研究生英语高级教程unitWord版

传播优秀Word版文档，希望对您有帮助，可双击去除！传播优秀Word版文档，希望对您有帮助，可双击去除！传播优秀Word版文档，希望对您有帮助，可双击去除！HowtoLiveandLoveinthe21stCentury[1]Therearemanyreasonstothinkquotidianethicsmatter.Forone,gobacktoAristotle,theinventorofwhathascometobeknownasvirtueethics.Aristotlerecognizedthathumanbeingsareessentiallycreaturesofhabit.Ifwewanttobegood,wehavetogetintothehabitofbeinggood.Andhabitsareformedbyconstantrepetitionofbehaviors.Thedailypracticeofcivilityandpolitenesshelps,becauseitreinforcesaregardforothersandconcernfortheirwelfare.Anotherreasontobeworriedaboutsmallactsofvirtueisthatlifeis,onthewhole,madeupofsmallthings.Mostofusmanagetoavoidmurderingpeopleorstealingtheircars．Amongthemajority,whatmakesthedifferencebetweenpeoplewethinkofasgoodandthoseweregardasselfish,meanorjustdisagreeable,isverymuchhowtheybehaveovermyriadsmallissues.Justthinkaboutthenicestpeopleyouknowandmostofthetimeyou’lldiscoverthatyourregardforthemisnotbasedontheirtirelessworktoeradicateworldpoverty,butabasicdecencyexpressedthroughtheireverydaydealingswithothers．[2]Justasgoodcharactercomesfromthebottomup,sodoesagoodsociety.Thisiswhytheideaofclampingdownonanti-socialbehaviorbuildsonagenuineinsight.Respectforourfellowcitizensstartswitharespectfortheirrighttoleaveatrainwithouthavingtopushpastotherstryingtogeton,ortositonabuswithouthavingsomeoneshoutingintheirearsthewholeway．Soitisthatgoodmannerandcivilityneedtobereclaimedbysocialprogressives．Forgetetiquette：itreallydoesn’tmatterhowyouholdyourforkorwhichwayyoupasstheport.Whatmattersishowyoutreatyourhostandfellowguests.It’snotprimarilyaquestionofrules;it’saquestionofhavinganattitudeofrespectandconsideration.Still,ruleshelp,eveniftheyareonlyofthumb.Herearesomeofours.[3]WrongnumbersYoushouldnotacceptorcontinueaphonecallifashopassistantisservingyou.IfJean-PaulSartrewerealive,whichheisn’t,andhegaveadvice,whichhedidn’t,hemaywellhaveshedlightonthecorrectuseofamobilephone.Sowhenweignorethepresenceofsomeonelikeashopassistant,treatingthemasabsentandtheabsentcalleraspresent,wearedoingnolessthandenyingtheirhumanity.Forthesamereason,youshouldnevertextanybodywhileinthemiddleofaconversation.Oremail,forthatmatter.Youshouldalwaysmonitoryourvolumewhenchattingonyourmobile.Peoplewhohaven’tyetlearnedthisbasicfactshowthemselvestobeoblivioustothepresenceofothers.Thisisnosmallfailing.DavidHumeargued,thatmoralsarefoundedonabasicsympathyforourfellowcreatures,bywhichwecanappreciatethattheytoohaveplans,projectsandexperiencesoftheworld,onesthatmaynotinvolvehavingtolistentothefascinatingdetailsofwhere-we-are-now.Confuciussays,“Whatyoudonotwantdonetoyourself,donotdotoothers.”QED.[4]TravellingrightStopforpedestriansatpedestriancrossings.EvensomeonewhorejectsconventionalmoralityandassertstheirNietzscheanwilltopowerhasreasontodothis.Youdemonstrateyourpoweroverthepedestrianmoreeffectively,notbyignoringthem,butbyshowingthatyouvoluntarilystop,eventhoughyoucouldjustmotoronby.Suchadisplayofmagnanimityisworthyoftheubermensch.Onpublictransport,allowpeopletoalightbeforeyouboard.Donotputyourfeetupontheseats.AsBurkesaid,“Societyisindeedacontract,”andeachofushastomeetoursideofthebargains.[5]GoodLovingDonotsmoochinthecompanyofothers.Itisanoddityofhumannaturethatwhilepornographyismuchsoughtafter,wedonotgenerallydelightinseeingothersslurpilymanifesttheirloveinpublic.Maybeitisjustenvy:thesingleareharshlyremindedofthelackofaffectionintheirlives,thelong-attachedofthelackofrawpassionintheirs.Whatevertheexplanation,publicsmoochingisexceedinglyirritatingtoothers,whichmeansweshouldn’tdoit.Alwaysdumpinperson,notbytext,faxoremail.Hamletmayhavesaidthat“consciencedothmakecowardsofusall”,butsurelyittakesaspeciallackofconsciencetobesocowardlyastoendarelationshipanyotherwaythanfacetoface.It’stheonlywaytopreservebothrespectforthedumpedandthedignityofthedumper.[6]NewageIfyougothroughadoorfirstyoushouldalwaysholditopenforthosewhofollow.Age,genderandsocialclassmakenodifference.Extendingthiscommoncourtesytoallisasignthatweholdeveryoneinequalrespect.Inotherwords,it’snothinglessthananexpressionoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsatthesmallestpossiblelevel.Offeryourseattotheelderly,butdon’tassumethey’llwantit.Marxmayhavegothiseconomicsandhistoryterriblywrong,butwhenitcomestopublictransport,youcan’tdomuchbetterthanapplyhisprinciple,“Fromeachaccordingtohisabilities,toeachaccordingtohisneeds.”Thetroubleisthatmanyolderpeoplearefitterthanthefatthirtysomethingswhocanbarelygettheirarsesintotheseatsonpublictransport,andtheyresenttheassumptionthattheyaretoofrailtostandformorethanfiveminuteswithouthavingacardiacarrest.Soalthoughingeneralyoushouldoffertheelderlyaseat,avoidpatronizingthemwhenyoudoso.Offeryourseattoapregnantwoman.Butplease,onlyifyou’reconfidentshereallyispregnant.[7]SocialworkIfinvitedtosomeone’shousefordinner,don’tbeoneoftheungratefulfed.Exactlywhatyoudocanvary,anditissillytothinkthatyoumustalwaysbringwineorflowers,orsendathank-youmessage,eventhoughbothareusuallyadvisable.Themainthingisnottotakeyourhost’shospitalityforgrantedandshowgratitude.Don’tdrinkmoreatapartythanyoubrought.Thisisaversionoftheso-calledfreeloaderproblem,whichonagranderscaleincludespeoplewhousepublicserviceswithoutpayingforthem,acceptcharitywhilenevergiving,orponcecigarettesbutareneverknowinglyponcedthemselves.ThisbreaksKant’smaximthatoneshouldonlyactinawaythatyoucanconsistentlywishalltofollow.And,ofcourse,wecan’tallfreeload,astherewouldbenoonetofreeloadfrom.[8]Child’splayDoincludelittleEmilyandbabyJackwhenaddressingChristmascardstotheirparents.Nevertellsomebodyelse’schildoffinfrontofthem,orcriticizeadultsfortheirpoorparenting.Exceptwhenyoushould.Donotundertake.Itmaybeafreecountry,butasJohnStuartMillpointedout,ourlibertydoesnotextendtocausingharmtoothers.Undertakingisasafetyandsoamoralissue,notoneofetiquette.Wipedowngymequipmentafteruse.Sticktotheswimminglanethat’srightforyou.Rememberthatneitherthecinemanorthetheatreisyourfrontroom.Apartfrom,obviously,makingsureyourmobileisturnedoff,don’ttalkduringtheperformance,andifyouhavetosaysomethingtoyourcompanion,makesureitisinaudibletoothers.Ifyouwanttotalk,rentavideo.Sorry,DVD.Don’tpunctuateyoursentenceswithprofanitiesinpublic.It’sOKwithfellowfoul-mouthedfuckers,butmanypeoplearelikelytobeeitheroffendedorboredbyyourrepetitiveandunimaginativeuseofvocabulary.Don’tthink“Iwasherefirst”isatrumpcard.Letsomeoneelsegofirstiftheirneedisgreater.Apersonwhoonlyeverassertstheirrightsisn’tnecessarilyalwaysintheright.Don’twriteinandsaytheserulesarestupid.They’renot.TheGlobalFoodCrisis[1]Lastyeartheskyrocketingcostoffoodwasawake-upcallfortheplanet.Between2005andthesummerof2008,thepriceofwheatandcorntripled,andthepriceofriceclimbedfivefold,spurringfoodriotsinnearlytwodozencountriesandpushing75millionmorepeopleintopoverty.Butunlikepreviousshocksdrivenbyshort-termfoodshortages,thispricespikecameinayearwhentheworld’sfarmersreapedarecordgraincrop.Thistime,thehighpriceswereasymptomofalargerproblemtuggingatthestrandsofourworldwidefoodweb,onethat’snotgoingawayanytimesoon.Simplyput:Formostofthepastdecade,theworldhasbeenconsumingmorefoodthanithasbeenproducing.Afteryearsofdrawingdownstockpiles,in2007theworldsawglobalcarryoverstocksfallto61daysofglobalconsumption,thesecondlowestonrecord.Agriculturalproductivitygrowthisonlyonetotwopercentayear.Thisistoolowtomeetpopulationgrowth.[2]Highpricesaretheultimatesignalthatdemandisoutstrippingsupply,thatthereissimplynotenoughfoodtogoaround.Suchagflationhitsthepoorestbillionpeopleontheplanetthehardest,sincetheytypicallyspend50to70percentoftheirincomeonfood.Eventhoughpriceshavefallenwiththeimplodingworldeconomy,theyarestillnearrecordhighs,andtheunderlyingproblemsoflowstockpiles,risingpopulation,andflatteningyieldgrowthremain.Climatechange—withitshottergrowingseasonsandincreasingwaterscarcity—isprojectedtoreducefutureharvestsinmuchoftheworld,raisingthespecterofwhatsomescientistsarenowcallingaperpetualfoodcrisis.[3]Withworldpopulationspiralingtowardninebillionbymid-century,theseexpertsnowsayweneedarepeatperformance,doublingcurrentfoodproductionby2030.Inotherwords,weneedanotherGreenRevolution.Andweneeditinhalfthetime.[4]Eversinceourancestorsgaveuphuntingandgatheringforplowingandplantingsome12,000yearsago,ournumbershavemarchedinlockstepwithouragriculturalprowess.Eachadvance—thedomesticationofanimals,irrigation,wetriceproduction—ledtoacorrespondingjumpinhumanpopulation.Everytimefoodsuppliesplateaued,populationeventuallyleveledoff.EarlyArabandChinesewritersnotedtherelationshipbetweenpopulationandfoodresources,butitwasn’tuntiltheendofthe18thcenturythataBritishscholartriedtoexplaintheexactmechanismlinkingthetwo—andbecameperhapsthemostvilifiedsocialscientistinhistory.[5]ThomasRobertMalthus,thenamesakeofsuchtermsas“Malthusiancollapse”and“Malthusiancurse,”wasamild-manneredmathematician,aclergyman—and,hiscriticswouldsay,theultimateglass-half-emptykindofguy.WhenafewEnlightenmentphilosophers,giddyfromthesuccessoftheFrenchRevolution,beganpredictingthecontinuedunfetteredimprovementofthehumancondition,Malthuscutthemoffattheknees.Humanpopulation,heobserved,increasesatageometricrate,doublingaboutevery25yearsifunchecked,whileagriculturalproductionincreasesarithmetically—muchmoreslowly.Thereinlayabiologicaltrapthathumanitycouldneverescape.[6]“Thepowerofpopulationisindefinitelygreaterthanthepowerintheearthtoproducesubsistenceforman,”hewroteinhisEssayonthePrincipleofPopulationin1798.“Thisimpliesastrongandconstantlyoperatingcheckonpopulationfromthedifficultyofsubsistence.”Malthusthoughtsuchcheckscouldbevoluntary,suchasbirthcontrol,abstinence,ordelayedmarriage—orinvoluntary,throughthescourgesofwar,famine,anddisease.Headvocatedagainstfoodreliefforallbutthepoorestofpeople,sincehefeltsuchaidencouragedmorechildrentobebornintomisery.ThattoughloveearnedhimanastycameoinEnglishliteraturefromnoneotherthanCharlesDickens.WhenEbenezerScroogeisaskedtogivealmsforthepoorinAChristmasCarol,theheartlessbankertellsthedo-goodersthatthedestituteshouldheadfortheworkhousesorprisons.Andifthey’dratherdiethangothere,“theyhadbetterdoit,anddecreasethesurpluspopulation.”[7]Thisisn’tthefirsttimetheworldhasstoodatthebrinkofafoodcrisis—it’sonlythemostrecentiteration.In1943asmanyasfourmillionpeoplediedinthe“Malthusiancorrection”knownastheBengalFamine.Forthefollowingtwodecades,Indiahadtoimportmillionsoftonsofgraintofeeditspeople.[8]ThencametheGreenRevolution.Inthemid-1960s,asIndiawasstrugglingtofeeditspeopleduringyetanothercripplingdrought,anAmericanplantbreedernamedNormanBorlaugwasworkingwithIndianresearcherstobringhishigh-yieldingwheatvarietiestoPunjab.Thenewseedswereagodsend,saysKalkat,whowasdeputydirectorofagricultureforPunjabatthetime.By1970,farmershadnearlytripledtheirproductionwiththesameamountofwork.[9]However,theGreenRevolutionBorlaugstartedhadnothingtodowiththeeco-friendlygreenlabelinvoguetoday.Withitsuseofsyntheticfertilizersandpesticidestonurturevastfieldsofthesamecrop,apracticeknownasmonoculture,thisnewmethodofindustrialfarmingwastheantithesisoftoday’sorganictrend.Rather,WilliamS.Gaud,thenadministratoroftheU.S.AgencyforInternationalDevelopment,coinedthephrasein1968todescribeanalternativetoRussia’sRedRevolution,inwhichworkers,soldiers,andhungrypeasantshadrebelledviolentlyagainstthetsaristgovernment.ThemorepacifyingGreenRevolutionwassuchastaggeringsuccessthatBorlaugwontheNobelPeacePrizein1970.[10]Today,though,themiracleoftheGreenRevolutionisoverinPunjab:Yieldgrowthhasessentiallyflattenedsincethemid-1990s.Overirrigationhasledtosteepdropsinthewatertable,nowtappedby1.3milliontubewells,whilethousandsofhectaresofproductivelandhavebeenlosttosalinizationandwaterloggedsoils.Fortyyearsofintensiveirrigation,fertilization,andpesticideshavenotbeenkindtotheloamygrayfieldsofPunjab.[11]InthedustyfarmingvillageofPunjab,villageelderJagsirSingh,addsupthetoll:“We’vehad49deathsduetocancerinthelastfouryears,”hesays.“Mostofthemwereyoungpeople.Thewaterisnotgood.It’spoisonous,contaminatedwater.Yetpeoplestilldrinkit.”[12]Allthewhilethepopulationclockkeepsticking,withanetof2.5moremouthstofeedborneverysecond,whichleadsus,inevitably,backtoMalthus.[13]Onabriskfalldaythathasputcolorintothecheeksofthemostdie-hardLondoners,IvisittheBritishLibraryandcheckoutthefirsteditionofthebookthatstillgeneratessuchheateddebate.Malthus’sEssayonthePrincipleofPopulationlookslikeaneighth-gradescienceprimer.Fromitsstrong,clearprosecomesthevoiceofahumbleparishpriestwhohoped,asmuchasanything,tobeprovedwrong.[14]Thoughhisessaysemphasized“positivechecks”onpopulationfromfamine,disease,andwar,his“preventativechecks”mayhavebeenmoreimportant.Agrowingworkforce,Malthusexplained,depresseswages,whichtendstomakepeopledelaymarriageuntiltheycanbettersupportafamily.Delayingmarriagereducesfertilityrates,creatinganequallypowerfulcheckonpopulations.IthasnowbeenshownthatthisisthebasicmechanismthatregulatedpopulationgrowthinWesternEuropeforsome300yearsbeforetheindustrialrevolution.[15]Noneofthegreatclassicaleconomistssawtheindustrialrevolutioncoming,orthetransformationofeconomiesandagriculturethatitwouldbringabout.Thecheap,readilyavailableenergycontainedincoal—andlaterinotherfossilfuels—unleashedthegreatestincreaseinfood,personalwealth,andpeopletheworldhaseverseen,enablingEarth’spopulationtoincreasesevenfoldsinceMalthus’sday.Andyethunger,famine,andmalnutritionarewithusstill,justasMalthussaidtheywouldbe.Newscienceofhappiness[1]Formostofitshistory,psychologyhadconcerneditselfwithallthatailsthehumanmind:anxiety,depression,neurosis,obsessions,paranoia,delusions.Overthedecades,afewpsychologicalresearchershadventuredoutofthedarkrealmofmentalillnessintothesunnylandofthementallyhaleandhearty.MartinSeligman，apsychologistatUniversityofPennsylvania,wantedtolookatwhatactivelymadepeoplefeelfulfilled,engagedandmeaningfullyhappy.Mentalhealth,hereasoned,shouldbemorethantheabsenceofmentalillness.Itshouldbesomethingakintoavibrantandmuscularfitnessofthehumanmindandspirit.WhatMakesUsHappy[2]So,whathassciencelearnedaboutwhatmakesthehumanheartsing?Morethanonemightimagine—alongwithsomesurprisingthingsaboutwhatdoesn’tringourinnerchimes.Takewealth,forinstance,andallthedelightfulthingsthatmoneycanbuy.ResearchbyDeiner,amongothers,hasshownthatonceyourbasicneedsaremet,additionalincomedoeslittletoraiseyoursenseofsatisfactionwithlife.Neitherdoeducation,youth,marriageandsunnydays.[3]Onthepositiveside,religiousfaithseemstogenuinelyliftthespirit,thoughit’stoughtotellwhetherit’stheGodpartorthecommunityaspectthatdoestheheavylifting.Friends?Agiantyes.A2002studyconductedattheUniversityofIllinoisbyDienerandSeligmanfoundthatthemostsalientcharacteristicssharedbythe10%ofstudentswiththehighestlevelsofhappinessandthefewestsignsofdepressionweretheirstrongtiestofriendsandfamilyandcommitmenttospendingtimewiththem.“Wordneedstobespread,”concludesDiener.“Itisimportanttoworkonsocialskills,closeinterpersonaltiesandsocialsupportinordertobehappy.”MeasuringOurMoods[4]Ofcourse,happinessisnotastaticstate.Eventhehappiestofpeople—thecheeriest10%—feelblueattimes.Andeventhebluesthavetheirmomentsofjoy.Thathaspresentedachallengetosocialscientiststryingtomeasurehappiness.That,alongwiththesimplefactthathappinessisinherentlysubjective.Togetaroundthosechallenges,researchershavedevisedseveralmethodsofassessment.Dienerhascreatedoneofthemostbasicandwidelyusedtools,theSatisfactionwithLifeScale.Thoughsomescholarshavequestionedthevalidityofthissimple,five-questionsurvey,Dienerhasfoundthatitsquareswellwithothermeasuresofhappiness,suchasimpressionsfromfriendsandfamily,expressionofpositiveemotionandlowincidenceofdepression.[5]Justlastmonth,ateamledbyNobelPrizewinningpsychologistDanielKahnemanofPrincetonUniversityunveiledanewtoolforsizinguphappiness:thedayreconstructionmethod.Participantsfilloutalongdiaryandquestionnairedetailingeverythingtheydidonthepreviousdayandwhomtheywerewithatthetimeandratingarangeoffeelingsduringeachepisode(happy,impatient,depressed,worried,tired,etc.)onaseven-pointscale.[6]Seligman,incontrast,putstheemphasisontherememberingself.“Ithinkweareourmemoriesmorethanwearethesumtotalofourexperiences,”hesays.Forhim,studyingmoment-to-momentexperiencesputstoomuchemphasisontransientpleasuresanddispleasures.Happinessgoesdeeperthanthat,hearguesinhis2002bookAuthenticHappiness.Asaresultofhisresearch,hefindsthreecomponentsofhappiness:pleasure(“thesmiley-facepiece”),engagement(thedepthofinvolvementwithone’sfamily,work,romanceandhobbies)andmeaning(usingpersonalstrengthstoservesomelargerend).Ofthosethreeroadstoahappy,satisfiedlife,pleasureistheleastconsequential,heinsists:“ThisisnewsworthybecausesomanyAmericansbuildtheirlivesaroundpursuingpleasure.Itturnsoutthatengagementandmeaningaremuchmoreimportant.”CanWeGetHappier?[7]Oneofthebiggestissuesinhappinessresearchisthequestionofhowmuchourhappinessisunderourcontrol.DavidLykken,aresearcheratUniversityofMinnesota,gatheredinformationon4,000setsoftwinsborninMinnesotafrom1936through1955.Aftercomparinghappinessdataonidenticalvs.fraternaltwins,hecametotheconclusionthatabout50%ofone’ssatisfactionwithlifecomesfromgeneticprogramming.[8]Becauseofthelargeinfluenceofourgenes,Lykkenproposedtheideathateachofushasahappinesssetpointmuchlikeoursetpointforbodyweight.Nomatterwhathappensinourlife—good,bad,spectacular,horrific—wetendtoreturninshortordertooursetrange.Somepost-tsunamiimageslastweekofsmilingAsianchildrenreturningtoschoolunderscoredthisamazingcapacitytorightourselves.[9]Whenheproposedhisset-pointtheoryeightyearsago,Lykkencametoadrasticconclusion.“Itmaybethattryingtobehappierisasfutileastryingtobetaller,”hewrote.Hehassincecometoregretthatsentence.“Imadeadumbstatementintheoriginalarticle,”hetellsTime.“It’sclearthatwecanchangeourhappinesslevelswidely—upordown.‟‟Lykken’srevisionistthinkingcoincideswiththeviewofthepositive-psychologymovement,whichhasputapremiumonresearchshowingyoucanraiseyourlevelofhappiness.ForSeligmanandlike-mindedresearchers,thatinvolvesworkingonthethreecomponentsofhappiness—gettingmorepleasureoutoflife(whichcanbedonebysavoringsensoryexperiences,although,hewarns,“youarenevergoingtomakeacurmudgeonintoagigglyperson”),becomingmoreengagedinwhatyoudoandfindingwaysofmakingyourlifefeelmoremeaningful.[10]Therearenumerouswaystodothat,theyargue.AttheUniversityofCaliforniaatRiverside,psychologistSonjaLyubomirskyisusinggrantmoneyfromtheNationalInstitutesofHealthtostudydifferentkindsofhappinessboosters.Oneisthegratitudejournal—adiaryinwhichsubjectswritedownthingsforwhichtheyarethankful.Shehasfoundthattakingthetimetoconscientiouslycounttheirblessingsonceaweeksignificantlyincreasedsubjects‟overallsatisfactionwithlifeoveraperiodofsixweeks,whereasacontrolgroupthatdidnotkeepjournalshadnosuchgain.[11]Anotherhappinessbooster,saypositivepsychologists,isperformingactsofaltruismorkindness—visitinganursinghome,helpingafriend’schildwithhomework,mowinganeighbor’slawn,writingalettertoagrandparent.Doingfivekindactsaweek,especiallyallinasingleday,gaveameasurableboosttoLyubomirsky’ssubjects.[12]Whydoexercisinggratitude,kindnessandothervirtuesprovidealift?“Givingmakesyoufeelgoodaboutyourself,”saysPeterson.“Whenyouarevolunteering,you’redistractingyourselffromyourownexistence,andthat’sbeneficial.Morefuzzily,givingputsmeaningintoyourlife.Youhaveasenseofpurposebecauseyoumattertosomeoneelse.”Virtuallyallthehappinessexercisesbeingtestedbypositivepsychologists,hesays,makepeoplefeelmoreconnectedtoothers.[13]Butcanalonerreallybecomemoregregariousthroughacts-of-kindnessexercises?Canadyed-in-the-woolpessimistlearntoseetheglassashalffull?Cangratitudejournalsworktheirmagicoverthelonghaul?Andhowmanyofuscouldkeepfillingthemwithfreshthankfulthoughtsyearafteryear?SonjaLyubomirskybelievesitisallpossible:“I’llquoteOprahhere,whichIdon’tnormallydo.Shewasaskedhowsherunsfivemilesaday,andshesaid,Irecommittoiteverydayofmylife.”Ithinkhappinessislikethat.Everydayyouhavetorenewyourcommitment.Hopefully,someofthestrategieswillbecomehabitualovertimeandnotahugeeffort.”[14]Butotherpsychologistsaremoreskeptical.Somesimplydoubtthatpersonalityisthatflexibleorthatindividualscanorshouldchangetheirhabitualcopingstyles.“Ifyouareapessimistwhoreallythinksthroughindetailwhatmightgowrong,that’sastrategythat’slikelytoworkverywellforyou,”saysJulieNorem,apsychologyprofessoratWelle