敦煌莫高窟英语论文

敦煌莫高窟英语论文MogaoCavesMogaoCavesorMogaoGrottoesiscommonlyknownasThousandBuddhasCave.ItislocatedinDunhuangwhichisinthewestofGansuCorridor,anoasisstrategicallylocatedatareligiousandculturalcrossroadsontheSilkRoad.MogaoCavesisfamouswithitselegantmuralsandstatuesaroundtheworld.Itisthenationkeyculturalrelicpreservationorgan.MogaoCaveshasahistoryofmorethan1600years.Althoughitisattackedanddamagedbythenatureorpeopleinalonglongtime,MogaoCavesstillowns492caves,2415bodysculpture,themuralsofmorethan45000squaremeters,5timberworkbuildingsofTangandSongDynastyfromtheNorthernWeiDynasty,thelateXiWei,NorthernZhou,NorthernQi,SuiandTangDynasty,FiveDynasties,SongDynasty,Xixia,YuanDynasty,etc.Thefirstcavesweredugout366ADasplacesofBuddhistmeditationandworship.[2]TheMogaoCavesarethebestknownoftheChineseBuddhistgrottoesand,alongwithLongmenGrottoesandYungangGrottoes,areoneofthethreefamousancientBuddhistsculpturalsitesofChina.HistoryInordertoprotectagainsttheXiongnu,theHanDynastyEmperorWudisetupDunhuangasafrontiergarrisonoutpostin111BC.ItalsobecameanimportantgatewaytotheWest,acentreofcommercealongtheSilkRoad,aswellasameetingplaceofvariouspeopleandreligionssuchasBuddhism.TheconstructionoftheMogaoCavesnearDunhuangcandatebacktothefourthcenturyAD.Inthefirstplace,thecavesservedonlyasaplaceofmeditationforhermitmonks,butdevelopedtoservethemonasteriesthatsprungupnearbyintheearlyperiods,andbytheSuiandTangdynasties,MogaoCaveshadbecomeaplaceofworshipandpilgrimageforthepublic.DuringtheTangDynasty,alargenumberofthecaveswereconstructedatMogaointhatDunhuanghadbecamethemainhubofcommerceoftheSilkRoadandamajorreligiouscentre.TherearethetwolargestatuesofBuddhaatthesite,thelargestoneconstructedin695followinganedictayearearlierbyTangEmpressWuZetiantobuildgiantstatuesacrossthecountry.AfterthecataclysmicAnShiRebellion,DunhuangwasoccupiedbyTibetanregimeinancientChinaandvoluntaryarmy,butitaffectslittle.AftertheTangDynasty,thesitewentintoagradualdecline,andconstructionofnewcavesceasedentirelyaftertheYuanDynasty.Intheearly1900s,aChineseTaoistnamedWangYuanluappointedhimselfguardianofsomeofthesetemples.Wangdiscoveredawalledupareabehindonesideofacorridorleadingtoamaincave.Behindthewallwasasmallcavestuffedwithanenormoushoardofmanuscriptsdatingfrom406to1002CE.Artisticcharacteristics艺术特色:建筑艺术,彩塑艺术,壁画艺术,飞天TheMogaoGravesisalargecavetempleswhichcoversmorethantenmajorgenres,suchasarchitecture,stuccosculpture,wallpaintings,silkpaintings,calligraphy,woodblockprinting,embroidery,literature,musicanddance,andpopularentertainment.Itmainlyfocusesonmurals,supplementedbystatues.It’sBuddhistcavegrottoesmainlycontainsCentreTowercave,cavetemple,centralBuddhacave,cavewallsofthreeshrines,thegreatNirvanalikecavesandsoon.ManyoftheearlycavesranafterthecentralcolumnstyleofcaveconstructionseeninplacessuchasAjantaCavesinIndia.Thecentralcolumnrepresentthestuparoundwhichworshippersmaycircumambulateandgainblessings.AndalsosomeothercavesarehallcaveswhichareinfluencedbytraditionalChineseandBuddhisttemplearchitecture.Thesecavesmayhaveatruncatedpyramidalceilingsometimespaintedtoresembleatent,ortheymayhaveaflatorgabledceilingthatimitatestraditionalbuildings.SomeofthecavesusedformeditationareadaptationoftheIndianVihara(monastery)cavesandcontainside-chambersjustlargeenoughforonepersontositin.Thecaveisverydifferentinthesize.Thebiggestoneis16thcaveat268squaremeterswhilethesmallestoneis37thcavewhichheightiscorridors,plankroads.Butnowitdoesnotexist.MogaoCavesmuralsaremainlypaintedonthecavewallsandshrineswiththeprofoundcontent.ThemainsubjectmattersareBuddha,Buddhiststories,BuddhistHistoricalSites,afantasy,thedependentpersonandsoon.Exceptforthesevenclassesof,decorativepatterns,therearemanyperformanceincludeshunting,farming,textiles,transportation,war,building,dancing,weddingsandfuneralsandothersocialaspectsoflifepaintings.Someofthesepaintingsareforcefulbroad,andsomearemagnificent,reflectingtheartstylesandcharacteristics.ofdifferentperiodsThecliffinwhichtheMogaoGrottoesexistsissoftsoilandnotsuitablefortheproductionofstonestatuesoftheMogaoGrottoes.ThefourGiantBuddhastonearetireclaywhiletherestarewoodboneclay.ThestatuesareBuddhistdeityfigures,arrangedinvariouscombinationsofsinglestatuesandimages,Asforimages,Buddhaisgenerallyinthemiddle,stoodingonbothsidesofhisdisciples,theBuddha,King,Hercules,rangingfromthreetomorethan11.Thepaintedsculpturearetheformsofroundplastic,floatingplastic,plasticfilm,goodindustryplastic,etc.Thesestatuesareexquisite,realistic,imaginativeandhighlyaccomplished,blendingwiththemuralcontrast,complementingeachother.The96thcaveisthehighestcaveoftheMogaoGrottoes.Itsnine-storywith33metershighisattachedtotherockandbuiltasalandmarkbuildingoftheMogaoGrottoes.Itisanine-covereavesandinthemiddleofcliffcave.Thewoodenstructureistheredandtheappearanceofthecontourpatchworkissignificant.ThereliesSeatedBuddhamadeofclay,35.6metershigh.ItisthethirdlargestseatedBuddhainChinaaftertheLeshanGiantBuddhaandtheRongxianBigBuddha.AsforthespacetoaccommodatetheBigBuddha,thelowerpartislargewhiletheupperpartissmall,withthesmallplanesquare.Therearethetwochannelsoutsidethebuilding,bothavailablenearbytowatchtheBigBuddhaandthelightsourceoftheBuddhaheadandwaist.ThiscaveeavesexistedinthefirstyearofTangWende(1888),offivelayers.ItwasrebuiltandchangedtoafourlayerinNorthernSongDynastyQiandefourthyear(966years)andQingDynasty.In1935itwasrebuiltagaintoforma9-layershape.WhenitcomestoMogaomurals,flyingapsaraswillappearinpeople’smind.Beautifulflyingapsaras-theimagesculpturesofDunhuangCity,isalsoafairywhoisplayingtheguitarinthesky.“FlyingApsaras"meansdancingintheheaven.TheflyingapsarasistheartlogoofMogaoGrottoesatDunhuanginGansuprovince.Itistheimmortalityofart,isandthegoalpursuedbythecontemporaryartistofclassicart.TheNorthwestisawarmandemotionalpictureofbrightcolors,flyinglines,intheidealkingdomofheavenofthepaintersthere.Weseemtofeeltheinexhaustiblepassionboltedinthedesertwilderness.Perhapsitisthispassionthatbringsoutthestrengthofit.风格演变Theextant492caveswithmuralsandsculptureofMogaoGrottoescanberoughlydividedintofourperiods:theNorthernDynasties,SuiandTangDynasties,FiveDynasties,Song,WesternXiaandYuan.Amongthem,36cavesarebuiltintheNorthernDynasties.Theearliestageof268Cave,Cave272,Cave275maybebuiltintheNorthernLiangperiod.Themaincave-shapedaretheBuddhistcaves,thecentertower,andtempleofCave.Thecolorfulsculptureareroundsculptureorfilmsculpture.ThereareBuddha,Buddhiststories,fantasy,anddependentpersonsinthemurals.Thepostureofstatuefiguresarestronglybuilt,andtheirexpressionsseemdignifiedandquietwithsimplestyle.Thepreviousmuralsaresetinthebackgroundofredsoil,combinedwithgreen,whiteandothercolors.Thetoneiswarmandstrongandthelinesaresimpleandvigorous.Thecharactersareupright,filledwiththecharacteristicsofWesternBuddhism.AfterWesternWei,thebackgroundismostlywhiteandthetonetendstobeelegant,freeandeasystyle,withthestyleoftheCentralPlains.Thetypicalcavesectioncontain249caves,259caves,285caves,428cavesandsoon.隋唐是莫高窟发展的全盛时期，现存洞窟有300多个.塑像都为圆塑，造型浓丽丰肥，风格更加中原化，并出现了前代所没有的高大塑像。五代和宋时期的洞窟现存有100多个，多为改建、重绘的前朝窟室，形制主要是佛坛窟和殿堂窟。从晚唐到五代，统治敦煌的张氏和曹氏家族均崇信佛教，为莫高窟出资甚多，因此供养人画像在这个阶段大量出现并且内容也很丰富。塑像和壁画都沿袭了晚唐的风格，但愈到后期，其形式就愈显公式化，美术技法水平也有所降低。莫高窟现存西夏和元代的洞窟有85个。西夏修窟77个，多为改造和修缮的前朝洞窟，洞窟形制和壁画雕塑基本都沿袭了前朝的风格。一些西夏中期的洞窟出现回鹘王的形象，可能与回鹘人有关。而到了西夏晚期，壁画中又出现了西藏密宗的内容。元代洞窟只有8个，全部是新开凿的，出现了方形窟中设圆形佛坛的形制，壁画和雕塑基本上都和西藏密宗有关。典型洞窟有第3窟、第61窟和第465窟等。破坏情况莫高窟在元代以后已很鲜为人知，几百年里基本保存了原貌。但自藏经洞被发现后，随即吸引来许多西方的考古学家和探险者，他们以极低廉的价格从王圆箓处获得了大量珍贵典籍和壁画，运出中国或散落民间，严重破坏了莫高窟和敦煌艺术的完整性。1907年，英国考古学家马尔克·奥莱尔·斯坦因在进行第二次中亚考古旅行时，沿着罗布泊南的古丝绸之路，来到了敦煌。当听说莫高窟发现了藏经洞后，他找到王圆箓，表示愿意帮助兴修道观，取得了王的信任。于是斯坦因就被允许进入藏经洞拣选文书，他最终只用了200两银两，便换取了24箱写本和5箱其他艺术品带走。1914年，斯坦因再次来到莫高窟，又以500两银两向王圆箓购得了570段敦煌文献。这些藏品大都捐赠给了大英博物馆和印度的一些博物馆。大英博物馆现拥有与敦煌相关的藏品约1.37万件，是世界上收藏敦煌文物最多的地方，但近年来由于该馆对中国文物的保护不力甚至遭致失窃，因而受到不少指责。近代，除了藏经洞文物受到瓜分，敦煌壁画和塑像也蒙受了巨大的损失，目前所有唐宋时期的壁画均已不在敦煌。