅尔夫人是奥斯蒙德的情妇，帕茜是他们的私生女。痛苦中，她强作欢颜，对外人隐瞒了婚姻的不幸。表兄拉尔夫在英国病危，伊莎贝尔不顾丈夫的反对赶去看他。拉尔夫死后，伊莎贝尔出乎众人的预料，又回到罗马。5.O.Henry:TheCopandtheAnthem6.JackLondon:TheSeaWolf,MartinEden(MartinEden,ArthurMorse,Ruth)7.TheodoreDreiser:SisterCarrie(嘉莉妹妹)■SisterCarrietellsthestoryoftwocharacters:CarrieMeeber,anordinarygirlwhorisesfromalow-paidwageearnertoahigh-paidactress,andGeorgeHurstwood,amemberoftheuppermiddleclasswhofallsfromhiscomfortablelifestyletoalifeonthestreets.NeitherCarrienorHurstwoodearntheirfatesthroughvirtueorvice,butratherthroughrandomcircumstance.Theirsuccessesandfailureshavenomoralvalue;thisstancemarksSisterCarrieasadeparturefromtheconventionalliteratureoftheperiod.■DreisertouchesuponawiderangeofthemesandexperiencesinSisterCarrie,fromgrindingpovertytoupper-middleclasscomfort.Thenoveldwellsonthemomentasitisexperienced;thecharacters'identitiesareconstantlysubjecttochange,reflectingthemodernAmericanexperiencethatatthattimethousandsofruralAmericansrushedtothecitiestofindjobsandtobuildthemselvesnewlivesandidentities.SisterCarriecapturestheexcitementofthatexperience.thcenturypoets20Ⅴ1.CarlSandburg2.EzraPound:imagism,,TheRiver-Merchant'sWife:ALetter?Aboutthepoem,InaStationoftheMetro:①The“Metro”istheundergroundrailwayofParis.②Theword“apparition”,withitsdoublemeaning,bindsthetwoaspectsoftheobservationtogether:?Apparitionmeaning“appearance”,inthesenseofsomethingwhichappears,orshowsup;somethingwhichcanbeclearlyobserved.?Apparitionmeaningsomethingwhichseemsrealbutperhapsisnotreal;somethingghostlywhichcannotbeclearlyobserved.③ThepoemisanobservationofthepoetofthehumanfacesseeninaParissubwaystation.ItlookstobeamodernadoptionoftheJapanesehaiku.④Hetriestorenderexactlyhisobservationofhumanfacesseeninanundergroundrailwaystation.Heseesthefaces,turnedvariouslytowardlightanddarkness,likeflowerpetalsonthewet,darktextureofabough.⑤Repeatingit,youcanhaveacolorfulpicture,alsoyoucanfeelthebeautyofmusicthroughitsrepetitionofdifferentvowelsandconsonants,suchas/p/and/au/.Especiallytherepetitionof/e/inthesecondlineemphasizesitssenseofmusic.⑥Inthisbriefpoem,Poundusesthefewestpossiblewordstoconveyanaccurateimage,accordingtotheprinciplesofthe“Imagists”.Poundwroteanaccountofitscomposition,whichclaimsthatthepoem'sformwasdeterminedbytheexperiencethatinspiredit.⑦Whethertruthormyth,thepiecehasbecomeafamousdocumentinthehistoryofImagism.3.T.S.Eliot:TheWasteLand(荒原),TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock(J·阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌)AnalysisofPrufrock:?Hischaracter:Self-conscious,self-distrusting,timid,lackinginvitalityandcourage/cowardImpotentphysicallyandspiritually,torturedbetweendesireandimpotence?Hisworld:Elegant,empty,trivial,trifling,withoutforceandvitality,sluggish,lifeless,listless,futile,meaningless?Hissituation:Desireforlove,yetafraidofbeingrejectedandmisunderstood,desiresfortruelife,love,turnanewleaf,yethasnotcouragetoact/takeactionSymbolicmeaningofthischaracter?Archetypalmodernman,westernintellectuals4.WallaceStevens:AnecdoteoftheJar(坛子的轶事)5.RobertFrost,自然主义诗人:TheRoadNotTaken(没有走的路):?Thepoembeginsasifwhenthepoetwaswalkinginawoodinlateautumnataforkintheroad.Hewaschoosingwhichroadheshouldfollow.Actually,itisconcernedwiththeimportantdecisionswhichonemustmakeinlife;onemustgiveuponedesirablethinginordertopossesstheother.?Stanza2Afterthejudgmentandhesitation,thetravelermakesuphismindtotaketheroadwhichlooksgrassyandwantswear.Thisisoftenbelovedtobethesymbolofthepoet'schoiceofasolitarylife---takingpoetrywritingashislifeprofession.?Stanza3Thetworoadsareequallypretty,soassoonashemadethechoiceoftheone,thepoetfeltpainfulforabandoningtheother.Heisquiteawarethathisintentionof“nextchoice”willbenothingthananemptypromise.?Stanza4Thepoetwasimaginingmanyyearslaterwhenherecallingthechoicehemadetoday,hewouldrespondwithnothingelsebutasigh,foritwouldbetoohardforanyone,aftermanymoreexperiencesinlife,tomakeanycommentonthechoicemadeearlyinlife.StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening(雪夜林边小立):Itisaniambictetrametre(抑扬格四音步)andinterlockingenclosedrhyme（连■锁抱韵）isused,thatis,thefirst,secondandfourthlineineachstanzaarerhymed,thelastsoundofthethirdlineistherhymeofthenextstanza.Allthefourlinesinthelaststanzaarerhymedtogivereadersacompletelyharmoniousimpression.Itrepresentsamomentofrelaxationfromtheonerousjourneyoflife,analmost■aestheticenjoymentandappreciationofnaturalbeautywhichiswholesomeandrestorativeagainstthechaoticexistenceofmodernman.6.EdwinArlingtonRobinson,thefirstimportantpoetofthetwentiethcentury:RichardCory(理查·珂利)?AsRichardCoryisonlysixteenlines,wescarceneedberemindedatthebeginningthatbecauseofitscompactnesseachwordbecomesinfinitelyimportant.?Whilestanzaoneintroducesthenarrator,moreimportantlyitemphasizeshislimitedviewofRichardCory.LineoneintroducesustoCorywhilelinetwoestablishesthatthenarratorhasonlyanexternalviewofCory.Fromthisviewpoint,then,thenarratorproceedstomakeanassortmentoflimitedvaluejudgments.?RichardCoryresemblesaking(“crown,”“imperiallyslim,”and“richerthanaking”);obviouslythespeakerimagery(aswellasmovementin“soletocrown”)revealhisconcernswithCorystatusandwealth(furtheremphasizedby“glittered”).CharlesMorrisnotesthespeakeruseofAnglicism(“pavement,”“soletocrown,”“schooled,”and“infine”)picturesCoryas“anEnglishking;”thus,thenarratorcanbeseenexpressingprejudicesintermsofnationalisticpride.?Thepoet,withamoreprofoundgraspoflifethaneither,showsusonlywhatlifeitselfwouldshowus;weknowRichardCoryonlythroughtheeffectofhispersonalityuponthosewhowerefamiliarwithhim,andwetakeboththecharacterandthemotiveforgrantedasequallyinevitable.Thereinliestheironictouch,whichisintensifiedbythesimplicityofthepoeticforminwhichthistragedyisgivenexpression.MiniverCheevy?Miniveristhearchetypalfrustratedromanticidealist,borninthewrongtimeforidealism.HeiscloseenoughtobeingRobinsonhimselfsothatRobinsoncansmileathimandletthepathosremainunspoken.?MiniverCheevyisgenerallyregardedasaself-portrait.Thetone,characteristicssketchedbyRobinsonandsharedbythepoetandMiniver,andthesatirichumorofthepoemallleadtothatinterpretation.?Thepoemsatirizestheageand,especially,itsliterarytaste.thcenturynovels20Ⅵ1.LostgenerationreferstothedisillusionedintellectualsandaesthetesoftheyearsfollowingWWI,whorebelledagainstformeridealsandvaluesbutcouldreplacethemonlybydespairoracynicalhedonism.TheremarkofGertrudeStein,Youareallalostgeneration.addressedtoHemingway,wasusedasaprefacetothelatter'snovelTheSunAlsoRises,whichbrilliantlydescribesanexpatriategrouptypicalofthelostgeneration.OtherexpatriateAmericanauthorsoftheperiodtowhomthetermisgenerallyappliedincludedE.E.Cummings,Fitzgerald,EzraPoundandsoon.2.F.ScottFitzgerald:TheGreatGatsby3.ErnestHemingway:AFarewelltoArms■Thenovelshowsthefilth,meaningless,calamityofwaranddisillusionmentofpeople.Henryiscompletelydisillusioned.Hehasbeentothewar,buthasseennothingsacredandglorious.Heisdeterminedtosayfarewelltoarms.Buttheadversity,threatofdeathstillforeshadowshislife.Atlastthedeathofhiswifeandbabymakeshimtasteandexperiencethedeath,thenothingnessoflife,thedisillusionmentwithfuture,hope,loveandhappiness.4.JohnSteinbeck:TheGrapesofWrath(愤怒的葡萄)5.WilliamFaulkner:ARoseforEmilynarrativemethod叙述 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 :1、streamofconsciousness意识流多角度，多个叙述者multiplepointofview,narrator、2．