跨文化交际知识整理-docx

Unit11economicglobalization(经济全球化）：theintegrationofnationaleconomiesintotheinternationaleconomythroughtrade,foreigndirectinvestment,capitalflows,migration,andthespreadoftechnology.2bartersystem(物物交换）：exchangewithoutmoney–Farmingcommunitiestradedtheirsurplusproduceinexchangeforproductsandserviceswithoutthemediumofmoney.–Humansocietyhasalwaystradedgoodsacrossgreatdistances.3globalvillage(地球村）：theworldformonecommunity–Allthedifferentpartsoftheworldformonecommunitylinkedtogetherbyelectroniccommunications,especiallytheInternet.4meltingpot(大熔炉）：asocio-culturalassimilationofpeopleofdifferentbackgroundsandnationalities.5culture(文化）：canbeenseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagivenculture.6culturaldiversity(文化融合）：referstothemixofpeoplefromvariousbackgroundsinthelaborforcewithafullmixofculturesandsub-culturestowhichmembersbelong.7.Communication(交际）:meantosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge.8interculturalcommunication(跨文化交际）：communicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalbackgroundsanddistinct(不同）enoughtoalter（改变）theircommunicaion。9componentsofcommunication（交际的十大要素）①source(来源）：thepersonwhodesiresto②encoding(编码）：theprocessofputtingonideaintoasymbol③message(信息）：identifiestheencodingthought④channel(渠道）：themeansoftransmission(传播途径）⑤noise(干扰）：anythingdistortsthemessages⑥receiver(接受者）：thepersonwhoattendstothemessage⑦decoding(解码）：assigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived⑧receiverresponse(接受者反应）：anythingthereceiverdoes⑨feedback(反馈）：theportionwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning⑩context(场景）：helpdefine(使明确）thecommunication思考题：1.Discussthefourtrendsthatmakeourworldmoreinterdependent.①convenienttransportationsystems(便捷的交通系统）②innovativecommunicationsystems(革新通信技术）③economicglobailzation(经济全球化）④widespreadmigrations(广泛的移民)2.Whatarethethreeingredients(组成)ofculture?①artifacts(thematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproduce)②behavior(whattheydo)③concepts(共有观点）(whattheythink)TheconceptofcultureCulture:alearnedsetofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeople.3.Howtounderstandculturaliceberg?justasaniceberg,culturehassomeaspectsthatareobservableandothersthatcanonlybesuspectedanimagined.Alsolikeaniceberg,nine-tenthofcultureisbelowthesurface4.Whatarethecharacteristic(特点）ofculture?①shared②learned(enculuration文化习得：learningone'sculture)③dynamic(动态的）（accultration文化适应：adoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanotherculture)④ethnocentric(ethnocentrism文化中心主义：ownculturalbackgroundissuperior)5.Whatarethecharacteristicofcommunication?①dynamic(动态性）；②irreversible(不可逆转的）③symbolic(符号的）④systematic(系统性）⑤transactional（互动性）⑥contextual(语境)Unit2-41Pragmatics（语用学）:thestudyoftheeffectthatlanguagehasonhumanperceptionsandbehavior.2Semantics（语义学）：asystemthatassociateswordstomeaning.Itisthestudyofthemeaningofwords.3Denotation（引申含义）：theliteralmeaningordefinitionofaword---theexplicit,particular,definedmeaning.精讲案例：Case1.Case3(p17).Case4(p19).Case2(p43).Case3(p45).Case1(p67).Case3(p69)思考题：1.HowisChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing?1.InChinesethesurnamecomesfirstandisfollowedbythegivenname；inEnglishthisorderisreversed.2.UsingofgivennamesismorepopularinAmericathaninChina.InChinaseniority(资历）ispaidrespectsto.Nowadays,manyEnglish-speakingpeopletendtoaddressothersbytheirgivennames,evenwhenmeetingforthefirsttime.(Aboutaddressingbyrelationship）3.Chineseoftenextendkinshiptermsto(peoplenotrelatedbybloodormarriage)otherrelationship.Americanstendtousejustthefirstnameandleaveoutthetermofrelationship.Chineseuseaperson'stitle、office、orprofessiontoindicate(表明）theperson'sinfluential(有权势的）status.InEnglish,onlyafewoccupationsortitlescouldbeused，suchasdoctor,governor,mayor,professor,nurseandmakesinthearmedforceslikecaptain.(p24)2.Whatarethesocialfunctionsofcompliments?(赞美的社会功能是什么？)Creatingorreinforcing(加固）solidarity,greetingpeople,expressingthanksorcongratulations,encouragingpeople,softeningcriticism（委婉批评）,startingaconversation,orevenovercomingembarrassment（窘迫）.Unit51Chronemics（时间学）：Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.(1)PolychromicTime:payingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.(2)PolychronicTime（多元时间观念）:beinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.2Proxemics（空间学）：Referstotheperceptionanduseofspace.3Kinetics（身势学）:thestudyofbodylanguage.身势学4Paralanguage(副语言)：Involvingsoundsbutnotwordandlyingbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.精讲案例case1(p85).case3(p87).case5.6(p90).case7(91）.思考题：1.WhatarethedifferentfeaturesofM-TimeandP-time?M-Timethinktimeisperceivedasalinearstrucure.认为时间是线性的P-Timeislessrigid(刻板）andclock-bound,moreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.2.HowistheChinesewritingstyledifferenttheAmericanwritingstyle?TheChineseemployacircularapproachinwriting.Inthiskindofindirectwriting,thedevelopmentoftheparagraphmaybesaidtobe‘turningandturninginawideninggyre’.Thecirclesorgyresturnaroundthesubjectandshowitfromavarietyoftangentialviews,butthesubjectisneverlookedatdirectly.Aparagraphissetoffbyanindentationofitsfirstsentencesorbysomeotherconventionaldevise,suchasextraspacebetweenparagraphs.Incontrast,theAmericansaredirectandlinearinwriting.AnEnglishexpositoryparagraphusuallybeginswithatopicstatement,andthen,byaseriesofsubdivisionsofthattopicstatement,eachsupportedbyexampleandillustrations,proceeds,todevelopthatcentralideaandrelatethatideatoallotherideasinthewholeessay,andtoemploythatideainproperrelationshipwiththeotherideas,toprovesomething,orperhapstoarguesomething.3.Whatarethedifferentfeatureofm-timeandp-time?P97M:DoonethingatatimeTaketimecommitmentsseriouslyArecommittedtothejobAdherereligiouslytoplansEmphasizepromptnessAreaccustomedtoshort-termrelationshipsP:DomanythingsatonceConsidertimecommitmentsanobjectivetobeachieved,ifpossibleArecommittedtopeopleandhumanrelationshipsChangeplansoftenandeasilyBasepromptnessontherelationshipHavestrongtendencytobuildlifetimerelationshipsM-timeisnotedforitsemphasisonschedules,segmentation,punctualityandpromptness.Itfeaturesoneeventatatimeandtimeisperceivedasalinearstructure.P-timeislessrigidandclock-bound.Itfeaturesseveralactivitiesatthesametimeandtimeisperceivedasmoreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.4.WhatdifferentworldviewcanbedrivefromBuddhism（佛教）andChristianity（基督教）?Buddhistsdonotbelieveinagodorgodswhocreatedtheworld.However,theydobelievethatthereisasupremeandwonderfultruththatwordscannotteach,andritualcannotattain.Buddhistsarenotfavorablydisposedtothenotionoffreeenterpriseandthepursuitofmaterialwell-being.Seenfromawesternworldview,havingnodesiresadverselyaffectsmotivesforpersonalenrichmentandgrowthgenerally.Thus,littlesupportisaccordedtofreeenterprise.Christianityrecognizestheimportanceofworkandfreeownershipofproperty.Protestant,inparticular,seesthesalvationoftheindividualthroughhardworkandpiety.5.WhatistheAmericanculturalvaluelikeintermsofvalueorientation?（美国文化价值取向）Asfarasthehumannatureisconcerned,theAmericancultureholdsthatitisevilbutperfectiblethroughhardwork.Astotherelationofmantonature,theythinkmankindcanconquerthenature.Theyalsohavealineartimeconceptandthereforetheyarefuture-oriented.Theyfocusondoingandthinkthatonlyactionscansolvetheproblem.Theyarequiteindividualisticandthereforetheyfocuslessonthebenefitsofthegroup.ChineseculturalvaluesAsfarasthehumannatureisconcerned,Chinesecultureholdsthatitisgoodbutcorruptiblewithoutpropereducation.Astotherelationofnature,theythinkmankindcanliveinharmonywithnature.Theyalsohaveacyclicaltimeconceptandthereforetheyarepast-oriented.Theyhaveabeing-and-becomingattitudetowardsactivityandthinkthatmanshouldkeepaninnerpeaceasnothingiseternal.Theyarequitecollectiveandthereforetheyfocusmoreonthebenefitsofthegroup.6.DiscoverthemeaningofsomecommongesturesinEnglish①goodluck②someoneiscrazy③Idon'tknow④Pardon!Ican'thearyou.⑤That'senough,Itisalloverforme.⑥nogoodorbadnews⑦Sthstrange/odd/suspicious⑧Comehere⑨intheU.S.,meaning"OK"⑩inItaly,meaning"Hero".⑾Oh,Iforgotoranexpressionofsurprise⑿Slowdown/Relax/Waitasecond.Unit6精讲案例case1(p115).case2(p116).p124-126中的小案例思考题：1.WhatarethetwoprimaryinfluencesprocessesofGenderSocialization?FamilycommunicationRecreationalinteraction2.Howisgenderdifferentfromsex?P119~120Sex:biological,permanent,withaindividualpropertyGender:sociallyconstructed,variedovertimeandacrosscultures,withasocialandrelationalqualityUnit7精讲案例case1(p137).case3(p139)1Discusstheconceptsofhighcontextcultureandlowcontextculture.Easternculturefavorsverbalhesitanceandambiguityinordertoavoiddisturbingoroffendingothers,theburdenofsmoothcommunicationeffectiveissharedequallybetweenallpartiesinvolved.TheWesterncommunicativemodeisprimarily(直接）direct,explicit（明确）,andverbal,relyingheavilyonlogicalandrationalperception(感知）,thinking，andarticulation.Sothetaskofcommunicatingeffectivelyliesprimarilyonthespeaker.Unit91Aplanetaryculture（行星文化）:integratesEasternmysticismwithWesternscienceandrationalism(理性主义）.2Interculturalperson（跨文化的人）:representssomeonewhosecognitive(认知的）,affective,andbehavioral(行为的）characteristicsareopentogrowthbeyondthepsychologicalparameters(心理界限）ofhisorherownculture.1.IdentifythefeaturesofeachoffourHofsted’sculturaldimensionsandthecontrastbetweenhigh-contextandlow-contextculture.Individualism（个人主义）VScollectivism（集体主义）/Masculinity（刚性文化）VSfemininity(柔性文化）/Powerdistance(权利差距）/Uncertaintyavoidance（不确定性规避）High-contextcultures（含蓄的文化）assignmeaningtomanyofthestimulisurroundinganexplicitmessage.Inhigh-contextcultures,verbalmessageshavelittlemeaningwithoutthesurroundingcontext,whichincludestheoverallrelationshipbetweenallthepeopleengagedincommunication.Low-contextcultures（外向型的文化）excludemanyofthosestimuliandfocusmoreintenselyontheobjectivecommunicationevent,whetheritbeaword,asentence,oraphysicalgesture.Inlow-contextcultures,themessageitselfmeanseverything."I"culture(个体主义）：1.Freedomtocontroltheirwondestiny2.Self-reliancetostandontheirownfeet3.Privacytomindtheirownbusiness4.Familytiestendtoberelativelyunimportant"We"culture(集体主义）：1.Harmonytostriveforthecommongood2.Competitionisnotencouraged3.Limitrightstoproperty4.Filialpiety(孝顺）5.Inter-dependantPowerdistance(权利差距）：describesthedistribution(分布）ofinfluencewithintheculture,theextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersoforganizationsandinstitutionsacceptandexpectthatpowerisdistributedunequally.Culturesareclassifiedonacontinuum(延续体）ofhightolowdistance,thatishierarchy(等级主义）v.s.egalitarian（平等主义）.Masculinecultures(刚性文化）:Theseculturesplacehighvaluesonmaculinetraitsandstressassertiveness,competitionandmaterialsuccess.Femininecultures(柔性文化）：Theseculturesplacehighvaluesonfeminnetraitsandstressqualityoflife,interpersonalrelationshipsandconcernfortheweak.其他名词解释：1.Enculturation(文化习得):alltheactivitiesoflearningone’sculturearecalledenculturation9.Acculturation(文化适应):theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.10.Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):thebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.11.Communication:meantosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge.12.ComponentsofCommunication：Source交际邀请Thesourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshedesirestocommunicate.Encoding编码Unfortunately(orperhapsfortunately),humansarenotabletosharethoughtsdirectly.Yourcommunicationisintheformofasymbolrepresentingtheideayoudesiretocommunicate.Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.Message编码信息Thetermmessageidentifiestheencodedthought.Encodingistheprocess,theverb;themessageistheresultingobject.Channel交际渠道Thetermchannelisusedtechnicallytorefertothemeansbywhichtheencodedmessageistransmitted.Thechannelormedium,then,maybeprint,electronic,orthelightandsoundwavesoftheface-to-facecommunication.Noise干扰Thetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthatdistortsthemessagethesourceencodes.Receiver交际接受Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Decoding解码Decodingistheoppositeprocessofencodingandjustasmuchanactiveprocess.Thereceiverisactivelyinvolvedinthecommunicationprocessbyassigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived.Receiverresponse接受反应Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Receiverresponsereferstoanythingthereceiverdoesafterhavingattendedtoanddecodedthemessage.Feedback反馈Feedbackreferstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning.Context场景Thefinalcomponentofcommunicationiscontext.Generally,contextcanbedefinedastheenvironmentinwhichthecommunicationtakesplaceandwhichhelpsdefinethecommunication.16.Connotation（内涵）：thesuggestivemeaningofaword---allthevalues,judgment,andbeliefsimpliedbyawordthehistoricalandassociativeaccretionoftheunspokensignificancebehindtheliteralmeaning.17.Taboo禁忌语：referstosomeobjects,wordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,orincertaincultureforreligiousorsocialreasons.18.Euphemism委婉语：Meanstheactofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive.谚语：Strikewhiletheironishot趁热打铁Morehaste,lessspeed.欲速不达Topassfisheyesforpearls鱼目混珠asstubbornasamule犟得像头牛dumbbell笨蛋tofishintheair水底捞月todrinklikeafish牛饮asdryassawdust味同嚼蜡tobeattheendofone’srope山穷水尽landscapeengineer园林工人tonsorialartist理发师sanitationengineer清洁工shoerebuilder补鞋匠softinthehead发疯的recklessdisregardfortruth撒谎totakethingswithoutpermission偷窃industrialclimate劳资关系紧张justicehaslongarms天网恢恢，疏而不漏diamondcutdiamond棋逢对手goldensaying金玉良言fatoffice肥缺Youwillcrossthebridgewhenyougettoit船到桥头自然直betterbetheheadofadogthanthetailofalion宁为鸡头，勿为牛后treaduponeggs如履薄冰