油包水乳化：形成和预测Water-in-Oil Emulsions Formation and Prediction

Water-in-OilEmulsions:FormationandPrediction油包水乳化：形成和预测Abstract摘要Theformationofwater-in-oilemulsionsisdescribed.Researchhasshownthatasphaltenesaretheprimestabilizersofwater-in-oilemulsionsandthatresinsarenecessarytosolvatetheasphaltenes.Ithasalsobeenshownthatotherfactorsplayarole,includingtheamountofsaturatesandtheoilviscosityanddensity.Essentially,waterdropletsinjectedintotheoilbyturbulenceorwaveactioncanbestabilizedtemporarilybytheoilviscosityandonalonger-termbasisbyresinsandthenasphaltenes.Dependingonthestartingoilproperties,fourtypesofwater-in-oiltypesarecreated:meso-stableandstableemulsions,entrainedwater-in-oilandunstableorthose-that-do-not-formtypes.Eachtypeisdescribedandhasuniqueproperties.Formostoils,lossoflightercomponentsbyevaporationisnecessarybeforetheoilswillformawater-in-oiltype.描述了油包水乳化的形成。研究说明，沥青质是油包水乳化的主要稳定剂，沥青质溶剂化需要胶质。也说明其他因素也起作用，包括饱和燃的量以及油的粘度和密度。通过湍流或波浪作用注入油中的水滴实质上可通过油的粘度暂时稳定，并通过胶质和沥青质长期稳定。根据起始油的性质，产生四种类型的油包水类型：介-稳定和稳定的乳化、夹带的油包水和不稳定或没有形成。描述了每种类型，都具有独特的性质。对于大多数油，在形成油包水型之前，必须通过蒸发损失较轻的成分。Itwasnotedthatvariabilityinemulsionformationis,inpart,duetothevariationintypesofcompoundsintheasphalteneandresinsgroups.Certaintypesofthesecompoundsformmorestableemulsionsthanotherswithinthesameasphaltene/resingroupings.注意到乳液形成的变化局部是由于沥青质和胶质中化合物类型的变化。在相同的沥青质/胶质组中，这些化合物某些类型的化合物形成比其他化合物更稳定的乳化。Areviewofnumericalmodellingschemesfortheformationofwater-in-oilemulsionsisgiven.Arecentmodelisbasedonempiricaldataandthecorrespondingphysicalknowledgeofemulsionformation.Thedensity,viscosity,asphalteneandresincontentswerecorrelatedwithaareas.Theexperimentsshowedahighself-interactionandweresuggestedasbeingthekeyfactorindeterminingwhethertheresinswouldstabilizeasphaltenesagainstaggregationornot.在不同基质上进行胶质吸附实验，包括二氧化硅基质和沥青质。发现一些胶质在相同外 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 积上吸附更多。实验显示出高度的自-相互作用，认为是确定胶质是否否能够稳定沥青质而防止聚集的关键因素。Sjoblomandco-workersnotedthatmanyofthestabilitydifferencesinemulsionscanbeexplainedbytheinteractionsbetweenasphaltenesandresins.23Theauthorsnotedthatasphaltenesarebelievedtobesuspendedascolloidsintheoilwithstabilizationbyresins.Eachparticleisbelievedtoconsistofoneormoresheetsofasphaltenemonomersandabsorbedresinstostabilizethesuspension.Undercertainconditions,theresinscandesorbfromtheasphaltenesleadingtoincreasedasphalteneaggregationandprecipitationofthelargerasphalteneaggregates.Severalworkersnotethatthereissignificantinterplaybetweenasphaltenesandresinsandthatresinssolvatetheasphaltenes.24指出乳化稳定性的很多差异可通过沥青质和胶质之间相互作用解释。作者指出，相信沥青质以胶体悬浮在油中，并通过胶质稳定化。相信每个颗粒由一层或多层沥青质单体和吸附的胶质组成，稳定悬浮液。在某些条件下，胶质可从沥青质中解吸，导致沥青质聚集增加和较大的沥青质聚集沉淀。一些工作人员指出，存在沥青质和胶质之间的显著相互作用，且胶质溶剂化沥青质。Waxeshavenotbeenfoundtostabilizeoilwater-in-oilemulsionsbuthavebeenfoundtoplayaroleinothertypesofemulsions,suchasfoodformulations,butonlyiftheyaremoltenordeformed.25尚未发现蜡稳定油包水乳化，但发现在其他类型乳化中起到作用，如食品配方，但只是熔化或变形时。MethodstoStudyEmulsions研究乳化的方法Theavailabilityofmethodologiestostudyemulsionsisveryimportant.Inthepast15years,dielectricmethodsandrheologicalmethodsandmanyothermethodshavebeenusedtostudyformationmechanismsandstabilityofemulsions.21Standardchemicaltechniques,includingNuclearMagneticResonance(NMR),chemicalanalysistechniques,Near-infraredspectroscopy(NIR),microscopy,interfacialpressure,andinterfacialtension,arealsobeingappliedtoemulsions.Thesetechniqueshavelargelyconfirmedfindingsnotedinthedielectricandrheologicalmechanisms.研究乳化的方法的可用性非常重要。在过去的15年里，介电法和流变学法和很多其方法用于研究乳化的的形成机理和稳定性。 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 化学技术，包括核磁共振（NMR）、化学分析技术、近红外光谱（NIR）、显微镜、界面压力和界面张力，也正用于乳化。这些技术很大程度上证实介电和流变机理中的发现。Mostresearchersstudiedthestabilityofemulsionsbymeasuringtheamountofwaterresolvedwithtime.2,26-28Thismethodcertainlyisthebaselinemethod.Someresearchersalsosubjectedtheemulsionstocentrifugationremovingwater,toassessstability.TheuseofhighpressureNIRhasbeenusedbyonegrouptostudyasphalteneaggregationoflivecrudeoils.29FurtherNIRinformationontheamountofasphaltenesandresinswastiedtotheemulsionstability.29Araujoetal.andothersstudiedtheuseofNIRandfoundthatNIRwasbothsensitivetothewatercontentanddropletsize,andmodelswereproposedtoestimatebothwatercontentanddropletsizefromNIRdata.30Manyofthemeasurementscannowbeinter-correlated.NMRprovidesthebestmethodofmeasuringwaterdropletsizeinemulsions.30Standardopticaltechniquessufferfromthefactthatthecontinuousmedium,oil,isnottransparent.Thereforeonlythesurfacedropletsaremeasuredusingopticaltechniques.多数研究人员通过测量随时间别离的水量研究乳化稳定性。这种方法当然是基准方法。一些研究人员也进行乳化离心去除水，评估稳定性。一个小组采用高压NIR研究活性原油的沥青质聚。沥青质和胶质的含量的进一步NIR信息与乳化稳定性关联。研究使用NIR,发现NIR对水含量和液滴大小都很敏感，且提出根据NIR数据估算水含量和液滴大小。很多测量目前可相互关联。NMR提供测量乳化中水滴大小的最正确方法。标准光学技术受到连续介质油实际不透明的影响。因此，仅采用光学技术测量外表液滴。TheNMRmethodisknownaspulsefieldgradientwithdiffusionediting（PFG-DE）NMR.31Resultsfromrecentmeasurementsofawater-in-oilemulsionshowsachangeindropletsizefromtherevolutionrateofthemixingvessel.Theaveragewaterdropletsizeinoneexperimentvariedwithmixingenergy-fromabout12to30micrometers.NMR方法设称为脉冲场梯度扩散编辑（PFG-DE）NMR。油包水乳化的最近测量结果显示，液滴尺寸随混合容器的转速而变化。一项实验中平均水滴尺寸随混合能量变化而变化一大约12到30umoDielectricspectroscopyhasbeenusedtostudyemulsions.Theelectricalpermittivityoftheemulsioncanbeusedtocharacterizeanemulsionandassignastability.32TheSjoblomgrouphasmeasuredthedielectricspectrausingthetimedomainspectroscopy(TDS)technique.32Asampleisplacedattheendofacoaxiallinetomeasuretotalreflection.Reflectedpulsesareobservedintimewindowsof20nsandFouriertransformedinthefrequencyrangefrom50MHzto2Ghz.介电光谱已用于研究乳化。乳化的介电常数可用于分析乳化和确定稳定性。小组采用时域光谱(TDS)技术，测量了介电光谱。样品放置同轴线末端，测量全反射。在20ns的时间窗口观察到反射脉冲，且在50MHz至2Ghz的频率范围进行傅里叶变换。Manystudiesontherheologyofemulsionshavebeenperformed.33,34Emulsionsstabilizedbysurfactantfilms(suchasresinsandasphaltenes)behavelikehardspheredispersionsanddisplayviscoelasticbehaviour.Relaxationtimecanbedeterminedforthesystem,whichincreaseswiththevolumefractionofthediscontinuousphase.Ithasbeennotedthattheemulsionstabilityishighlydependentontherheologicalpropertiesofthewater/oilinterfaceandthatahighelasticitywillincreasethelevelofstability.33进行了很多乳化流变学研究。由外表活性剂薄膜(如胶质和沥青质)稳定乳化特性我硬球体那样的分散，表现出粘弹性特性。可测定随着非连续相体积分数增加的系统弛豫时间。注意到乳化稳定性与水/油界面流变性质高度相关，且高弹性将增加稳定性水平。Manyresearchersstudiedemulsificationbyusingmodeloilsormodifiedcrudeoils.Otherresearchersstudiedemulsionsasthinlayersorbydroplets.35Hemmingstonetal.studiedthewater-in-oilemulsionsformedfrom27crudeoilsofdifferentorigins.36Theyfoundthatthereisanincreaseinstabilityasviscosityincreases.ViscosityalsocorrelatedwiththeSARA(Saturates,AromaticsResinsandAsphaltenes)datatakenonthecrudeoil.Sjoblometal.studied16crudesfromtheNorthSeaand5fromNorthAfrica.37很多研究人采用模拟或改性原油研究乳化。其他研究人员将乳化作为薄层或液滴研究。研究了27种不同来源原油形成的油包水乳化。发现随着粘度的增加，稳定性增加。粘度可与原油的SARA(饱和烽、芳煌、胶体和沥青质)数据关联。研究了北海16种原油和北非的5种原油。Stabilitywasmeasuredusingtheresultsfromanelectricfieldcell.Avoltagewasappliedtothecelluntilcoalesencewasobservedusingamicroscope.Thevalueofthevoltageatthecriticalpointwastakenasameasureofstability.37FingasandFieldhousestudiedmorethan400oilsatvariousweatheringstagesusingrheologicalmeasurements.3采用电场装置的结果测量稳定性。装置施加电压，直到采用显微镜观察到聚结。临界点电压值作为稳定性量度。采用流变测量，研究400多种处于不同风化阶段的油。TheOverallTheoryofEmulsionFormation乳化形成的总体理论Thedataindicatethatthewater-in-oiltypesarestabilizedbybothasphaltenesandresins,butforgreaterstability,resincontentshouldexceedtheasphaltenecontentslightly.2However,excessresincontent(A/R>about0.6)apparentlydestabilizestheemulsion.Thisdoesnotconsiderthequestionofdifferenttypesofasphaltenesorresins.Ahighasphaltenecontent(typically>10%)increasestheviscosityoftheoilsuchthatastableemulsionwillnotform.Viscousoilswillonlyuptakewaterasentrainedwaterandwillslowlylosemuchofthiswateroveraperiodofaboutoneweek.Viscousoils(typically>1000mPa.s)willnotformstableormeso-stableemulsions.数据说明油包水类型由沥青质和胶质稳定，但对于更大的稳定性，胶质含量应略高于沥青质含量。但是，过量的较比含量(A/R>约0.6)显然使乳化脱稳。这没有考虑不同类型沥青质或胶质的问题。高沥青质含量(通常>10%)增加油的粘度，从而不会形成稳定的乳化。粘性油只是吸收水作为夹带水，且会在大约一周的时间内慢慢失去大局部水分。粘性油(通常>1000mPa.s)不会形成稳定或介-稳定乳化。Oilsoflowviscosityorwithoutsignificantamountsofasphaltenesandresinswillnotformanywater-in-oiltypeandwillretainlessthanabout6%water.Oilsofveryhighviscosity(typically>10,000mPa.s)willalsonotformanyofthesewater-in-oiltypesandthusareclassifiedasunstable.Thisisprobablyduetotheinabilityofwaterdropletstopenetratetheoilmass.Thediscussionin4.1and4.2abovecertainlyshowsthatasphaltenesandresinscombinetostabilizewaterdropletsinemulsions.ThiscanbeseeninFigure2.Figure2showsasimplifiedplotofoilcompositionandviscosityandthetypesofemulsionsthatresultfromthiscombination.Thisfigureshowsthatevenaverysimplifiedpresentationcanhighlighttheimportanceofthestartingoilviscosityandresinandasphaltenecontents.低粘度或不含大量沥青质和胶质的油不会形成任何油包水类型，且会保存少不到6%的水。粘度非常高（通常＞10,000mPa.s）的油也不会形成任何这些油包水类型,因此，归类为不稳定。这可能是由于水滴无法穿透油团。以上4.1和4.2中的讨论肯定说明，沥青质和胶质结合，可稳定乳化中的水滴。这可以在图2中看到。图2显示油的组成和粘度与这种组合产生的乳化类型简化图。图说明，即使是非常简化的表示，也凸显起始油粘度以及胶锤和沥青质含量的重要性。Figure2Aplotofthestartingoilviscosityversustheasphaltenetimestheresincontentofthestartingoil.Theshadedregionsshowallareaswheretheparticularwater-in-oiltypeexists.Thissimplecomparisonshowsthatthereareapproximateregionsofstabilitywithonlythesethreefactors.Anotherimportantfactoristheasphaltene/resinratioandthisfactorhelpsseparateanyoverlaps.起始油粘度与沥青质乘以起始油的胶质含量的图。阴影区域显示存在特定油包水类型的所有区域。这一简单的比照说明，有三个只具有这三种因素的稳定性近似区域。另一个重要因素是可用于区分重叠的沥青质/胶质比。Theinformationgiveninsection4highlightstheformationprocess.Thestartoftheprocessistheinjectionofwaterdropletsintotheoilmass.Thiswouldtypicallyoccurastheresultofturbulenceorwaveaction.Thisalsocouldoccurastheresultofoilinjectionintowater,suchasfromanunderwaterblowout.Onceintheoilmass,thewaterdropletsmaycoalesceandsinktothebottomunlessthesewaterdropletsaresomehowstabilized.Asphaltenesprobablyresideintheoilintheformofresin-solvatedagglomerates.Theyarenotlikelytostabilizethewaterdropletsimmediatelyasthelargeasphaltene-resinagglomeratesmigratetooslowly.If,however,theoilhasaviscositybetweenabout50to5000mPa.s,thewaterdropletswillmoveslowly,allowingtimeforsomechemicalstabilization.Itisthoughtthatresins,weaklystabilizethewaterdropletsinitially.Resinsarealsopolarcompoundsandcanbecomeassociatedwithpolarwater.Oncestabilizedbyresins,thelargeasphalteneswillmovetowardthewaterdropletsandwillformelasticfilmsaroundthewaterdroplets.Theratioofasphaltenetoresinscanaffectthisprocess.Ifthequantityofresinsistoohigh,theywillsolvatetheasphaltenestotheextentthattheirmigrationisaffectedandwillalsocreateabarrierbetweentheasphaltenesandthewaterdroplets.Thusinthecaseoftoohighresincontent,destabilizationwillalsooccur.Itisthoughtthatthisdestabilizationistheoriginofmeso-stableemulsions.第4章中给出的信息强调了形成过程。这一过程是从水滴注入油团开始。这通常由于石油泄漏或波浪作用而发生。这也可能由于油注入水中而发生，如水下井喷。一旦进入油团，除非这些水滴以某种方式稳定，水滴可聚结并沉入底部。沥青质可能以胶质溶剂化附聚集的形态存在于油中。由于大的沥青质-胶质聚集聚物迁移非常缓慢，不大可能立即稳定水滴。但是，如果油的粘度在50到5000mPa.s之间，水滴会缓慢移动，提供化学稳定的时间。认为胶质最初很弱地稳定水滴。胶质也是极性化合物，可与极性水结合。一旦由胶质稳定，大的的青质就会向水滴移动，且在水滴周围形成弹性薄膜。沥青质与胶质的比会影响这一过程。如果胶质量太高，会溶剂化沥青质，大框影响其迁移的程度，且形成沥青质和水滴之间的屏障。因此，胶质含量过高时，也会发生脱稳。认为这种脱稳是介-稳定乳化的起源。Iftheviscosityoftheoilistoohigh,waterdropletscannotpenetratetheoilmasstoagreatextentandthusemulsionsarenotformed.Atmoderateoilviscosities,about1000to10,000mPa.s,thewaterdropletsmayberetainedbyviscosityalone.Thisisfelttobetheoriginoftheentrainedwater-in-oiltype.如果油粘度太高，水滴不能很大程度上渗透油团，因此，不会形成乳化。在大约1000到10000mPa.s的中等油粘度下，水滴可能仅是通过粘度保存。这视为夹带油包水型的起源。TheRoleofWeathering风化的作用Mostcrudeoilsandpetroleumproductsrequireweathering(evaporation)beforetheywillformemulsions.3Manyoilsrequireweatheringtoenableformationofawater-in-oil-type.Someheavyoilswillmaketransitionsfromstabletoentrainedandfurtherontobeingunabletoformawater-in-oilmixture(unstable-heavyoiltype)uponweathering.Mosttypicalcrudeoilsrequireweatheringtomakethetransitionfromthebasiccrudetoameso-stableorstableemulsion.Theweatheringisnecessarytoincreasetheviscosityandtheasphaltene/resincontenttothepointwherethenextwater-in-oiltypeispossible.大多数原油和石油产品形成乳化之前需要风化(蒸发)。很多油需要风化才能形成油包水型。一些重油会在风化后从稳定转变为夹带，进而不能形成油包水混合物(不稳定-重油型)。大多数典型的原油需要从基础原油转变为介-稳定或稳定的乳化的过渡。粘度和沥青质/胶质含量增加到可能出现下一一油包水类型点的风化。Itshouldbenotedthatonceawater-in-oiltypeisformed,itcannotmakeatransitiontoanothertypeevenifextensiveweatheringormixingtakesplace.Thisisfelttobearesultoftheexactingconditionsforeachtype.Further,asphaltenesappeartobetiedupintheformof'rag'inbrokenmeso-stableemulsions.This'rag'formationappearstoprohibittheformationofothertypesofemulsions.应注意的是，油包水型一旦形成，即使发生广泛的风化或混合，也不能过渡到另一种类型。这认为是由于每种类型的严格条件。另外，沥青质似乎以“老化”的形态束缚在破破乳的介-稳定乳化中。这种“老化”形成似乎阻止其他类型乳化的形成。5ModelingtheFormationofWater-in-oilEmulsions油包水乳化形成的建模OlderModels较早的模型Theemulsificationprocessesdescribedabovewerenotapparentuntilabout15yearsagoandhavesincebeentranslatedintomodellingequations.4Thedifferentwater-in-oilstatesdictatethatonesimpleequationisnotadequatetopredictformation.Informationonthekineticsofformationatseaandothermodelingdatawaslessabundantinthepast.Itisnowknownthatemulsionformationisaresultofsurfactant-likeactionofthepolarasphalteneandresincompounds.Whilethesearesimilarcompoundsthatbothbehavelikesurfactantswhentheyarenotinsolution,asphaltenesformmuchmorestableemulsions.Emulsionsbegintoformwhentherequiredchemicalandviscosityconditionsaremetandwhenthereissufficientseaenergy.Further,aspointedoutabove,threedifferentwater-in-oiltypesareformed,dependingontheoiltypeanditscomposition.Someoilsdonotformanywater-in-oiltypesandthisfactisstatedtobeafourthtype.直到15年年，上述乳化过程才变得明显，之后转化为建模方程。不同的油包水状态决定了一个简单的方程缺乏以预测形成。过去海上形成动力学和其他建模数据的信息并不丰富。现在认识到乳化形成是极性沥青质和胶质化合物类外表活性剂作用的结果。虽然不再溶液中时一，这些是与外表活性剂特性相似的化合物，但是，沥青质会形成更稳定的乳化。满足所需的化学和粘度条件且有足够的海能时，乳化开始形成。另外，如上所述，根据油的类型和组成，会形成三种不同的油包水类型。一些油不会形成任何油包水类型，这一事实陈述为第四种类型。Inthedistantpast,therateofemulsionformationwasassumedtobefirst-orderwithtime.Thiswasapproximatedwithalogarithmic(orexponential)curve.Thephysicalassumptionwasthatalloilsuptakewateronafirst-orderbasis.Althoughnotconsistentwiththeknowledgeofhowemulsionsform,thisassumptionwasusedextensivelyinoilspillmodels.Aswasshownincomparisons,thisdoesnotyieldcorrectresults.3Theoldmodelsandcomparisonwithnewermodelsaredescribedintheliterature.4Thiscomparisonshowsthatmostoftheolderapproachesarenotreliableandcanresultininaccuratepredictions.在很久以前，认为乳化形成与时间为1-阶。这用对数（或指数）曲线近似。物理假设的所有的油基于1-阶吸收水。尽管与乳化如何形成的认识不一致，但是，这一假设广泛用于石油泄漏模型。如比照中所示，这不会得到正确的结果。文献中描述较早模型及其与新模型比照。这种比照说明，大多数较早的方法不可靠，可能导致不准确预测。Insummary,therearetwobasicingredientstotheformationofwater-in-oiltypes:seaenergy,andthecorrectchemicalconditionsinanoil.Oftenanoilmustlosecertaincomponentsbyevaporationbeforeitcanformanemulsionorentrainedwatertype.总之，油包水类型的形成有两个基本组成：海洋能和油中适当的化学条件。通常油必须通过蒸发失去某些成分，之后才能形成如或夹带水类型。NewModels新模型Severalnewmodelsforthepredictionofwater-in-oilemulsionswererecentlydevelopedbythepresentauthor.4,38,39Thesemodelsusedempiricaldatatopredicttheformationofemulsionsusingacontinuousfunctionandemployingthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofoil.Theemulsificationpropertiesofmoreoilsweremeasuredandthepropertiesofsomeoftheoilsintheexistingoilsethavebeenre-measured.Thisenablesthemodelstoberecalculatedwithsounddataonover400discreetoilsamples.作者最近开发了几种预测油包水乳化预测的新模型。这些模型采用经验数据，预测乳液的形成，采用连续函数和使用油的物理和化学性质。测量了更多油的乳化性质，重现测量了现有油组中一些油的性质。这使得模型能够使用超过400个不同油样的可靠数据，重新计算。Thebasisofthesemodelsistheresultoftheknowledgedemonstratedabove-namelythatmodelsarestabilizedbyasphaltenes,withtheparticipationofresins.FindingsofthisgroupandothergroupsshowthattheentireSARA(Saturates,Aromatic,Resins,andAsphaltene)distributioneffectstheformationofemulsions.Theprimestabilizers,asphaltenesandsecondarilyresins,areonlyavailableforemulsionformationwhentheconcentrationofthesaturatesandaromaticsareatacertainlevelandwhenthedensityandviscosityarecorrect.2这些模型的基础是上述得到验证认识的结果一即模型由涉及胶质的沥青质稳定。这一小组和其他小组的研究结果说明，所有SARA(饱和烧、芳烧、胶质和沥青质)分布影响乳化形成。仅在饱和烧和芳煌浓度到达一定水平且密度和粘度适当时，主要稳定剂沥青质和次要的胶质才可用于乳化形成。Theapproachestomodeldevelopmentwereimplementedandaredetailedintheliterature.4,38Theempiricaldataincludingoilcontentdata,viscosity,densityandtheresultingwater-in-oiltypestabilitywereusedtodevelopmathematicalcorrelation.38ThevalueforeachparameterwascorrelatedinaseriesofmodelsusingDataFit(OakdaleEngineering),whichcalculateslinearmodels.Atwo-stepprocessisnecessaryasDataFitisnotabletocalculatethespecificmathematicalfunctionwithmorethan2variables,duetothelargenumberofpossibilities.Thestepstoproducethefirstmodelsaresummarizedinearlierpapers.38Firsttheparametersavailablewerecorrelatedoneatatime.Thelatestmodelusedthenewstabilityindexasthetargetofthecorrelation.Thisnewapproachusedamulti-regressionprogramdirectly,usingvariousmulti-functionaltransformationsoftheinputoilpropertydata.实施了模型开发的方法，且在文献中详细说明。采用经验数据，包括油含量数据、粘度、密度和得出的油包水类型稳定性，建立数学关系。采用计算线性模的DataFit,在一些系列模型中，关联每个 参数 转速和进给参数表a氧化沟运行参数高温蒸汽处理医疗废物pid参数自整定算法口腔医院集中消毒供应 的值。由于大量的可能性，DataFit无法计算具有超过2个变量的特定数学函数，因此，需要两步过程。早期的论文中总结了产生第一个模型的步骤。首先，可用参数一次关联一个。最新模型使用新的稳定性指标，作为相关目标。这种新方法直接使用多元-回归程序，使用输入石油性质数据的不同多-函数转换。Atransformationisneededtoadjustthedatatoasingularincreasingordecreasingfunction.Regressionmethodswillnotrespondcorrectlytoafunctionthatvariesbothdirectlyandinverselywiththetargetparameter.Mostparametershaveanoptimalvaluewithrespecttoclass,thatisthevalueshaveapeakfunctionwithrespecttostabilityorclass.Afterthiscorrectionismadetothevalues,theregressioncoefficientincreases.Thearithmeticconvertsvaluesinfrontofthepeaktovaluesbehindthepeak,thusyieldingasimpledecliningfunction.Theoptimalvalueofthismanipulationisfoundbyusingapeakfunction.ThispeakfunctionfitisavailablefromTableCurvesoftware.需要将数据调整为单调递增或递减函数的转换。回归方法不会正确响应与目标参数同向和反向变化的函数。大多数参数具有相应类别的最正确值，即这些值具有对于稳定性或类别的峰值函数。进行这一修正后，回归系数增加。这一算法将峰值前值转换为峰后值，从得到一个简单的递减函数。使用峰值函数，可以找到这一处理的最正确值。这一峰函数可由TableCurve软件拟合。Thearithmetictoperformthetransformationis:1.iftheinitialvalueislessthanthepeakvalue,thentheadjustedvalueisthepeakvaluelesstheinitialvalue;2.andiftheinitialvalueismorethanthepeakvalue,theadjustedvalueistheinitialvaluelessthepeakvalue.Itshouldbenotedthattheexponentialofdensitywasusedandthenaturallogoftheviscosity.Previousmodelingworkhadshownthatthesemathematicalchangesarenecessarytoachievehighercorrelations.4Havingthetransformedvalues,thenewmodeldevelopmentproceedsbyfittingamultiplelinearequationtothedata.Thefunctionalitiesofsquare,logarithmicorexponentialcurvesareachievedbycorrelatingthestraightvalueoftheinputpropertiesplustheirexpandedvalues,takenhereastheexponentialofthestartingvalue;andtheircompandedvalues,thenaturallog(In).Eachparameteriscorrelatedwiththestabilityindexinfivesetsofmathematicalstatements.ThisissimilartothestandardGaussianexpansionregressiontechnique.40进行变换的算法是：1、如果初始值小于峰值，那么调整后的值是小于初始值的峰值;2、如果初始值大于峰值，那么调整值为小于峰值的初始值。应注意的是，采用密度的指数和粘度的自然对数。之前的建模工作说明，实现更高的相关性需要这些数学变化。有了转换后的值，通过将多元线性方程拟合数据，进行新模型开发。平方、对数或指数曲线的函数化是通过关联输入属性的值加上其展开值实现，这里取为起始值的指数；及其压扩值,即自然对数(In)。每个参数都与五组数学描述中的稳定性指数相关。这类似于标准的Gaussian展开回归技术。Inthismethodtheregressionisexpandedtofunctionalitiesaboveandbelowlinearuntiltheentireentityisoptimized.Forexamplealinearfunctionwouldbeincluded,thenasquareandthenasquarerootandsoonuntiltestsofthecompleteregressionshowthattherearenomoregainsinincreasedexpansions.Usingthistechnique,sixinputparameters:exponentialofdensity,Inofviscosity,saturatecontent,resincontent,asphaltenecontentandtheasphaltene/resinratio(A/R)werefoundtobeoptimal.Thuswith4transformationandtheoriginalvaluesoftheseinputparameters,therearesixtimesfiveor30inputcombinations.在这种方法中，回归展开到线性以上和以下的函数，直到整个实体得到优化。例如，□」包括一个线性函数，之后平方.，接着是平方根，依此类推，直到兑全回归测试说明增加展开中没有任何进展。采用这一技术，发现6个输入参数：密度指数、粘度In、饱和煌含量、胶质含量、沥青质含量和沥青质/胶质比(A/R)最正确。因此，采用4个变换和这些输入参数原始值，就有6乘5或30种输入组合。UsingDatafit,amultipleregressionsoftware,amaximumof20ofthesecouldbetakenatatimetotestthegoodness-of-fit.ValuesthatyieldProb(t)factorsofgreaterthan0.9weredroppedstabilityindex.给出了油包水乳化形成的数值模拟 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 的综述。最近的模型基于经验数据和乳化形成的相应物理知识。关联了密度、粘度、沥青质和胶质含量与稳定性指数。KeywordsOilSpillEmulsification;EmulsionFormation;EmulsionModelingIntroduction弓|言Water-in-oilemulsionssometimesformafteroilproductsarespilled.Theseemulsions,oftencalled“chocolatemousse"or“mousse”byoilspillworkers,canmakethecleanupofoilspillsverydifficult.1Whenwater-in-oilemulsionsform,thephysicalpropertiesofoilchangesdramatically.Asanexample,stableemulsionscontainfrom60to80%water,thusexpandingthespilledmaterialfrom2to5timestheoriginalvolume.Mostimportantly,theviscosityoftheoiltypicallychangesfromafewhundredmPa.stoabout100,000mPa.s,anincreasebyafactorof500to1000.Aliquidproductischangedintoaheavy,semi-solidmaterial.Theseemulsionsaredifficulttorecoverwithordinaryspillrecoveryequipment.石油产品泄漏后有时形成油包水乳化。这些乳化通常由石油泄漏工人称为“巧克力慕斯”或“摩丝”，会使石油泄漏变