【Unit-3】2.-Text-I--On-National-Prejudices

Warm-upWhatdoyouknowaboutFortuneGlobal500?Readthe2011listtoseehowfaryouarefamiliarwiththesecorporations.TheFortuneGlobal500isarankingofthetop500corporationsworldwideasmeasuredbyrevenue.ThelistiscompiledandpublishedannuallybyFortunemagazine.Until1989itlistedonlynon-USindustrialcorporationsunderthetitle"International500",whiletheFortune500containedandstillcontainsexclusivelyUScorporations.In1990,UScompanieswereaddedtocompileatrulygloballistoftopindustrialcorporationsasrankedbysales.Ingeneral,Fortunenotes,thelistisgettingmoreinternational.Thisisthetop10aspublishedinJuly2011.Itisbasedonthecompanies'fiscalyearendedonorbefore31March2011.Howdoyoudefine“multinationalcorporations”?Illustratethemwithsomeexamples.Multinationalcorporationsarebusinessentitiesthatoperateinmorethanonecountry.ThetypicalmultinationalcorporationorMNCnormallyfunctionswithaheadquartersthatisbasedinonecountry,whileotherfacilitiesarebasedinlocationsinothercountries.TheexactmodelforanMNCmayvaryslightly.Onecommonmodelisforthemultinationalcorporationisthepositioningoftheexecutiveheadquartersinonenation,whileproductionfacilitiesarelocatedinoneormoreothercountries.Thismodeloftenallowsthecompanytotakeadvantageofbenefitsofincorporatinginagivenlocality,whilealsobeingabletoproducegoodsandservicesinareaswherethecostofproductionislower.Multinationalcorporationscanbedividedintothreebroadgroupsaccordingtotheconfigurationoftheirproductionfacilities:Horizontallyintegratedmultinationalcorporationsmanageproductionestablishmentslocatedindifferentcountriestoproducethesameorsimilarproducts.(example:McDonalds)Verticallyintegratedmultinationalcorporationsmanageproductionestablishmentincertaincountry/countriestoproduceproductsthatserveasinputtoitsproductionestablishmentsinothercountry/countries.(example:Adidas)Diversifiedmultinationalcorporationsmanageproductionestablishmentslocatedindifferentcountriesthatareneitherhorizontallyorverticallyintegrated.(example:Microsoft)Haveyouheardoftheterm“culturalintelligence”?Culturalintelligence,culturalquotientorCQ,isatheorywithinmanagementandorganizationalpsychology,positingthatunderstandingtheimpactofanindividual'sculturalbackgroundontheirbehaviorisessentialforeffectivebusiness,andmeasuringanindividual'sabilitytoengagesuccessfullyinanyenvironmentorsocialsetting.Howdoyouunderstandtheproverb“Punctualityisthesoulofbusiness”?Role-play:Yourclients,fromtheMiddleEastwhereit’sculturallyappropriatetokeep“theotherpersonwaiting”,arelateforascheduledbusinessmeeting.Thefollowinglistgivesanoverviewregardingpunctualityforbusinessmeetings.PunctualityisCritical,InsultingifyouarenotontimeChina,Germany,HongKong,Indonesia,Japan,Malaysia,SingaporePunctualityisHighlyvalued,evenattimesawayoflifeAustralia,China,Denmark,Germany,Iran,Japan,Malaysia,Netherlands,NewZealand(evenabitearly),Norway,Singapore,SouthAfrica,Sweden,Switzerland,ThailandPunctualityisImportant,expectedandappreciatedAustria,Belgium,Canada,England,Finland,India,Indonesia,Italy(especiallyinNorthernItaly),Switzerland,Turkey,UnitedArabEmirates,UnitedStatesPunctualityisExpected,butthelocalsmayarrivelateEgypt,France,Ghana(maynotshowup),Greece,Mexico,MiddleEast,Poland,Portugal,Romania,SaudiArabia(mayhaveothersatmeeting),SouthKorea,Spain,TaiwanPunctualitymorelaissezfaireAlgeria,Caribbean,France—southernregion,Greece,Iceland,Ireland,Lebanon,Morocco,Nigeria,Panama,Spain*DelaysinLatinAmerican,MiddleEasternandAfricancountriesarenotuncommonInformationaboutpatriotismandethnocentrism.Ethnocentrismisthetendencytolookattheworldprimarilyfromtheperspectiveofone'sownethnicculture.Itseemsnaturalthatpeoplefeelprideinthecultureinwhichtheyhavegrownupandfromwhichtheyhaveadoptedtheirvaluesandstandardsofbehavior.However,theproblemisthatonemayviewotherculturesnotonlyasdifferent,butalsoasinferior,withagreatdangerofbehavinginwaysthataredamagingtothosefromothercultures.However,asincreasingglobalizationbringsdifferentculturestogether,peoplearelearningtoovercometheirself-centeredthinkingandseehumansocietyfromabroader,moreinclusiveperspective.Patriotismdenotespositiveandsupportiveattitudestoa“fatherland”(Latinpatria),byindividualsandgroups.The“fatherland”(or“motherland”)canbearegionoracity,butpatriotismusuallyappliestoanationand/oranation-state.Patriotismcoverssuchattitudesas:prideinitsachievementsandculture,thedesiretopreserveitscharacterandthebasisoftheculture,andidentificationwithothermembersofthenation.Patriotismiscloselyassociatedwithnationalism,andisoftenusedasasynonymforit.OnNationalPrejudices​[1]​OliverGoldsmith​[2]​【1】AsIamoneofthatsauntering​[3]​tribeofmortals,whospendthegreatestpartoftheirtimeintaverns​[4]​,coffeehouses,andotherplacesofpublicresort​[5]​,Ihavetherebyanopportunityofobservinganinfinitevarietyofcharacters,which,toapersonofacontemplative​[6]​turn,isamuchhigherentertainmentthanaviewofallthecuriositiesofartornature.Inoneofthese,mylaterambles​[7]​,Iaccidentallyfellintothecompanyofhalfadozengentlemen,whowereengagedinawarmdisputeaboutsomepoliticalaffair;thedecisionofwhich,astheywereequallydividedintheirsentiments​[8]​,theythoughtpropertorefertome,whichnaturallydrewmein​[9]​forashareoftheconversation.​[10]​【2】Amongstamultiplicity​[11]​ofothertopics,wetookoccasiontotalkofadifferentcharactersoftheseveralnationsofEurope;whenoneofthegentlemen,cocking​[12]​hishat,andassumingsuchanairofimportanceasifhehadpossessedallthemeritoftheEnglishnationinhisownperson,declaredthattheDutch​[13]​wereaparcelofavaricious​[14]​wretches​[15]​;theFrenchasetofflatteringsycophants​[16]​;thattheGermansweredrunkensots​[17]​,andbeastly​[18]​gluttons​[19]​;andtheSpaniards​[20]​proud,haughty​[21]​,andsurly​[22]​tyrants;​[23]​butthatinbravery,generosity,clemency​[24]​,andineveryothervirtue,theEnglishexcelledalltheworld.【3】Thisverylearnedandjudicious​[25]​remarkwasreceivedwithageneralsmileofapprobation​[26]​byallthecompany​[27]​–all,Imean,butyourhumbleservant;who,endeavoringtokeepmygravity​[28]​aswellasIcould,Ireclined​[29]​myheaduponmyarm,continuedforsometimesinaposture​[30]​ofaffected​[31]​thoughtfulness,asifIhadbeenmusing​[32]​onsomethingelse,anddidnotseemtoattendtothesubjectofconversation;​[33]​hopingbythesemeanstoavoidthedisagreeablenecessityofexplainingmyself,andtherebydeprivingthegentlemenofhisimaginaryhappiness.【4】Butmypseudo-​[34]​patriothadnomindtoletmeescapesoeasily.Notsatisfiedthathisopinionshouldpasswithoutcontradiction,hewasdeterminedtohaveitratified​[35]​bythesuffrage​[36]​ofeveryoneinthecompany;forwhichpurposeaddressinghimselftomewithanairofinexpressible​[37]​confidence,heaskedmeifIwasnotinthesamewayofthinking.​[38]​AsIamneverforward​[39]​ingivingmyopinion,especiallywhenIhavereason​[40]​tobelievethatitwillnotbeagreeable;so,whenIamobliged​[41]​togiveit,Ialwaysholditforamaxim​[42]​tospeakmyrealsentiments.Ithereforetoldhimthat,formyownpart​[43]​,Ishouldnothaveventured​[44]​totalkinsuchaperemptory​[45]​strain​[46]​,unlessIhadmadethetourofEurope,andexaminedthemannersoftheseseveralnationswithgreatcareandaccuracy:that,perhaps,amoreimpartialjudgewouldnotscruple​[47]​toaffirmthattheDutchweremorefrugal​[48]​andindustrious​[49]​,theFrenchmoretemperateandpolite,theGermansmorehardy​[50]​andpatientoflabourandfatigue​[51]​,andtheSpaniardsmorestaid​[52]​andsedate​[53]​,thantheEnglish;who,thoughundoubtedlybraveandgenerous,wereatthesametimerash​[54]​,headstrong​[55]​,andimpetuous​[56]​;tooapttobeelated​[57]​withprosperity,andtodespond​[58]​inadversity.​[59]​【5】IcouldeasilyperceivethatallofthecompanybegantoregardmewithajealouseyebeforeIhadfinishedmyanswer,whichIhadnosoonerdone,thanthepatrioticgentlemanobserved,withacontemptuoussneer​[60]​,thathewasgreatlysurprisedhowsomepeoplecouldhavetheconsciencetoliveinacountrywhichtheydidnotlove,andtoenjoytheprotectionofagovernment,towhichintheirheartstheywereinveterate​[61]​enemies.Findingthatbythismodestdeclarationofmysentiments,Ihadforfeited​[62]​thegoodopinionofmycompanions,andgiventhemoccasiontocallmypoliticalprinciplesinquestion,​[63]​andwellknowingthatitwasinvaintoarguewithmenwhoweresoveryfullofthemselves,Ithrewdownmyreckoning​[64]​andretiredtomyownlodgings​[65]​,reflectingontheabsurdandridiculousnatureofnationalprejudiceandprepossession​[66]​.【6】Amongallthefamoussayingsofantiquity​[67]​,thereisnonethatdoesgreaterhonour​[68]​totheauthor,oraffordsgreaterpleasuretothereader(atleastifhebeapersonofagenerousandbenevolent​[69]​heart)thanthatthephilosopher,who,beingaskedwhat“countrymanhewas,”repliedthathewasacitizenoftheworld​[70]​.​[71]​Howfewtherearetobefoundinmoderntimeswhocansaythesame,orwhoseconductisconsistentwithsuchaprofession!WearenowbecomesomuchEnglishmen,Frenchmen,Dutchmen,Spaniards,orGermans,thatwearenolongercitizensoftheworld;somuchthenativesofoneparticularspot,ormembersofonepetty​[72]​society,thatwenolongerconsiderourselvesasthegeneralinhabitantsoftheglobe,ormembersofthatgrandsocietywhichcomprehendsthewholehumankind.【7】Didtheseprejudicesprevailonlyamongthemeanestandlowestofthepeople,perhapstheymightbeexcused,astheyhavefew,ifany,opportunitiesofcorrectingthembyreading,traveling,orconversing​[73]​withforeigners;​[74]​butthemisfortuneis,thattheyinfecttheminds,andinfluencetheconductevenofourgentlemen;ofthose,Imean,whohaveeverytitletothisappellation​[75]​butanexemption​[76]​fromprejudice,which,however,inmyopinion,oughttoberegardedasthecharacteristicalmarkofagentleman:forletaman’sbirthbeeversohigh,hisstationeversoexalted​[77]​,orhisfortuneeversolarge,yetifheisnotfreefromnationalandotherprejudices,Ishouldmakebold​[78]​totellhim,thathehadalowandvulgarmind,andhadnojustclaimtothecharacterofagentleman.​[79]​Andinfact,youwillalwaysfindthatthosearemostapttoboastofnationalmerit,whohavelittleornomeritoftheirowntodependon,thanwhich,tobesure,nothingismorenatural:theslendervinetwistsaroundthesturdy​[80]​oakfornootherreasonintheworldbutbecauseithasnotstrengthsufficienttosupportitself.​[81]​【8】Shoulditbeallegedindefenseofnationalprejudice,thatitisthenaturalandnecessarygrowthoflovetoourcountry,andthatthereforetheformercannotbedestroyedwithouthurtingthelatter;Ianswer,thatthisisagrossfallacy​[82]​anddelusion​[83]​.Thatitisthegrowthandlovetoourcountry,Iwillallow;butthatitisthenaturalandnecessarygrowthofit,Iabsolutelydeny.Superstition​[84]​andenthusiasmtooarethegrowthofreligion;butwhoevertookitinhisheadtoaffirmthattheyarethenecessarygrowthofthisnobleprinciple?【9】IsitnotverypossiblethatImaylovemyowncountry,withouthatingthenativesofothercountries?ThatImayexertthemostheroicbravery,themostundaunted​[85]​resolution,indefendingitslawsandliberty,withoutdespisingalltherestoftheworldascowardsandpoltroons​[86]​?​[87]​Mostcertainlyitis:andifitwerenot–ButwhyneedIsupposewhatisabsolutelyimpossible?–butifitwerenot,Imustown,Ishouldpreferthetitleoftheancientphilosopher,namely,acitizenoftheworld,tothatofanEnglishman,aFrenchman,aEuropean,ortoanyotherappellationwhatever.ComprehensionCheckReadingforgeneralideas(P50)1.Whatdoyouthinkistheauthor’sattitudetowardsnationalprejudice?Theauthorthinksthatnationalprejudiceprevailsnotonlyamongthemeanestandlowestpeople,butalsoamongthesocalled“gentlemen”.Heisarguingthatitispossibletoloveone’sowncountrywithoutnecessarilyhatingthenativesofothercountries.2.Doestheauthoragreeordisagreewiththegentleman’sremarksaboutthecharacteristicsofdifferentnationsinEurope?Why?Hedoesnotagreewiththegentleman’sremarksaboutthecharacteristicsofothernations.HethinksthatoneshouldmakeatourofEuropeandexaminethemannersofthesenationswithgreatcareandaccuracybeforemakingsuchprejudicedremarks.Hegivesamoreimpartialjudgmentonthesepeopleandfindsthemeritsineverynation.3.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmakesa“gentleman’smind”“vulgar”and“low”?Accordingtotheauthor,ifsomeonehasnationalorotherprejudices,thenhehasa“lowandvulgar”mind,and“hasnojustclaimtothecharacterofagentleman”.4.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldbedonetocorrectnationalprejudices?Accordingtotheauthor,oneshouldloveone’sowncountry,butoneshouldalsoconsiderhimselfasacitizenoftheworldwithout“despisingalltherestoftheworldascowardsandpoltroons”.Readingforspecificinformation(P51)1.ThegentlemandeclaredthattheDutchwereaparcelofdrunkensols,andbeastlygluttons;theFrenchasetofflatteringsycophants;thattheGermanswereavariciouswretches;andtheSpaniardsproud,haughty,andsurlytyrants.(F)2.Whenthegentlemanaskedtheauthortoexpresshisopinion,hethoughtthattheauthorwouldagreewithhim.(T)3.Inordertomakeafairdescriptionofthecharacteristicsofanation,theauthorthinksitisimportanttomakeatourofEuropefirstandexaminethemannersoftheseseveralnationswithgreatcareandaccuracy.(T)4.Nationalprejudicesprevailedonlyamongafewmeanestandlowestpeople.(F)5.lfaman’sbirthishigh,hisstationexalted,orhisfortunelarge,heisfreefromnationalandotherprejudices. (F)TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish,using word word文档格式规范word作业纸小票打印word模板word简历模板免费word简历 sandphrasesgiveninbrackets.(P52)1.今天，国际贸易对于改善人民的生活所蕴藏的巨大潜力是前所未有的。创新和创业精神尤其可能成为强大的推动力量。(entrepreneurship)Today,perhapsmorethanever,internationaltradeholdstremendouspotentialforimprovingpeople’slives.Andinnovationandentrepreneurshipinparticularhavethepotentialtobethegreatforcethatpushesustogoforward.2.美国的政治领袖们惯有的言论声称经济上的不平等可以最终使每个人过上更好的生活，即使更多的福利都被富人享有。(inveterate)TheinveterateargumentofAmericanpoliticalleadershasbeenthatinequalitymakeseveryonebetteroff,evenifmoreofthebenefitgoestotherich.3.在经济危机席卷全球的情况下，美国政府毫不迟疑地拿出大量财政预算来刺激经济增长。(notscrupletodosth)Astheeconomiccrisiswassweepingacrosstheglobe,theAmericangovernmentdidnotscrupletostimulateeconomicgrowthwithlargesumsofthefinancialbudget.4.英国政府批准了一项提案，准备建立一个储存所有国民电子邮件、互联网信息、电话记录以及短信的庞大数据库，以帮助安全部门打击犯罪和恐怖主义。(ratify)TheBritishgovernmentratifiedaproposaltobuildamassivegovernmentdatabasetostorethee-mails,Internetinformation,phone-calls,andtext-messagesofallresidentstohelpsecurityforcesinthefightagainstcrimeandterrorism.5.名目繁多的评价和排名使得公司不得不将财政及非财政方面的运营情况公之于众。(multiplicity,putpressureon)Themultiplicityofrankingsandratingsputpressureoncompaniestoreportontheirnon-financialperformanceaswellasontheirfinancialresultstothepublic.（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）^1NationalcharacterstudiesreferstoasetofanthropologicalstudiesconductedduringanddirectlyafterWorldWarIIthatarosefrom(andultimatelyended)theCultureandPersonalitySchoolwithinpsychologicalanthropology.^2OliverGoldsmith(1728(?)—1774)Anglo-Irishnovelist,dramatist,poet,essayist,journalist,critic,biographer,andtranslator.ThesonofanAnglo-Irishminister,GoldsmithgraduatedfromTrinityUniversityin1750.Unabletosettleonaprofession,GoldsmithtraveledacrossEuropeandreturnedtoLondonpennilessandwithoutemployment.Hefoundcriticalsuccessasamagazinewriterandproofreader,butnotfinancialsecurity.Whenhewasarrestedin1762forfailingtopayhisrent,heshowedthemanuscriptofTheVicarofWakefieldtohisfriendSamuelJohnson.Johnsonsoldthebookfor£60,enoughtopayGoldsmith'sdebts.Thenovelwasnotpublisheduntil1766.IntheinterveningyearsGoldsmithwroteandpublishedtwobooksofessaysandoneofpoetry,TheTraveller(1764).HislaterworksincludetheplaySheStoopstoConquer(1773),andadditionalcollectionsofpoetryandessays.^3saunter/ˈsɔːntə(r)/:v.towalkinaslowrelaxedway漫步；闲逛(P50)SYNstrollHesaunteredby,lookingasifhehadallthetimeintheworld.他悠闲地走过，仿佛时间对他来说是无穷无尽的。n.Thispartoftherouteshouldbeaneasysaunter.这段路想必好走。^4tavern/ˈtævən/:(olduseorliterary)apuboraninn酒馆；客栈(P50)^5resort/rɪˈzɔːt/:n.aplacewherealotofpeoplegoonholiday/vacation旅游胜地；度假胜地seaside/ski/mountain,etc.resorts海滨、滑雪、山区等旅游胜地resorttosthtomakeuseofsth,especiallysthbad,asameansofachievingsth,oftenbecausethereisnootherpossiblesolution诉诸；求助于；依靠SYNhaverecoursetoTheyfeltobligedtoresorttoviolence.他们觉得有必要诉诸暴力。Wemayhavetoresorttousinguntrainedstaff.我们也许只能使用未受过训练的员工了。^6contemplative/kənˈtemplətɪv/:adj.(fml)thinkingquietlyandseriouslyaboutsth沉思默想的；深思熟虑的Shewasincontemplativemood.她陷入沉思之中。spendingtimethinkingdeeplyaboutreligiousmatters（对宗教问题）冥想的，敛心默祷的thecontemplativelife(=lifeinareligiouscommunity)宗教上的默观生活^7ramble/ˈræmbl/:n.(especiallyBrE)alongwalkforpleasure漫步(P50)togoforarambleinthecountry去乡间散步alongconfusedspeechorpieceofwriting杂乱无章的长篇大论Shewentintoalongrambleabouttheevilsoftelevision.她开始东拉西扯地大谈电视的弊端。^8sentiment/ˈsentɪmənt/:(fml)afeelingoranopinion,especiallyonebasedonemotions（基于情感的）观点，看法；情绪thespreadofnationalistsentiments民族主义情绪的传播ThisisasentimentIwholeheartedlyagreewith.这种态度我完全赞同。Publicsentimentisagainstanychangetothelaw.公众的意见是反对对该法律作任何修改。^9drawsbintosth/intodoingsth|drawsbin:toinvolvesbormakesbtakepartinsth,althoughtheymaynotwanttotakepartatfirst使卷入；使参与youngstersdrawnintoalifeofcrime身不由己卷入犯罪活动的年轻人Thebookstartsslowly,butitgraduallydrawsyouin.这本 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 开始时情节展开得很慢，但渐渐地就把你给完全吸引住了。^10Iaccidentallyfellintothecompanyofhalfadozengentlemen,whowereengagedinawarmdisputeaboutsomepoliticalaffair;thedecisionofwhich,astheywereequallydividedintheirsentiments,theythoughtpropertorefertome,whichnaturallydrewmeinforashareoftheconversation.Icameacrossagroupofsixmenwhowereinvolvedinarguingheatedlyaboutsomepoliticalaffair.Becausetheopinionofthreepersonsisquitetheoppositetothatoftheotherthree,theythoughtitisnecessarytoconsultmeabouttheissue,andthusIbecameinvolvedintheirconversation.^11multiplicity/ˌmʌltɪˈplɪsəti/:n.(fml)agreatnumberandvarietyofsth多数，多样(P50)Thissituationcanbeinfluencedbyamultiplicityofdifferentfactors.当前的形势可能受到各种不同因素的影响。^12cock:v.toraiseapartofyourbodysothatitisverticaloratanangle立起，竖起，翘起（身体部位）Hecockedaninquisitiveeyebrowather.他扬眉向她投以疑问的目光。Thedogstoodlistening,itsearscocked.那狗站着，竖起耳朵听动静。cockanear/eyeatsth/sb:(IDM)tolookatorlistentosb/sthcarefullyandwithalotofattention侧耳倾听；凝神细看cocksthup:(BrE,slang)toruinsthbydoingitbadly,orbymakingacarelessorstupidmistake把…搞糟（或弄得一塌糊涂）SYNbungleIreallycockedthatexamup!我那次考试考得真糟糕！^13NationalidentityoftheDutchpeopleBythemiddleofthe16thcenturyanoverarching,‘national’(ratherthan‘ethnic’)identityseemedindevelopmentintheHabsburgNetherlands.FollowingexcessivetaxationtogetherwithattemptsatdiminishingtheautonomyoftheDutch,followedbythereligiousoppressionafterbeingtransferredtoHabsburgSpain,theDutchrevolted,inwhatwouldbecometheEightyYears’War.Forthefirsttimeintheirhistory,theDutchestablishedtheirindependencefromforeignrule.However,duringthewaritbecameapparentthatthegoaloftherevoltsleaderswasunreachable.TheNorthernprovinceswerefree,butduringthe1580stheSouthwasrecapturedbySpain,and,despitevariousattempts,theDutchRepublicanArmywasunabletoexpelthem.In1648,thePeaceofMunster,endingtheEightyYears’War,acknowledgedtheindependenceoftheDutchRepublic,butremainingincontroloftheSouthernNetherlands.Apartfromabriefreunificationfrom1815till1830,withintheUnitedKingdomoftheNetherlands,theDutchethnicgrouphasbeenseparatedtothisday.Thiseffectivelymeansthatthe(ethnic)Dutchtodaybelongtotwodifferentnations,theDutch(i.e.Netherlands),andtheBelgian/Flemishnation.^14avarice/ˈævərɪs/:n.(fml)extremedesireforwealth（对钱财的）贪婪，贪心，贪得无厌SYNgreedavaricious/ˌævəˈrɪʃəs/:adj.immoderatelydesirousofacquiringe.g.wealth贪财的；贪婪的(P50)^15wretch/retʃ/:apersonthatyoufeelsympathyorpityfor不幸的人；可怜的人apoorwretch可怜的人(oftenhumorous)anevil,unpleasantorannoyingperson恶棍；坏蛋；无赖；无耻之徒^16sycophant/ˈsɪkəfænt/:(fml,disapproving)apersonwhopraisesimportantorpowerfulpeopletoomuchandinawaythatisnotsincere,especiallyinordertogetsthfromthem阿谀奉承的人；谄媚者；拍马者sycophancy/ˈsɪkəfənsi/sycophantic/ˌsɪkəˈfæntɪk/adj.asycophanticreview献媚奉承的评论^17sot/sɒt/:n.酒鬼，酗酒者^18beastly/ˈbiːstli/:adj.(old-fashioned,BrE,infml)unpleasant恶劣的；讨厌的；令人厌恶的SYNhorrible,nasty^19glutton/ˈglʌtn/:(disapproving)apersonwhoeatstoomuch贪吃者；吃得过多的人；饕餮~forpunishment/work:apersonwhoenjoysdoingdifficultorunpleasanttasks吃苦耐劳的人；任劳任怨的人gluttonous/ˈglʌtənəs/adj.SYNgreedy^20Spaniard/'spænɪəd/:aSpanishcitizen,orapersonofSpanishorigin西班牙人；西班牙裔人^21haughty/ˈhɔːti/:adj.behavinginanunfriendlywaytowardsotherpeoplebecauseyouthinkthatyouarebetterthanthem傲慢的；高傲自大的SYNarrogantahaughtyface/look/manner自负的面容/神态/态度Herepliedwithhaughtydisdain.他的回答充满了不屑。^22surly/ˈsɜːli/:adj.(surlier,surliest)bad-temperedandrude脾气坏的；乖戾的；态度粗暴的asurlyyouth脾气暴躁的年轻人^23…declaredthattheDutchwereaparcelofavariciouswretches;theFrenchasetofflatteringsycophants;thattheGermansweredrunkensots,andbeastlygluttons;andtheSpaniardsproud,haughty,andsurlytyrants.Doestheauthoragreeordisagreewiththegentleman’sremarksaboutthecharacteristicsofdifferentnationsinEurope?Why?Hedoesnotagreewiththegentleman’sremarksaboutthecharacteristicsofothernations.Hethinksthatoneshouldmakeatour