Where-do-we-go-from-here原文+背景知识

Where-do-we-go-from-here原文+背景知识MartinLutherKingSpeech-WheredowegofromhereThetextfeaturedisintheformofextracts,passagesorlinesfromtheMartinLutherKingSpeech-Wheredowegofromhere,anexampleofagreatspeaker.ThisfamousMartinLutherKingSpeechisagreatexampleofaclearaddressusingexcellenttexttopersuadeandinspiretheaudience,anaturalleader,speakerandmotivator.UsethisfamoustranscriptoftheMartinLutherKingSpeech-Wheredowegofromhereasanexampleofagreatspeaker,orationandcleardialogue.ThisfamoustranscriptoftheMartinLutherKingSpeechoriginatedfromahistoricalmanuscript.AQuoteorextractfromtheMartinLutherKingSpeech-Wheredowegofromhere,providesanillustrationof,orallusionto,thefamouseventstheeraandtheworkofagreatspeaker.ThisfamousMartinLutherKingSpeechisfamedforitsgreatpowersofverbalcommunicationmakinggooduseofthewordsandlanguagetoillustratethesubjectallcriticalrequirementsofagreatspeaker.Whetherthisaddresscanbedescribedinthecategoryofpowerful,persuasive,motivationalorinspirationaltheexcellentpowersoforationwhichareusedmakeitoneofthemostfamousspeechesfromagreatspeaker.MartinLutherKingSpeech-WheredowegofromhereSouthernChristianLeadershipConferenceAtlanta,Georgia16August19671.Now,inordertoanswerthequestion,"Wheredowegofromhere"whichisourtheme,wemustfirsthonestlyrecognizewherewearenow.WhentheConstitutionwaswritten,astrangeformulatodeterminetaxesandrepresentationdeclaredthattheNegrowas60percentofaperson.Todayanothercuriousformulaseemstodeclareheis50percentofaperson.Ofthegoodthingsinlife,theNegrohasapproximatelyonehalfthoseofwhites.Ofthebadthingsoflife,hehastwicethoseofwhites.ThushalfofallNegroesliveinsubstandardhousing.AndNegroeshavehalftheincomeofwhites.Whenweviewthenegativeexperiencesoflife,theNegrohasadoubleshare.Therearetwiceasmanyunemployed.TherateofinfantmortalityamongNegroesisdoublethatofwhitesandtherearetwiceasmanyNegroesdyinginVietnamaswhitesinproportiontotheirsizeinthepopulation.2.Inotherspheres,thefiguresareequallyalarming.Inelementaryschools,Negroeslagonetothreeyearsbehindwhites,andtheirsegregatedschoolsreceivesubstantiallylessmoneyperstudentthanthewhiteschools.OnetwentiethasmanyNegroesaswhitesattendcollege.OfemployedNegroes,75percentholdmenialjobs.3.Thisiswhereweare.WheredowegofromhereFirst,wemustmassivelyassertourdignityandworth.Wemuststandupamidstasystemthatstilloppressesusanddevelopanunassailableandmajesticsenseofvalues.Wemustnolongerbeashamedofbeingblack.Thejobofarousingmanhoodwithinapeoplethathavebeentaughtforsomanycenturiesthattheyarenobodyisnoteasy.DepictionofBlacknessandNegroContributions4.Evensemanticshaveconspiredtomakethatwhichisblackseemuglyanddegrading.InRoget'sThesaurusthereare120synonymsforblacknessandatleast60ofthemareoffensive,asforexample,blot,soot,grim,devilandfoul.Andtherearesome134synonymsforwhitenessandallarefavorable,expressedinsuchwordsaspurity,cleanliness,chastityandinnocence.Awhitelieisbetterthanablacklie.Themostdegeneratememberofafamilyisa"blacksheep."OssieDavishassuggestedthatmaybetheEnglishlanguageshouldbereconstructedsothatteacherswillnotbeforcedtoteachtheNegrochild60waystodespisehimself,andtherebyperpetuatehisfalsesenseofinferiority,andthewhitechild134waystoadorehimself,andtherebyperpetuatehisfalsesenseofsuperiority.5.ThetendencytoignoretheNegro'scontributiontoAmericanlifeandtostriphimofhispersonhood,isasoldastheearliesthistoryhooksandascontemporaryasthemorning'snewspaper.Toupsetthisculturalhomicide,theNegromustriseupwithanaffirmationofhisownOlympianmanhood.AnymovementfortheNegro'sfreedomthatoverlooksthisnecessityisonlywaitingtobeburied.Aslongasthemindisenslaved,thebodycanneverbefree.Psychologicalfreedom,afirmsenseofself-esteem,isthemostpowerfulweaponagainstthelongnightofphysicalslavery.NoLincolnianEmancipationProclamationorJohnsonianCivilRightsBillcantotallybringthiskindoffreedom.TheNegrowillonlybefreewhenhereachesdowntotheinnerdepthsofhisownbeingandsignswiththepenandinkofassertivemanhoodhisownEmancipationProclamation.And,withaspiritstrainingtowardtrueself-esteem,theNegromustboldlythrowoffthemanaclesofself-abnegationandsaytohimselfandtotheworld,"Iamsomebody.Iamaperson.Iamamanwithdignityandhonor.Ihavearichandnoblehistory.Howpainfulandexploitedthathistoryhasbeen.Yes,IwasaslavethroughmyforeparentsandIamnotashamedofthat.I'mashamedofthepeoplewhoweresosinfultomakemeaslave."Yes,wemuststandupandsay,"I'mblackandI'mbeautiful,"andthisself-affirmationistheblackman'sneed,madecompellingbythewhiteman'scrimesagainsthim.BasicChallenges6.Anotherbasicchallengeistodiscoverhowtoorganizeourstrengthintermsofeconomicandpoliticalpower.NoonecandenythattheNegroisindireneedofthiskindoflegitimatepower.Indeed,oneofthegreatproblemsthattheNegroconfrontsishislackofpower.FromoldplantationsoftheSouthtonewerghettosoftheNorth,theNegrohasbeenconfinedtoalifeofvoicelessnessandpowerlessness.Strippedoftherighttomakedecisionsconcerninghislifeanddestinyhehasbeensubjecttotheauthoritarianandsometimeswhimsicaldecisionsofthiswhitepowerstructure.Theplantationandghettowerecreatedbythosewhohadpower,bothtoconfinethosewhohadnopowerandtoperpetuatetheirpowerlessness.Theproblemoftransformingtheghetto,therefore,isaproblemofpower-confrontationoftheforcesofpowerdemandingchangeandtheforcesofpowerdedicatedtothepreservingofthestatusquo.Nowpowerproperlyunderstoodisnothingbuttheabilitytoachievepurpose.Itisthestrengthrequiredtobringaboutsocial,politicalandeconomicchange.WalterReutherdefinedpoweroneday.Hesaid,"Poweristheabilityofalaborunionlikethetomakethemostpowerfulcorporationintheworld,GeneralMotors,say'Yes'whenitwantstosay'No.'That'spower."7.Nowalotofusarepreachers,andallofushaveourmoralconvictionsandconcerns,andsooftenhaveproblemswithpower.Thereisnothingwrongwithpowerifpowerisusedcorrectly.Yousee,whathappenedisthatsomeofourphilosophersgotoffbase.Andoneofthegreatproblemsofhistoryisthattheconceptsofloveandpowerhaveusuallybeencontrastedasopposites--polaropposites--sothatloveisidentifiedwitharesignationofpower,andpowerwithadenialoflove.8.ItwasthismisinterpretationthatcausedNietzsche,whowasaphilosopherofthewilltopower,torejecttheChristianconceptoflove.ItwasthissamemisinterpretationwhichinducedChristiantheologianstorejecttheNietzscheanphilosophyofthewilltopowerinthenameoftheChristianideaoflove.Now,we'vegottogetthisthingright.Whatisneededisarealizationthatpowerwithoutloveisrecklessandabusive,andlovewithoutpowerissentimentalandanemic.Poweratitsbestisloveimplementingthedemandsofjustice,andjusticeatitsbestispowercorrectingeverythingthatstandsagainstlove.Andthisiswhatwemustseeaswemoveon.Whathashappenedisthatwehavehaditwrongandconfusedinourowncountry,andthishasledNegroAmericansinthepasttoseektheirgoalsthroughpowerdevoidofloveandconscience.9.ThisisleadingafewextremiststodaytoadvocateforNegroesthesamedestructiveandconsciencelesspowerthattheyhavejustlyabhorredinwhites.Itispreciselythiscollisionofimmoralpowerwithpowerlessmoralitywhichconstitutesthemajorcrisisofourtimes.DevelopingaProgram10.Wemustdevelopaprogramthatwilldrivethenationtoaguaranteedannualincome.Now,earlyinthiscenturythisproposalwouldhavebeengreetedwithridiculeanddenunciation,asdestructiveofinitiativeandresponsibility.Atthattimeeconomicstatuswasconsideredthemeasureoftheindividual'sabilityandtalents.And,inthethinkingofthatday,theabsenceofworldlygoodsindicatedawantofindustrioushabitsandmoralfiber.We'vecomealongwayinourunderstandingofhumanmotivationandoftheblindoperationofoureconomicsystem.Nowwerealizethatdislocationsinthemarketoperationsofoureconomyandtheprevalenceofdiscriminationthrustpeopleintoidlenessandbindtheminconstantorfrequentunemploymentagainsttheirwill.Todaythepoorarelessoftendismissed,Ihope,fromourconsciencesbybeingbrandedasinferiororincompetent.Wealsoknowthatnomatterhowdynamicallytheeconomydevelopsandexpands,itdoesnoteliminateallpoverty.11.Theproblemindicatesthatouremphasismustbetwofold.Wemustcreatefullemploymentorwemustcreateincomes.Peoplemustbemadeconsumersbyonemethodortheother.Oncetheyareplacedinthispositionweneedtobeconcernedthatthepotentialoftheindividualisnotwasted.Newformsofworkthatenhancethesocialgoodwillhavetobedevisedforthoseforwhomtraditionaljobsarenotavailable.InI879HenryGeorgeanticipatedthisstateofaffairswhenhewroteinProgressandPoverty:12.Thefactisthattheworkwhichimprovestheconditionofmankind,theworkwhichextendsknowledgeandincreasespowerandenrichesliteratureandelevatesthought,isnotdonetosecurealiving.Itisnottheworkofslavesdriventotheirtaskseitherbythetask,bythetaskmaster,orbyanimalnecessity.Itistheworkofmenwhosomehowfindaformofworkthatbringsasecurityforitsownsakeandastateofsocietywherewantisabolished.13.Workofthissortcouldbeenormouslyincreased,andwearelikelytofindthattheproblemsofhousingandeducation,insteadofprecedingtheeliminationofpoverty,willthemselvesbeaffectedifpovertyisfirstabolished.Thepoortransformedintopurchaserswilldoagreatdealontheirowntoalterhousingdecay.Negroeswhohaveadoubledisabilitywillhaveagreatereffectondiscriminationwhentheyhavetheadditionalweaponofcashtouseintheirstruggle.14.Beyondtheseadvantages,ahostofpositivepsychologicalchangesinevitablywillresultfromwidespreadeconomicsecurity.Thedignityoftheindividualwillflourishwhenthedecisionsconcerninghislifeareinhisownhands,whenhehasthemeanstoseekself-improvement.Personalconflictsamonghusbands,wivesandchildrenwilldiminishwhentheunjustmeasurementofhumanworthonthescaleofdollarsiseliminated.15.Nowourcountrycandothis.JohnKennethGalbraithsaidthataguaranteedannualincomecouldbedoneforabouttwentybilliondollarsayear.AndIsaytoyoutoday,thatifournationcanspendthirty-fivebilliondollarsayeartofightanunjust,evilwarinVietnam,andtwentybilliondollarstoputamanonthemoon,itcanspendbillionsofdollarstoputGod'schildrenontheirowntwofeetrighthereonearth.CommitmentToNonviolence16.Now,letmesaybrieflythatwemustreaffirmourcommitmenttononviolence.Iwanttostressthis.ThefutilityofviolenceinthestruggleforracialjusticehasbeentragicallyetchedinalltherecentNegroriots.Yesterday,Itriedtoanalyzetheriotsanddealwiththeircauses.TodayIwanttogivetheotherside.Thereiscertainlysomethingpainfullysadaboutariot.Oneseesscreamingyoungstersandangryadultsfightinghopelesslyandaimlesslyagainstimpossibleodds.Anddeepdownwithinthem,youcanevenseeadesireforself-destruction,akindofsuicidallonging.17.OccasionallyNegroescontendthatthe1965Wattsriotandtheotherriotsinvariouscitiesrepresentedeffectivecivilrightsaction.Butthosewhoexpressthisviewalwaysendupwithstumblingwordswhenaskedwhatconcretegainshavebeenwonasaresult.Atbest,theriotshaveproducedalittleadditionalantipovertymoneyallottedbyfrightenedgovernmentofficials,andafewwater-sprinklerstocoolthechildrenoftheghettos.Itissomethinglikeimprovingthefoodintheprisonwhilethepeopleremainsecurelyincarceratedbehindbars.Nowherehavetheriotswonanyconcreteimprovementsuchashavetheorganizedprotestdemonstrations.Whenonetriestopindownadvocatesofviolenceastowhatactswouldbeeffective,theanswersareblatantlyillogical.Sometimestheytalkofoverthrowingraciststateandlocalgovernmentsandtheytalkaboutguerrillawarfare.Theyfailtoseethatnointernalrevolutionhaseversucceededinoverthrowingagovernmentbyviolenceunlessthegovernmenthadalreadylosttheallegianceandeffectivecontrolofitsarmedforces.AnyoneinhisrightmindknowsthatthiswillnothappenintheUnitedStates.Inaviolentracialsituation,thepowerstructurehasthelocalpolice,thestatetroopers,theNationalGuardand,finally,theArmytocallonallofwhicharepredominantlywhite.Furthermore,fewifanyviolentrevolutionshavebeensuccessfulunlesstheviolentminorityhadthesympathyandsupportofthenonresistantmajority.CastromayhavehadonlyafewCubansactuallyfightingwithhimupinthehills,buthecouldneverhaveoverthrowntheBatistaregimeunlesshehadthesympathyofthevastmajorityofCubanpeople.18.ItisperfectlyclearthataviolentrevolutiononthepartofAmericanblackswouldfindnosympathyandsupportfromthewhitepopulationandverylittlefromthemajorityoftheNegroesthemselves.Thisisnotimeforromanticillusionsandemptyphilosophicaldebatesaboutfreedom.Thisisatimeforaction.Whatisneededisastrategyforchange,atacticalprogramthatwillbringtheNegrointothemainstreamofAmericanlifeasquicklyaspossible.Sofar,thishasonlybeenofferedbythenonviolentmovement.Withoutrecognizingthiswewillendupwithsolutionsthatdon'tsolve,answersthatdon'tanswerandexplanationsthatdon'texplain.19.AndsoIsaytoyoutodaythatIstillstandbynonviolence.AndIamstillconvincedthatitisthemostpotentweaponavailabletotheNegroinhisstruggleforjusticeinthiscountry.AndtheotherthingisthatIamconcernedaboutabetterworld.I'mconcernedaboutjustice.I'mconcernedaboutbrotherhood.I'mconcernedabouttruth.Andwhenoneisconcernedaboutthese,hecanneveradvocateviolence.Forthroughviolenceyoumaymurderamurdererbutyoucan'tmurder.Throughviolenceyoumaymurderaliarbutyoucan'testablishtruth.Throughviolenceyoumaymurderahater,butyoucan'tmurderhate.Darknesscannotputoutdarkness.Onlylightcandothat.20.AndIsaytoyou,Ihavealsodecidedtosticktolove.ForIknowthatloveisultimatelytheonlyanswertomankind'sproblems.AndI'mgoingtotalkaboutiteverywhereIgo.Iknowitisn'tpopulartotalkaboutitinsomecirclestoday.I'mnottalkingaboutemotionalboshwhenItalkaboutlove,I'mtalkingaboutastrong,demandinglove.AndIhaveseentoomuchhate.I'veseentoomuchhateonthefacesofsheriffsintheSouth.I'veseenhateonthefacesoftoomanyKlansmenandtoomanyWhiteCitizensCouncilorsintheSouthtowanttohatemyself,becauseeverytimeIseeit,IknowthatitdoessomethingtotheirfacesandtheirpersonalitiesandIsaytomyselfthathateistoogreataburdentobear.Ihavedecidedtolove.Ifyouareseekingthehighestgood,Ithinkyoucanfinditthroughlove.Andthebeautifulthingisthatwearemovingagainstwrongwhenwedoit,becauseJohnwasright,Godislove.HewhohatesdoesnotknowGod,buthewhohaslovehasthekeythatunlocksthedoortothemeaningofultimatereality.21.IwanttosaytoyouasImovetomyconclusion,aswetalkabout"Wheredowegofromhere,"thatwehonestlyfacethefactthattheMovementmustaddressitselftothequestionofrestructuringthewholeofAmericansociety.Therearefortymillionpoorpeoplehere.Andonedaywemustaskthequestion,"WhyaretherefortymillionpoorpeopleinAmerica"Andwhenyoubegintoaskthatquestion,youareraisingquestionsabouttheeconomicsystem,aboutabroaderdistributionofwealth.Whenyouaskthatquestion,youbegintoquestionthecapitalisticeconomy.AndI'msimplysayingthatmoreandmore,we'vegottobegintoaskquestionsaboutthewholesociety.Wearecalledupontohelpthediscouragedbeggarsinlife'smarketplace.Butonedaywemustcometoseethatanedificewhichproducesbeggarsneedsrestructuring.Itmeansthatquestionsmustberaised.Yousee,myfriends,whenyoudealwiththis,youbegintoaskthequestion,"Whoownstheoil"Youbegintoaskthequestion,"Whoownstheironore"Youbegintoaskthequestion,"Whyisitthatpeoplehavetopaywaterbillsinaworldthatistwothirdswater"Thesearequestionsthatmustbeasked.AboutCommunism22.Now,don'tthinkthatyouhavemeina"bind"today.I'mnottalkingaboutCommunism.WhatI'msayingtoyouthismorningisthatCommunismforgetsthatlifeisindividual.Capitalismforgetsthatlifeissocial,andtheKingdomofBrotherhoodisfoundneitherinthethesisofCommunismnortheantithesisofcapitalismbutinahighersynthesis.Itisfoundinahighersynthesisthatcombinesthetruthsofboth.Now,whenIsayquestionthewholesociety,itmeansultimatelycomingtoseethattheproblemofracism,theproblemofeconomicexploitation,andtheproblemofwararealltiedtogether.Thesearethetripleevilsthatareinterrelated.23.Ifyouwillletmebeapreacherjustalittlebit-Onenight,ajurorcametoJesusandhewantedtoknowwhathecoulddotobesaved.Jesusdidn'tgetboggeddowninthekindofisolatedapproachofwhatheshouldn'tdo.Jesusdidn'tsay,"NowNicodemus,youmuststoplying."HEdidn'tsay,"Nicodemus,youmuststopcheatingifyouaredoingthat."Hedidn'tsay,"Nicodemus,youmustnotcommitadultery."Hedidn'tsay,"Nicodemus,nowyoumuststopdrinkingliquorifyouaredoingthatexcessively."Hesaidsomethingaltogetherdifferent,becauseJesusrealizedsomethingbasic-thatifamanwilllie,hewillsteal.Andifamanwillsteal,hewillkill.Soinsteadofjustgettingboggeddowninonething,Jesuslookedathimandsaid,"Nicodemus,youmustbebornagain."24.Hesaid,inotherwords,"Yourwholestructuremustbechanged."Anationthatwillkeeppeopleinslaveryfor244yearswill"thingify"them-makethemthings.Thereforetheywillexploitthem,andpoorpeoplegenerally,economically.Andanationthatwillexploiteconomicallywillhavetohaveforeigninvestmentsandeverythingelse,andwillhavetouseitsmilitarymighttoprotectthem.Alloftheseproblemsaretiedtogether.WhatIamsayingtodayisthatwemustgofromthisconventionandsay,"America,youmustbebornagain!"Conclusion25.So,Iconcludebysayingagaintodaythatwehaveataskandletusgooutwitha"divinedissatisfaction."LetusbedissatisfieduntilAmericawillnolongerhaveahighbloodpressureofcreedsandananemiaofdeeds.Letusbedissatisfieduntilthetragicwallsthatseparatetheoutercityofwealthandcomfortandtheinnercityofpovertyanddespairshallbecrushedbythebatteringramsoftheforcesofjustice.[,etusbedissatisfieduntilthosethatliveontheoutskirtsofhopearebroughtintothemetropolisofdailysecurity.Letusbedissatisfieduntilslumsarecastintothejunkheapsofhistory,andeveryfamilyislivinginadecentsanitaryhome.Letusbedissatisfieduntilthedarkyesterdaysofsegregatedschoolswillbetransformedintobrighttomorrowsofquality,integratededucation.Letusbedissatisfieduntilintegrationisnotseenasaproblembutasanopportunitytoparticipateinthebeautyofdiversity.Letusbedissatisfieduntilmenandwomen,howeverblacktheymaybe,willbejudgedonthebasisofthecontentoftheircharacterandnotonthebasisofthecoloroftheirskin.Letusbedissatisfied.Letusbedissatisfieduntileverystatecapitolhousesagovernorwhowilldojustly,whowilllovemercyandwhowillwalkhumblywithhisGod.Letusbedissatisfieduntilfromeverycityhall,justicewillrolldownlikewatersandrighteousnesslikeamightystream.Letusbedissatisfieduntilthatdaywhenthelionandthelambshallliedowntogether.andeverymanwillsitunderhisownvineandfigtreeandnoneshallbeafraid.Letusbedissatisfied.AndmenwillrecognizethatoutofonebloodGodmadeallmentodwelluponthefaceoftheearth.Letusbedissatisfieduntilthatdaywhennobodywillshout"WhitePower!"-whennobodywillshout"BlackPower!"-buteverybodywilltalkaboutGod'spowerandhumanpower.26.Imustconfess,myfriends,theroadaheadwillnotalwaysbesmooth.Therewillstillberockyplacesoffrustrationandmeanderingpointsofbewilderment.Therewillbeinevitablesetbackshereandthere.Therewillbethosemomentswhenthebuoyancyofhopewillbetransformedintothefatigueofdespair.Ourdreamswillsometimesbeshatteredandouretherealhopesblasted.Wemayagainwithtear-drenchedeyeshavetostandbeforethebierofsomecourageouscivil-rightsworkerwhoselifewillbesnuffedoutbythedastardlyactsofbloodthirstymobs.Difficultandpainfulasitis,wemustwalkoninthedaysaheadwithanaudaciousfaithinthefuture.Andaswecontinueourchartedcourse,wemaygainconsolationinthewordssonoblyleftbythatgreatblackbardwhowasalsoagreatfreedomfighterofyesterday,JamesWeldonJohnson:Stonytheroadwetrod,BitterthechasteningrodFeltinthedaysWhenhopeunbornhaddied.Yetwithasteadybeat,HavenotourwearyfeetCometotheplaceForwhichourfatherssighedWehavecomeoverthewayThatwithtearshathbeenwatered.WehavecometreadingourpathsThroughthebloodoftheslaughtered,Outfromthegloomypast,TillnowwestandatlastWherethebrightgleamOfourbrightstariscast.27.Letthisaffirmationbeourringingcry.Itwillgiveusthecouragetofacetheuncertaintiesofthefuture.Itwillgiveourtiredfeetnewstrengthaswecontinueourforwardstridetowardthecityoffreedom.Whenourdaysbecomedrearywithlowhoveringcloudsofdespair,andwhenournightsbecomedarkerthanathousandmidnights,letusrememberthatthereisacreativeforceinthisuniverse,workingtopulldownthegiganticmountainsofevil,apowerthatisabletomakeawayoutofnowayandtransformdarkyesterdaysintobrighttomorrows.Letusrealizethearcofthemoraluniverseislongbutitbendstowardjustice.28.LetusrealizethatWilliamCullenBryantisright:"Truthcrushedtoearthwillriseagain."LetusgooutrealizingthattheBibleisright:"Benotdeceived,Godisnotmocked.Whatsoeveramansoweth,thatshallhealsoreap."Thisisourhopeforthefuture,andwiththisfaithwewillbeabletosinginsomenottoodistanttomorrowwithacosmicpasttense,"Wehaveovercome,wehaveovercome,deepinmyheart,Ididbelievewewouldovercome."CTRL+A全选可调整字体属性及字体大小-CAL-FENGHAI.NetworkInformationTechnologyCompany.2020YEAR