专八改错19练

专八改错19练Manystudentstodaydisplayadisturbingwillingnesstochooseacademicinstitutions，fieldsofstudyandcareersinthebasisof__1earningpotential．Inanextensive1989surveyofcollegestudentsnationwide，72percentofstudentsreportedthattheirprimaryobjectivetoattendingcollegewastomakemoremoneyupongraduation．__2Thisstateofmindcamewiththepresentgeneration．Studiesshowthatthemajorityofbabyboomersattendedcollegetodevelopthemselves，theircriticallythinkingskillsandtheirpersonal__3philosophiesoflife．Nationaly，thenumberofstudentsgoingintobusiness－relatedfieldshassharplyincreased，andthisrisehasattributedprimarilyto__4theshiftineducationalandcareerpriorities．AtDuke，economyis__5nowthemostpopularmajor，attractingnearly15percentoftheundergraduates，andhistorymajorscompriseonly5percentofundergraduate__6population．Thirtyyearsagothesituationwasreversed，witheconomicandbusinessadministrationmajorstogetherconsisting8．7percentof__7undergraduatesandalmost12percentofundergraduatesdeclared__8themselveshistorymajors．ThenumberofEnglishmajorshasalsodecreased，from9percentin1969to5．5percenttoday．Degreesineconomicsaremarketedandlikelytogarnertheirholders__9ofhighsalarieswithouttheaddedeffortofmedicalorlawschool．__10Andgiventheobjectivesofcurrentcollegestudents，suchoptionsareattractive．AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyaretheenvyoftheUnitedStatesandEurope．ButincreasinglytheJapaneseisseeingadeclineoftheir__1traditionalwork－moralvalues．Tenyearsagoyoungpeoplewerehardworkingandsawtheirjobsastheirprimaryreasonforbeing，butnowJapanhaslargefulfilleditseconomicneeds，andyoungpeople__2don'tknowwheretheyshouldgonext．Thecomingoftheageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentry__3ofwomenintothemale－dominatedjobmarkethaslimitedtheopportunities__4ofteen－agerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedclimbingJapan'srigidsocialladdertogood__5schoolsandjobs．Inarecentsurvey，itwasfoundthatonly24．5percentJapanesestudentswerefullysatisfiedwithschoollife，compared__6with67．2percentofstudentsintheUnitedStates．Inaddition，farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10countriessurveyed．__7Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics．Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechaniclearning__8overcreativityandself－expression．LastyearJapanexperienced2，125incidentsofschoolviolence，including929assaultsonteachers．Amidtheoutcry，manyconservativeleadersareseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoraleducation．LastyearMitsuoDetoyama，whowastheneducationminister，raisedhiseyebrowwhenheargued__9thatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarIIhadweakenedthe"Japanesemoralityofrespectofparents．"__103　Forover900years，theTowerofLondonhasservedasaloyal__1palaceandfortress．Today，it'sfamousforitsbloodyhistoryandforbeingtheplacewheretheCrownJewelsarekept．Butithasservedforotherpurposes，too．Ithasbeentheroyalarsenal，royalmint，__2royalobservatoryoreventheroyalzoo．ThesiteoftheTowerwas__3originallypartoftheRomancityofLondinium．But，in1066，aforeignerfromnorthwestFrancebecameKingWilliam__4ofBritain，heorderedthatawoodencastlebuiltonthebanksof__5theriverThames．ThepurposeofthisfortresswastohelpsecureLondon，themostimportantcityinhisviewrealm．Tenyearslater，Williamhadthefortressrebuildinstone，andcreatedagreat__6fortifiedpalacewithwallsthreemetrethick．Today，thisbuilding__7isknownastheWhiteTower，anditstandsinthecentreofamuchlargerstonefortress，whichwasbuiltduringlatercenturies．TheTowernowcoverstheareaofsevenhectares，anditstandsnearthe__8busyfinancialdistrictofthecapital．But，onceinsidethehighstonewalls，it'seasytoforgetthemodernworldoutsideandtotakeatripbackthroughhistory．Tohelpvisitorsexplore，therearespecialceremonialguards，calledYeomanWarders．TheyarealsoknownasBeefeaters，andtheyarethebestresourceofinformationaboutthe__9Tower'shistory．Nearly40YeomanliveandworkintheTower．Theyareformersoldierswhoearnedtheprivilegeofservingas__10Yeomanafterlongservice．4Somepeoplesaylovemakestheworldgoaround．Otherssayitisnotlove；it'smoney．Sincethe__1truthisthatitisenergythatmakestheworldgoaround．Energyisthecurrencyoftheecologicalsystemandlifebecomespossibleevenwhenfoodis__2convertedintoenergy，whichinturnsisusedtoseekmorefoodtogrow，toreproduceandtosurvive．Inthis__3cyclealllifedepends．Itisfairlywellknownthatwildanimalssurvivefromyeartoyearbyeatingasmanyas__4theycanduringtimesofplenty，thesummerandfall，storingtheexcess，usuallyintheformoffat，andthenusingthesereservesoffattosurviveduringthehardtime__5inwinterwhenfoodisscarce．Butitisprobablylesswellknownthatevenwiththeirstoredfat，wildanimalsspendlessenergytoliveinwinterthaninsummer．Agoodcaseinpointiswhite－taileddeer．Likemostwildlife，deer__6reproduce，grow，andstorefatinthesummerandfallwhenthereisplentyofnutritiousfoodavailable．Aphysicallymaturefemaledeerinthegoodconditionwho__7hasconceivedinNovemberandwasgivenbirthtotwofawns__8duringtheendofMayandfirstpartofJune，mustsearchforfoodforthenecessaryenergynotonlytomeetherbody'sneedsbutalsotoreproducemilkforherfawns．The__9bestmilkproductionoccursatthesametimethatnewplantgrowthisavailable．Thisisgoodtiming，becausemilkproductionisanenergyconsumingprocess－－itrequiresalotoffood．Theneedcanbemetunlesstheregionhas__10amplefoodresources．专八改错19练5Islanguage，asfood，abasichumanneed?Judging__1fromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickinthe13thcenturyitmaybe．Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardmother__2tongue，hetoldthenursestokeepsilent．Todaynosuchdrasticdeprivationexistsasordered__3byFrederick．Furthermore，somechildrenarestill__4backwardinspeaking．Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothecuesandsignalsoftheinfant，whosebrainisprogrammedtomopuplanguagerapidly．Therearecriticaltimes，itseems，whenchildrenlearnmorereadily．Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected，theidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesawayandtheymightneverbe__5learnedsoeasilyagain．Linguistssuggestthatspeechmilestonesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage．ButtherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsuptobeofhighIQ．Recent__6evidencesuggeststhataninfantisbornofthe__7capacitytospeak．Butspeechhastobetriggered，andthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechild，wherethemotherrealizesthecuesand__8signalsinthechild'sbabbling，grasping，crying，smiling，andrespondstoit．Insensitivityofthe__9mothertothesesignalsdullstheinterationbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlyobvioussignals．Sensitivitytothechild'sverbalcuesis__10essentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage．6　Theaimofajobinterviewistoestablishwhetheryouarelikelytodowellinaparticularjobinaspecificorganization．Thisisnotonlyamatterofhavingthenecessarytechnicalknowledgeandskill．You__1mustalsohavethemotivation，theabilitytoadapttonewwaysofworkingandanewworkingenvironment，and__2thepersonalitytodothejobandfitintoanewteam．Butthereareotherpersonalskillsaffectyoursuccess__3inajob．Theseincludegettingonwithpeople，oralor__4writtencommunication，teamworking，problemsolvingandgoodtimemanagement．Mostpeoplethinkthatinterviewersknowwhattheyarelookingforandwillrecognizewhentheyseeit．__5However，peopleareactuallynotverygoodatassessingoneandanother．Thisappliestorecruitersasmuchas__6anyoneelse．Infactaformerheadofselectionatonebigfirmusedtosaythat"someinterviewersaresopoortheywoulddobettertorelyonchances．"Incompanieswhichrecognizethis，variousmethodsareusedtotrytofindthecorrectperson．Themostcommon__7isthestructuredinterview．Researchhasshownthatthisapproachismorereliablethantheordinaryjobinterniew，thoughnotasaffectiveasusingtestsor__8assessmentcenters．Inastructuredinterview，theinterviewergroupsthequalitieslistinginthejob__9specificationundervariousheadings．Therearetwowell－establishedstructuresforthis：theNationalInstituteofIndustrialPsychology'sSeven－PointPlantheFive－FoldGradingSystem．Theinterviewersscorecandidatesforhowwelltheyfitthejobspecification．__107Ancientmanattemptedtochangetheweatherbyusingmagic．Whileexperiencetaughthimthiswasimpossible，__1hetriedtoforecastweatherconditions．Evenearlierin__21000B．C．therewereweatherseersinBabylon－－－－andpriestscleverenoughtodenounceasfraudsthosepredicted__3theweatherayearintheadvance．Someforecastersused__4methodsthatseemedtotakenoconnectionwiththeactual__5factorscontrolledtheweather．Chickensandotheranimals__6weresacrificedandtheirintestinespokedtofindsignsindicatingrainanddrought．Somewhatmorescientificwere__7predictionsbasedonvegetation："Onion'sskinverythin，mildweathercomingin．Onion'sskinthickandtough，comingweatheriscoldandrough．"Insectsandanimalswerealso__8favoriteweatherclues："Beforetheglowwormlightshis__9lamp，thentheairisalwaysdamp．""Ifspiderstheircobwebsforsake，theweatherwillforcertainbreak．""Iffrogsremainedinpools，theweatherwillbefine．Iftheywereseenonrocks，__10rainandcoldweredue．"It'sdifficulttosaywhetherthisrhymeshouldbetakenseriously："Hark，Iheartheassesbray．Methinkswe'llhavesomeraintoday．"8　Itisdifficulttothinkofanationasanabstractcollectionofpeoplelivingonapatchofterritory．Itiseasiertothinkofasaperson．ThisiswhywesometimescallGreatBritain__1"Britannia"andtheUnitedStates"Columbia"，andthinkofitasstatelywomen．Wealsousemasculinesymbolsinour__2personificationofnations．In1712JohnArbuthont，aScot，wroteapoliticalsatireinthatthecharactersweresupposed__3tobetypicalmembersofdifferentnationalities．TheEnglishmanwasJohnBull．Thisname，whichwassufficientflatteringtobe__4adoptedgenerally，combinedthemostcommonEnglishfirstnamewithalastnameindicatedstrength．JohnBullisusually__5picturedasapartlybusinessmanwithaunionJackonhishatband．AftertheAmericanWarofIndependencebeganin1783，theUnited__6Stateswasknownfor"BrotherJonathan"．Jonathanwasabiblical__7nameassociatedwithsimplepeoplefromruralareas，anditseemedfittingsincetheUnitedStatesisruralandunsophiscated，andsince__8Americanconsideredtheirtypeofsimplicityavirtuecomparedto__9thewickednessofEuropeancities．Itispossible，however，thatthenamewasoriginatedwithPresidentGeorgeWashington，whowould__10oftensay，whenfacedwithahardproblem，"LetusconsultBrotherJonathan"，referringtohissecrectary，JohnathanTrumbull．9　ThewordencyclopediabeganasaGreekwordandmeans"instructioninthewholecircle．"Itwasthefirstusedin__1EnglishbysirThomasEloytin1538．Encyclopediastodayareusuallyarrangedinalphabeticalorder，butinearlytimestheywerearrangedinanywaytheauthorliked．OnewriterintheMiddleAgesbeganwithadiscussionofGodandangelsandendwithdescriptionsofscentsandcolorsand__2alistof36differentkindsofeggs．Thefirstalphabeticallyarrangedencyclopediawaspublishedin1704byanEnglishclergymannamedafterJohnHarris．__3Theoldestencyclopediainrealitywaswrittenduringthe__4firstcenturyA．D．byPlainy，aRoman．Its37volumeslistover20thousanditems．Itisvaluedhighlyforhundreds__5ofyears．Upto153643editionshadbeenpublished．Thelargestencyclopedia，thethirdChineseencyclopediacontainingover5020volumesandwascompiledduringthe__6eighteenthcentury．Between1751and1765theFrenchEncyclopediaappeared．Thiscollectonwasusualbecause__7contemporaryfamousmen，imcludedVoltarie，Rousseau，and__8Diderot，wroteaticlesforit．TheEncyclopediaBritannicaisprobablythebestknownworkforEnglish－speakingpeople．ItfirstappearedinScotland__9in1771．In1961theworldBookCompanypublishedabrailleeditionofitsencyclopediaforblindreaders．__1010Thetendencynowadaystowanderinwildernessesisdelightfultosee．Thousandsoftired，nerve－shaking，over－civilizedpeopleare__1beginningtofindoutthatgoingtomountainsisgoinghome；thatwildnessisanecessity；andmountainparksandreservationsare__2usefulnotonlyasfountainsoftimberandirrigatingrivers，andas__3fountainsoflife．Awakeningfromthestupefyingeffectsoftheviciousofover－industryandthedeadlyapathyofluxury，theyare__4tryingasbesttheycantomixandenrichtheirownlittleongoingswiththatofNature，andtogetridofrustanddisease．Briskly__5venturingandroaming，somearewashingoffsinsandcaresofthedevil'sspinninginstormsonmountains，bendingdownandpartingsweet，flowerysprays；tracingriversbacktheirsources，gettingin__6touchwiththenervesofMotherEarth；jumpingfromrocktorock，pantinginwhole－souledexercise，andrejoicingindeep，long－drawnbreathesofpurewildness．Thisisfineandnaturalandfullofpromise．__7Soalsowasthegrowinginterestinthecareandpreservationof__8forestsandwildplacesingeneral，andinthehalfwildparksandgardensoftowns．Eventhesceneryexistsinitsmostartificialforms，mixedwithspectacles，silliness，andkodaks；itsdevoteesarrayedgorgeouslythanscarlettanagers，frighteningthewildgame__9withredumbrellas，－－eventhisisencouraging，andmaywellberegardedasahopefulsignoftimes．__1011Threepassionshavegovernedmylife：thelongingforlove，thesearchintoknowledge，andtheunbearable__1pityforthesufferingofmankind．Ihavesoughtoflove，first，becauseitbringsecstasy－－ecstasysogreatbecauseIwouldoftenhave__2sacrificedalltherestofmylifeforafewhoursforthisjoy．Ihavesoughtit，next，becauseitrelieveslonelinessthatterriblelonelinesswhichoneshiveringconsciousness__3looksovertherimoftheworldintothecoldunfathomablelifelessabyss．Ihavesoughtit，then，becauseinthe__4unionofloveIhaveseen，inamysticminiature，theprefiguringvisionoftheheavenwheresaintsandpoets__5haveimagined．ThisiswhatIsought，andthoughitmightseemtoogoodforhumanlife，thisiswhat－－atlast－－ihavefound．WithequalpassionateIhavesoughtknowledge．Ihavewished__6tounderstandtheheartsofmen．Ihavewishedtoknowwhythestarsshine．．．Alittlethis，butnotmuch，Ihaveachieved．__7Loveandknowledge，sofarastheywerepossible，ledupwardtowardtheheavens．Butitalwayspitybrought__8mebacktoearth．Echoesofcriesofpainreverberateinmyheart．Childreninfamine，victimstorturedbyoppressors，helplessoldpeople－－ahatedburdentotheirsons，andthewholeworldofloneliness，povertyandpainmakeamockofwhat__9humanlifeshouldbe．Ilongtoalleviatetheevil，butIcannot，andItoosuffer．Thishasbeenmylife．Ihavefounditworthofliving，andwouldgladlyliveitagainifthechance__10wereofferedme．12TheIndiancoastalbelthasnotrecordedmanyTsunamisinthepast．Wavescompanyingearthquakeactivityhavebeenreportedover__1theNorthBayofBengal．Duringanearthquakein1881whichhasits__2epicenternearthecentreoftheBayofBengal，Trsunamiswerereported．Theearthquakeof1941inBayofBengalcausedsomedamageinAndamanregion．ThiswasunusualbecausemostTsunamisweregeneratedby__3shockswhichoccuratorneartheflanksofcontinentalslopes．Duringtheearthquakeof1819and1845neartheRannofKutch，__4therewererapidmovementsofwaterintosea．__5Thereisnomentionofwavesresultingintheseearthquakesalong__6thecoastadjacenttheArabiansea，anditisunlikelythatTsunamis__7weregenerated．Furtherwest，inthePersianGulf，the1945MerkranearthquakegeneratedTsunamiof12to15metresheight．Thiscausedahugedeluge，withconsideratelossoflifeandpropertyatOrmara__8andPasi．TheestimatedheightofTsunamiatGulfofCombaywas15mandnoreportofdamageisavailable．Theestimatedheightof__9waveswasabout2metresatMumbai，whichboatsweretakenaway__10fromtheirmooringsandcasualtiesoccurred．13　YesterdayafternoonJohnandIwerewalkingalongaroadwhereweheardsomeoneshout"Help！Help！"Hewasin__1alake，aboutahundredfeetfromtheshore．Therewasa__2smallboatnearby．Weknewimmediatelywhathappened．__3Hehadfallenoutoftheboatandcouldnotswimgoodenough__4toreachitortogettotheshore．AswerantowardsthelakeIsawhimsunk，andIwascertainthathewoulddrown．Butin__5amomenthisheadappearedagain．QuicklyJohntookouthis__6shoes，jumpedintothewaterandstartedswimmingtowardthedrownedman．Hereachedhimjustasthemanwentdown__7again．Hewascloseenoughastostretchouthishandandtry__8totakeholdoftheman'sclothesorhishairbeforehesank．Butthemanthrewouthisarmsinfear，caughtJohnacrossthe__9neck，andbegantodrawhimdownunderthewater．Johnfoughttokeephisheadabovethewaterandatthesametimetriedtoswimtowardtheboat，pulledthemanwithhim．__1014Industrialgrowthincountrieshadformerlybeenmarkets__1hastenedregionalself－sufficiencyand，intheconsequence，__2hastenedthecollapseoforganizedlong－distancetrade．Thisprocesswasintensifiedbythespreadofanewmetal，iron．Inalmost1400B．C．newsmeltingtechniquesledtothehigh__3temperatureswhichcouldproduceanironsuperiorinstrengthtobronze．Probablydevelopinginnortheastern__4Turkey，thisprocessspreadoverEuropeconsideratelymore__5rapidlythantheartofprocessingbronze．Thisrapidspreadwasduenotonlyparticularlywarandthemovements__6ofpeople，butchiefly，tothewideoccurenceofironoreaswell．__7Ironwasavailableforsmeltinginalmosteverylandand，inefficiency，ironforgingofferedalmosteverycountrythe__8prospectofeconomicalself－sufficiency．Itwaseagerlyseized__9upon，andthebottomfelloutofthebronzemarketandthegeneraleconomics．Tradestagnated，shipswerelaidup，and__10arecessionsetin．15Wheneveryouseeanoldfilm，evenonemadeaslittleastenyearsbefore，youcan'thelpbeingstruckedbythe__1appearanceofthewomentakingpart．Theirhairstylesandmake－uplookdate；theirskirtslookeithertoolongortoo__2short；theirgeneralappearanceis，infact，slightlyludicurous．Thementakingpart，onotherhand，areclearlyrecognizable．__3Thereisnothingabouttheirappearancetosuggestthattheybelongtoanentiredifferentage．Thisillusioniscreated__4bychangingfashions．Overtheyears，thegreatminorityofmen__5havesuccessfullyresistedallattemptstomakeitchangetheir__6styleofdress．Thesamecannotbesaidforwomen．Eachyear，afewerso－calledtopdesignersinParisandLondonlaydown__7onthelawandwomenwholeworldoverruntoobey．The__8decreesofthedesignersareunpredictableanddictatorial．Sometimetheydecidearbitrarily，thatskirtswillbeshortand__9waistwillbeheight；hipsareinandbuttonsareout．__1016　DemographicindicatorsshowthatAmericansinthepostwarperiodweremoreeagerthanevertoestablishfamilies．Theyquicklybroughtdowntheageatmarriageforbothmenandwomenandbroughtthebirthratetoatwentiethcenturyheight__1aftermorethanahundredyearsofasteadydecline，producingthe“babyboom．”__2Theseyoungadultsestablishedatrendofearlymarriageandrelativelylargefamiliesthatwentformorethantwodecadesandcausedamajorbuttemporary__3reversaloflong－termdemographicpatterns．Fromthe1940sthroughtheearly1960s，Americansmarriedatahighrateandatayoungeragethantheir__4Europecounterparts．__5Lessnotedbutequallymoresignificant，themenandwomenwhoformed__6familiesbetween1940and1960neverthelessreducedthedivorcerateaftera__7postwarpeak；theirmarriagesremainedintacttoagreaterextentthandidthatof__8coupleswhomarriedinearlieraswellaslaterdecades．SincetheUnitedStates__9maintaineditsdubiousdistinctionofhavingthehighestdivorcerateintheworld，thetemporarydeclineindivorcedidnotoccurinthesameextentinEurope．__10Contrarytofearsoftheexperts，theroleofbreadwinnerandhomemakerwasnotabandoned．17Whenyoustarttalkingaboutgoodandbadmannersyouimmediatelystartmeetingdifficulties．Manypeoplejustcannotagreewhattheymean．Weaskedalady，whorepliedthatshethoughtyoucouldtellawell－manneredpersononthe__1waytheyoccupiedthespacearoundthem—forexample，whensuchapersonwalksdownastreetheorsheisconstantlyunawareofothers．Suchpeoplenever__2bumpintootherpeople．However，asecondpersonthoughtthatthiswasmoreaquestionofcivilizedbehaviorasgoodmanners．Instead，thisotherpersontoldusastory，__3ithesaidwasquitewell－known，aboutanAmericanwhohadbeeninvited__4toanArabmealatoneofthecountriesoftheMiddleEast．TheAmerican__5hasn’tbeentoldverymuchaboutthekindoffoodhemightexpect．Ifhehad__6knownaboutAmericanfood，hemighthavebehavedbetter．__7Immediatelybeforehimwasaveryflatpieceofbreadthatlooked，tohim，verymuchasanapkin．Pickingitup，heputitintohiscollar，sothat__8itfallsacrosshisshirt．HisArabhost，whohadbeenwatching，__9saidofnothing，butimmediatelycopiedtheactionofhisguest．__10Andthat，saidthissecondperson，wasafineexampleofgoodmanners．18Wheneveryouseeanoldfilm，evenonemadeaslittleastenyearsbefore，youcan’thelpbeingstruckedbythe__1appearanceofthewomentakingpart．Theirhairstylesandmake－uplookdate；theirskirtslookeithertoolongortoo__2short；theirgeneralappearanceis，infact，slightlyludicrous．Thementakingpart，onotherhand，areclearlyrecognizable．__3Thereisnothingabouttheirappearancetosuggestthattheybelongtoanentiredifferentage．Thisillusioniscreated__4bychangingfashions．Overtheyears，thegreatminorityofmen__5havesuccessfullyresistedallattemptstomakeitchangetheir__6styleofdress．Thesamecannotbesaidforwomen．Eachyear，afewerso－calledtopdesignersinParisandLondonlaydown__7onthelawandwomenaroundtheworldruntoobey．The__8decreesofthedesignersareunpredictableanddictatorial．Sometimetheydecidearbitrarily，thatskirtswillbeshortand__9waistswillbeheight；hipsareinandbuttonsareout．__1019Agreatmanycitiesareexperiencingdifficultieswhicharenothingnewinthehistoryofcities，exc