AS 4100-1998 Steel structures

AS4100—1998AustralianStandard�SteelstructuresBuildingCodeofAustraliaprimaryreferencedStandardThisAustralianStandardwaspreparedbyCommitteeBD/1,SteelStructures.ItwasapprovedonbehalfoftheCouncilofStandardsAustraliaon17April1998andpublishedon5June1998.ThefollowinginterestsarerepresentedonCommitteeBD/1:AssociationofConsultingEngineersAustraliaAustralianConstructionServicesAustralianInstituteofSteelConstructionAUSTROADSBuildingManagementAuthority,W.A.BureauofSteelManufacturersofAustraliaCSIRO,DivisionofBuilding,ConstructionandEngineeringConfederationofAustralianIndustryInstitutionofEngineers,AustraliaMetalTradesIndustryAssociationofAustraliaNewZealandHeavyEngineeringResearchAssociationPublicWorksDepartment,N.S.W.RailwaysofAustraliaCommitteeUniversityofNewSouthWalesUniversityofQueenslandUniversityofSydneyWeldingTechnologyInstituteofAustraliaReviewofAustralianStandards.Tokeepabreastofprogressinindustry,AustralianStandardsaresubjecttoperiodicreviewandarekeptuptodatebytheissueofamendmentsorneweditionsasnecessary.ItisimportantthereforethatStandardsusersensurethattheyareinpossessionofthelatestedition,andanyamendmentsthereto.FulldetailsofallAustralianStandardsandrelatedpublicationswillbefoundintheStandardsAustraliaCatalogueofPublications;thisinformationissupplementedeachmonthbythemagazine‘TheAustralianStandard’,whichsubscribingmembersreceive,andwhichgivesdetailsofnewpublications,neweditionsandamendments,andofwithdrawnStandards.SuggestionsforimprovementstoAustralianStandards,addressedtotheheadofficeofStandardsAustralia,arewelcomed.NotificationofanyinaccuracyoramibuityfoundinanAustralianStandardshouldbemadewithoutdelayinorderthatthemattermaybeinvestigatedandappropriateactiontaken.�Copyright—STANDARDSAUSTRALIAUsersofStandardsareremindedthatcopyrightsubsistsinallStandardsAustraliapublicationsandsoftware.ExceptwheretheCopyrightActallowsandexceptwhereprovidedforbelownopublicationsorsoftwareproducedbyStandardsAustraliamaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsysteminanyformortransmittedbyanymeanswithoutpriorpermissioninwritingfromStandardsAustralia.Permissionmaybeconditionalonanappropriateroyaltypayment.RequestsforpermissionandinformationoncommercialsoftwareroyaltiesshouldbedirectedtotheHeadOfficeofStandardsAustralia.StandardsAustraliawillpermitupto10percentofthetechnicalcontentpagesofaStandardtobecopiedforuseexclusivelyin–housebypurchasersoftheStandardwithoutpaymentofaroyaltyoradvicetoStandardsAustralia.StandardsAustraliawillalsopermittheinclusionofitscopyrightmaterialincomputersoftwareprogramsfornoroyaltypaymentprovidedsuchprogramsareusedexclusivelyin–housebythecreatorsoftheprograms.CareshouldbetakentoensurethatmaterialusedisfromthecurrenteditionoftheStandardandthatitisupdatedwhenevertheStandardisamendedorrevised.ThenumberanddateoftheStandardshouldthereforebeclearlyidentified.Theuseofmaterialinprintformorincomputersoftwareprogramstobeusedcommercially,withorwithoutpayment,orincommercialcontractsissubjecttothepaymentofaroyalty.ThispolicymaybevariedbyStandardsAustraliaatanytime.TheStandardisdownloadedfromwww.bzfxw.comStandardSharingAS4100—1998AustralianStandard�SteelstructuresOriginatedinpartasSAAINT351—1956.PreviouseditionAS4100—1990.Secondedition1998.PUBLISHEDBYSTANDARDSAUSTRALIA(STANDARDSASSOCIATIONOFAUSTRALIA)1THECRESCENT,HOMEBUSH,NSW2140ISBN0733719813AS4100—19982PREFACEThisStandardwaspreparedbytheStandardsAustraliaCommitteeBD/1,SteelStructures,tosupersedeAS4100—1990.TheobjectiveofthisStandardistoprovidedesignersofsteelstructureswithspecificationsforsteelstructuralmembersusedforload-carryingpurposesinbuildingsandotherstructures.ThisneweditionoftheStandardincorporatesAmendmentsNo.1—1992,No.2—1993,No.3—1995anddraftAmendmentNo.4issuedforpubliccommentasDR97347.DraftAmendmentNo.4wasnotpublishedseparatelyasagreenslip.AmendmentNo.1—1992includesthefollowingmajorchanges:(a)StrengthofsteelscomplyingwithAS1163andAS/NZS1594.(Table2.1.)(b)Shearbucklingcapacityforstiffenedweb.(Clause5.11.5.2.)(c)Bearingbucklingcapacity.(Clause5.13.4.)AmendmentNo.2—1993includesthefollowingmajorchanges:(a)Shearandbendinginteractionmethod.(Clause5.12.3.)(b)Minimumareaforthedesignofintermediatetransversewebstiffeners.(Clause5.15.3.)(c)Sectioncapacityofmemberssubjecttocombinedactions.(Clause8.3.)(d)Strengthassessmentofabuttweld.(Clause9.7.2.7.)(e)Fatigue.(Section11.)AmendmentNo.3—1993includesthefollowingmajorchanges:(a)Compressivebearingactionontheedgeofaweb.(Clause5.13.)(b)Sectioncapacityofmemberssubjecttocombinedactions.(Clause8.3.)(c)In-planeandout-of-planecapacityofcompressionmembers.(Clauses8.4.2.2and8.4.41.)(d)Strengthassessmentofabuttweld.(Clause9.7.2.7.)(e)Earthquake.(Section13.)AmendmentNo.4includesthefollowingmajorchanges:(a)StrengthsofsteelscomplyingwithAS/NZS3678,AS/NZS3679.1andAS/NZS3679.2.(Table2.1.)(b)Minimumedgedistanceoffasteners.(Clause9.6.2.)(c)Permissibleservicetemperaturesaccordingtosteeltypeandthickness.(Table10.4.1.)(d)Steeltyperelationshiptosteelgrade.(Table10.4.4.)(e)WeldingofconcentricallybracedframesforstructuresofearthquakeDesignCategoryDandE.(Clause13.3.4.2.)Theterms‘normative’and‘informative’havebeenusedinthisStandardtodefinetheapplicationoftheappendixtowhichtheyapply.A‘normative’appendixisanintrgalpartofaStandard,whereasan‘informative’appendixisonlyforinformationandguidance.TheStandardisdownloadedfromwww.bzfxw.comStandardSharing3AS4100—1998CONTENTSPageSECTION1SCOPEANDGENERAL1.1SCOPEANDAPPLICATION8.......................................1.2REFERENCEDDOCUMENTS8......................................1.3DEFINITIONS8...................................................1.4NOTATION11......................................................1.5USEOFALTERNATIVEMATERIALSORMETHODS21..................1.6DESIGN21.........................................................1.7CONSTRUCTION22.................................................SECTION2MATERIALS2.1YIELDSTRESSANDTENSILESTRENGTHUSEDINDESIGN23..........2.2STRUCTURALSTEEL23............................................2.3FASTENERS23.....................................................2.4STEELCASTINGS24................................................SECTION3GENERALDESIGNREQUIREMENTS3.1DESIGN29.........................................................3.2LOADSANDOTHERACTIONS29....................................3.3STABILITYLIMITSTATE30.........................................3.4STRENGTHLIMITSTATE30.........................................3.5SERVICEABILITYLIMITSTATE31...................................3.6STRENGTHANDSERVICEABILITYLIMITSTATESBYLOADTESTING32........................................................3.7BRITTLEFRACTURE32.............................................3.8FATIGUE32........................................................3.9FIRE32............................................................3.10EARTHQUAKE32..................................................3.11OTHERDESIGNREQUIREMENTS32.................................SECTION4METHODSOFSTRUCTURALANALYSIS4.1METHODSOFDETERMININGACTIONEFFECTS33....................4.2FORMSOFCONSTRUCTIONASSUMEDFORSTRUCTURALANALYSIS33......................................................4.3ASSUMPTIONSFORANALYSIS34...................................4.4ELASTICANALYSIS34..............................................4.5PLASTICANALYSIS39..............................................4.6MEMBERBUCKLINGANALYSIS40..................................4.7FRAMEBUCKLINGANALYSIS43....................................AS4100—19984PageSECTION5MEMBERSSUBJECTTOBENDING5.1DESIGNFORBENDINGMOMENT45.................................5.2SECTIONMOMENTCAPACITYFORBENDINGABOUTAPRINCIPALAXIS45...............................................5.3MEMBERCAPACITYOFSEGMENTSWITHFULLLATERALRESTRAINT48.....................................................5.4RESTRAINTS49....................................................5.5CRITICALFLANGE53..............................................5.6MEMBERCAPACITYOFSEGMENTSWITHOUTFULLLATERALRESTRAINT53.....................................................5.7BENDINGINANON-PRINCIPALPLANE59............................5.8SEPARATORSANDDIAPHRAGMS59.................................5.9DESIGNOFWEBS59...............................................5.10ARRANGEMENTOFWEBS60.......................................5.11SHEARCAPACITYOFWEBS61......................................5.12INTERACTIONOFSHEARANDBENDING64..........................5.13COMPRESSIVEBEARINGACTIONONTHEEDGEOFAWEB65.........5.14DESIGNOFLOADBEARINGSTIFFENERS69..........................5.15DESIGNOFINTERMEDIATETRANSVERSEWEBSTIFFENERS71........5.16DESIGNOFLONGITUDINALWEBSTIFFENERS73.....................SECTION6MEMBERSSUBJECTTOAXIALCOMPRESSION6.1DESIGNFORAXIALCOMPRESSION74...............................6.2NOMINALSECTIONCAPACITY74...................................6.3NOMINALMEMBERCAPACITY76...................................6.4LACEDANDBATTENEDCOMPRESSIONMEMBERS80.................6.5COMPRESSIONMEMBERSBACKTOBACK82........................6.6RESTRAINTS83....................................................SECTION7MEMBERSSUBJECTTOAXIALTENSION7.1DESIGNFORAXIALTENSION84....................................7.2NOMINALSECTIONCAPACITY84...................................7.3DISTRIBUTIONOFFORCES84.......................................7.4TENSIONMEMBERSWITHTWOORMOREMAINCOMPONENTS85..................................................7.5MEMBERSWITHPINCONNECTIONS86..............................SECTION8MEMBERSSUBJECTTOCOMBINEDACTIONS8.1GENERAL87.......................................................8.2DESIGNACTIONS87...............................................8.3SECTIONCAPACITY87.............................................8.4MEMBERCAPACITY89.............................................TheStandardisdownloadedfromwww.bzfxw.comStandardSharing5AS4100—1998PageSECTION9CONNECTIONS9.1GENERAL95.......................................................9.2DEFINITIONS98...................................................9.3DESIGNOFBOLTS99...............................................9.4ASSESSMENTOFTHESTRENGTHOFABOLTGROUP102...............9.5DESIGNOFAPINCONNECTION102..................................9.6DESIGNDETAILSFORBOLTSANDPINS103...........................9.7DESIGNOFWELDS104..............................................9.8ASSESSMENTOFTHESTRENGTHOFAWELDGROUP113..............9.9PACKINGINCONSTRUCTION114.....................................SECTION10BRITTLEFRACTURE10.1METHODS115......................................................10.2NOTCH-DUCTILERANGEMETHOD115...............................10.3DESIGNSERVICETEMPERATURE115.................................10.4MATERIALSELECTION115..........................................10.5FRACTUREASSESSMENT118........................................SECTION11FATIGUE11.1GENERAL119.......................................................11.2FATIGUELOADING121..............................................11.3DESIGNSPECTRUM121..............................................11.4EXEMPTIONFROMASSESSMENT122.................................11.5DETAILCATEGORY123..............................................11.6FATIGUESTRENGTH134.............................................11.7EXEMPTIONFROMFURTHERASSESSMENT136.......................11.8FATIGUEASSESSMENT136..........................................11.9PUNCHINGLIMITATION136..........................................SECTION12FIRE12.1REQUIREMENTS137................................................12.2DEFINITIONS137...................................................12.3DETERMINATIONOFPERIODOFSTRUCTURALADEQUACY137........12.4VARIATIONOFMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFSTEELWITHTEMPERATURE138..................................................12.5DETERMINATIONOFLIMITINGSTEELTEMPERATURE138..............12.6DETERMINATIONOFTIMEATWHICHLIMITINGTEMPERATUREISATTAINEDFORPROTECTEDMEMBERS139...........................12.7DETERMINATIONOFTIMEATWHICHLIMITINGTEMPERATUREISATTAINEDFORUNPROTECTEDMEMBERS141.........................12.8DETERMINATIONOFPSAFROMASINGLETEST142...................AS4100—19986Page12.9THREE-SIDEDFIREEXPOSURECONDITION142........................12.10SPECIALCONSIDERATIONS142......................................SECTION13EARTHQUAKE13.1GENERAL145.......................................................13.2DEFINITIONS145...................................................13.3DESIGNANDDETAILINGREQUIREMENTS145.........................13.4DESIGNREQUIREMENTSFORNON-BUILDINGSTRUCTURES147........SECTION14FABRICATION14.1GENERAL148.......................................................14.2MATERIAL148......................................................14.3FABRICATIONPROCEDURES148.....................................14.4TOLERANCES151...................................................SECTION15ERECTION15.1GENERAL156.......................................................15.2ERECTIONPROCEDURES156.........................................15.3TOLERANCES159...................................................15.4INSPECTIONOFBOLTEDCONNECTIONS163..........................15.5GROUTINGATSUPPORTS163........................................SECTION16MODIFICATIONOFEXISTINGSTRUCTURES16.1GENERAL164.......................................................16.2MATERIALS164.....................................................16.3CLEANING164......................................................16.4SPECIALPROVISIONS164............................................SECTION17TESTINGOFSTRUCTURESORELEMENTS17.1GENERAL165.......................................................17.2DEFINITIONS165...................................................17.3TESTREQUIREMENTS165...........................................17.4PROOFTESTING165.................................................17.5PROTOTYPETESTING166............................................17.6REPORTOFTESTS166...............................................APPENDICESAREFERENCEDDOCUMENTS167.......................................BSUGGESTEDDEFLECTIONLIMITS169..................................CCORROSIONPROTECTION170.........................................DADVANCEDSTRUCTURALANALYSIS172..............................ESECONDORDERELASTICANALYSIS173...............................FMOMENTAMPLIFICATIONFORASWAYMEMBER174...................TheStandardisdownloadedfromwww.bzfxw.comStandardSharing7AS4100—1998PageGBRACEDMEMBERBUCKLINGINFRAMES175..........................HELASTICRESISTANCETOLATERALBUCKLING177.....................ISTRENGTHOFSTIFFENEDWEBPANELSUNDERCOMBINEDACTIONS182.........................................................JSTANDARDTESTFOREVALUATIONOFSLIPFACTOR184................KINSPECTIONOFBOLTTENSIONUSINGATORQUEWRENCH188..........INDEX189.................................................................AS4100—19988COPYRIGHTSTANDARDSAUSTRALIAAustralianStandardSteelstructuresSECTION1SCOPEANDGENERAL1.1SCOPEANDAPPLICATION1.1.1ScopeThisStandardsetsoutminimumrequirementsforthedesign,fabrication,erection,andmodificationofsteelworkinstructuresinaccordancewiththelimitstatesdesignmethod.ThisStandardappliestobuildings,structuresandcranesconstructedofsteel.ThisStandardisintendedtoapplyalsotoroadway,railway,andpedestrianbridges.However,therequirementsgiveninthisStandardmaynotalwaysbesufficientforbridgeapplications.Inthesecircumstances,thespecificationsoftherelevantAuthorityshallbeused.ThisStandarddoesnotapplytothefollowingstructuresandmaterials:(a)Steelelementslessthan3mmthick,withtheexceptionofsectionscomplyingwithAS1163andpackers.(b)Steelmembersforwhichthevalueoftheyieldstressusedindesign(fy)exceeds450MPa.(c)Cold-formedmembers,otherthanthosecomplyingwithAS1163,whichshallbedesignedinaccordancewithAS/NZS4600.(d)Compositesteel-concretemembers,whichshallbedesignedinaccordancewithAS2327.NOTE:Thegeneralprinciplesofdesign,fabrication,erection,andmodificationembodiedinthisStandardmaybeappliedtosteel-framedstructuresormembersnotspecificallymentionedherein.1.1.2ApplicationThisStandardwillbereferencedintheBuildingCodeofAustraliabywayofBCAAmendmentNo.3tobepublishedby1July1998,therebysupersedingthepreviousedition,AS4100—1990,whichwillbewithdrawn12monthsfromthedateofpublicationofthisedition.1.2REFERENCEDDOCUMENTSThedocumentsreferredtointhisStandardarelistedinAppendixA.1.3DEFINITIONSForthepurposeofthisStandard,thedefinitionsbelowapply.DefinitionspeculiartoaparticularClauseorSectionarealsogiveninthatClauseorSection.Action—thecauseofstressordeformationsinastructure.Actioneffectorloadeffect—theinternalforceorbendingmomentduetoactionsorloads.Authority—abodyhavingstatutorypowerstocontrolthedesignanderectionofastructure.Bearing-typeconnection—connectioneffectedusingeithersnug-tightbolts,orhigh-strengthboltstightenedtoinduceaspecifiedminimumbolttension,inwhichthedesignactionistransferredbyshearintheboltsandbearingontheconnectedpartsatthestrengthlimitstate.Bearing-wallsystem—seeAS1170.4.Bracedframe—seeAS1170.4.Bracedmember—oneforwhichthetransversedisplacementofoneendofthememberrelativetotheotheriseffectivelyprevented.Buildingframesystem—seeAS1170.4.TheStandardisdownloadedfromwww.bzfxw.comStandardSharing9AS4100—1998COPYRIGHTCapacityfactor—afactorusedtomultiplythenominalcapacitytoobtainthedesigncapacity.Completepenetrationbuttweld—abuttweldinwhichfusionexistsbetweentheweldandparentmetalthroughoutthecompletedepthofthejoint.Concentricbracedframe—seeAS1170.4.Constantstressrangefatiguelimit—highestconstantstressrangeforeachdetailcategoryatwhichfatiguecracksarenotexpectedtopropagate(seeFigure11.6.1).Cut-offlimit—foreachdetailcategory,thehighestvariablestressrangewhichdoesnotrequireconsiderationwhencarryingoutcumulativedamagecalculations(seeFigures11.6.1and11.6.2).Designactioneffectordesignloadeffect—theactionorloadeffectcomputedfromthedesignactionsordesignloads.Designactionordesignload—thecombinationofthenominalactionsorloadsandtheloadfactors,asspecifiedinAS1170.1,AS1170.2,AS1170.3orAS1170.4.Designcapacity—theproductofthenominalcapacityandthecapacityfactor.Designlife—periodoverwhichastructureorstructuralelementisrequiredtoperformitsfunctionwithoutrepair.Designresistanceeffect—theresistanceeffectcomputedfromtheloadsanddesigncapacitiescontributingtowardsthestabilitylimitstateresistance.Designspectrum—sumofthestressspectrafromallofthenominalloadingeventsexpectedduringthedesignlife.Detailcategory—designationgiventoaparticulardetailtoindicatewhichoftheS-Ncurvesistobeusedinthefatigueassessment.Discontinuity—anabsenceofmaterial,causingastressconcentration.Drift—seeAS1170.4.Dualsystem—seeAS1170.4.Ductility—seeAS1170.4.Earthquakedesigncategory—seeAS1170.4.Earthquakeresistingsystem—seeAS1170.4.Eccentricbracedframe—seeAS1170.4.Exposedsurfaceareatomassratio—theratioofthesurfaceareaexposedtothefiretothemassofsteel.Fatigue—damagecausedbyrepeatedfluctuationsofstressleadingtogradualcrackingofastructuralelement.Fatigueloading—setofnominalloadingeventsdescribedbythedistributionoftheloads,theirmagnitudesandthenumbersofapplicationsofeachnominalloadingevent.Fatiguestrength—thestressrangedefinedinClause11.6foreachdetailcategory(seeFigures11.6.1and11.6.2)varyingwiththenumberofstresscycles.Fireexposurecondition—(a)three-sidedfireexposurecondition—steelmemberincorporatedinorincontactwithaconcreteormasonryfloororwall.(b)four-sidedfireexposurecondition—asteelmemberexposedtofireonallsides.Fireprotectionsystem—thefireprotectionmaterialanditsmethodofattachmenttothesteelmember.Fire-resistancelevel(FRL)—thefire-resistancegradingperiodforstructuraladequacyonly,inminutes,whichisrequiredtobeattainedinthestandardfiretest.AS4100—199810COPYRIGHTFriction-typeconnection—connectioneffectedusinghigh-strengthboltstightenedtoinduceaspecifiedminimumbolttensionsuchthattheresultantclampingactiontransfersthedesignshearforcesattheserviceabilitylimitstateactingintheplaneofthecommoncontactsurfacesbythefrictiondev