Chap21TheTheoryofConsumerChoice消费者行为

Chapter21TheTheoryofConsumerChoice消费者理论编辑 ppt 关于艾滋病ppt课件精益管理ppt下载地图下载ppt可编辑假如ppt教学课件下载triz基础知识ppt Thetheoryofconsumerchoiceaddressesthefollowingquestions:Doalldemandcurves(曲线)slopedownward（向下倾斜）?Howdowagesaffectlaborsupply?Howdointerestratesaffecthouseholdsaving?Dothepoorprefertoreceivecashorin-kind（实物）transfers?编辑pptTheBudgetConstraint（预算约束）Thebudgetconstraintdepicts（描绘）theconsumption“bundles”（束）thataconsumercanafford.Peopleconsumelessthantheydesirebecausetheirspendingisconstrained,orlimited,bytheirincome.编辑pptTheBudgetConstraintItshowsthevariouscombinationsofgoodstheconsumercanaffordgivenhisorherincomeandthepricesofthetwogoods.编辑pptTheConsumer’sOpportunitiesTheConsumer’sBudgetConstraintAnypointonthebudgetconstraintlineindicatestheconsumer’scombinationortradeoffbetweentwogoods.Forexample,iftheconsumerbuysnopizzas,hecanafford500pintsofPepsi(pointB).IfhebuysnoPepsi,hecanafford100pizzas(pointA).编辑pptTheConsumer’sBudgetConstraint...0编辑pptTheConsumer’sBudgetConstraintAlternately,theconsumercanbuy50pizzasand250pintsofPepsi.编辑pptTheConsumer’sBudgetConstraint...0100500BA编辑pptTheConsumer’sBudgetConstraintTheslopeofthebudgetconstraintlineequalstherelativepriceofthetwogoods,thatis,thepriceofonegoodcomparedtothepriceoftheother.预算线斜率等于两商品价格之比。Itmeasurestherateatwhichtheconsumerwilltradeonegoodfortheother.编辑pptPreferences:WhattheConsumerWantsAconsumer’spreferenceamongconsumptionbundlesmaybeillustratedwithindifferencecurves（无差异曲线）.编辑pptRepresentingPreferences（偏好）withIndifferenceCurvesAnindifferencecurve（无差异曲线）showsbundlesofgoods（消费束）thatmaketheconsumerequallyhappy.编辑pptTheConsumer’sPreferences...0编辑pptTheConsumer’sPreferencesTheconsumerisindifferent（无差异）,orequallyhappy,withthecombinationsshownatpointsA,B,andCbecausetheyareallonthesamecurve.编辑pptTheMarginalRateofSubstitution（边际替代率）Theslopeatanypointonanindifferencecurveisthemarginalrateofsubstitution.Itistherateatwhichaconsumeriswillingtosubstituteonegoodforanother.Itistheamountofonegoodthataconsumerrequiresascompensationtogiveuponeunitoftheothergood.编辑pptTheConsumer’sPreferences...0CBADI2编辑pptProperties（性质）ofIndifferenceCurvesHigherindifferencecurvesarepreferredtolowerones.Indifferencecurvesaredownwardsloping.Indifferencecurvesdonotcross.Indifferencecurvesarebowedinward（向内弯曲/凸向原点）.编辑pptProperty1:Higherindifferencecurvesarepreferredtolowerones.（强单调性）Consumersusuallyprefermoreofsomethingtolessofit.Higherindifferencecurvesrepresentlargerquantitiesofgoodsthandolowerindifferencecurves.编辑pptProperty1:Higherindifferencecurvesarepreferredtolowerones.0CBADI2编辑pptProperty2:Indifferencecurvesaredownwardsloping.Aconsumeriswillingtogiveuponegoodonlyifheorshegetsmoreoftheothergoodinordertoremainequallyhappy.Ifthequantityofonegoodisreduced,thequantityoftheothergoodmustincrease.Forthisreason,mostindifferencecurvesslopedownward.编辑pptProperty2:Indifferencecurvesaredownwardsloping.0编辑pptProperty3:Indifferencecurvesdonotcross.PointsAandBshouldmaketheconsumerequallyhappy.PointsBandCshouldmaketheconsumerequallyhappy.ThisimpliesthatAandCwouldmaketheconsumerequallyhappy.ButChasmoreofbothgoodscomparedtoA.编辑pptProperty3:Indifferencecurvesdonotcross.0CAB编辑pptProperty4:Indifferencecurvesarebowedinward.（严格凸性）Peoplearemorewillingtotradeawaygoodsthattheyhaveinabundanceandlesswillingtotradeawaygoodsofwhichtheyhavelittle.Thesedifferencesinaconsumer’smarginalsubstitutionratescausehisorherindifferencecurvetobowinward.编辑pptProperty4:Indifferencecurvesarebowedinward.0编辑pptTwoExtremeExamplesofIndifferenceCurvesPerfectsubstitutes（完全替代品）Perfectcomplements（完全互补品）编辑pptPerfectSubstitutesTwogoodswithstraight-lineindifferencecurvesareperfectsubstitutes.Themarginalrateofsubstitution（边际替代率）isafixednumber.编辑pptPerfectSubstitutesDimes0编辑pptPerfectComplementsTwogoodswithright-angle（直角）indifferencecurvesareperfectcomplements.编辑pptPerfectComplementsRightShoes0编辑pptOptimization（最优化）:WhattheConsumerChoosesConsumerswanttogetthecombinationofgoodsonthehighestpossibleindifferencecurve.However,theconsumermustalsoenduponorbelowhisbudgetconstraint.编辑pptOptimization:WhattheConsumerChoosesCombiningtheindifferencecurveandthebudgetconstraintdeterminestheconsumer’soptimalchoice.Consumeroptimum（最优）occursatthepointwherethehighestindifferencecurveandthebudgetconstraintaretangent（相切）.编辑pptTheConsumer’sOptimalChoiceTheconsumerchoosesconsumptionofthetwogoodssothatthemarginalrateofsubstitution（边际替代率）equalstherelativeprice.编辑pptTheConsumer’sOptimalChoiceAttheconsumer’soptimum,theconsumer’svaluation（评价）ofthetwogoodsequalsthemarket’svaluation.编辑pptTheConsumer’sOptimum...0编辑pptHowChangesinIncomeAffecttheConsumer’sChoicesAnincreaseinincomeshiftsthebudgetconstraintoutward.Theconsumerisabletochooseabettercombinationofgoodsonahigherindifferencecurve.编辑pptAnIncreaseinIncome...0I1InitialoptimumInitial（最初的）budgetconstraint编辑pptNormalversus（对）InferiorGoodsIfaconsumerbuysmoreofagoodwhenhisorherincomerises,thegoodiscalledanormalgood（正常商品）.Ifaconsumerbuyslessofagoodwhenhisorherincomerises,thegoodiscalledaninferiorgood（劣品）.编辑pptAnInferiorGood...QuantityofPizzaQuantityofPepsi0InitialoptimumI1Initialbudgetconstraint编辑pptHowChangesinPricesAffectConsumerChoicesAfallinthepriceofanygoodrotates（旋转）thebudgetconstraintoutwardandchangestheslopeofthebudgetconstraint.编辑pptInitialbudgetconstraintAChangeinPrice...QuantityofPizza100QuantityofPepsi1,0005000编辑pptIncomeandSubstitutionEffectsApricechangehastwoeffectsonconsumption.Anincomeeffect（收入效应）Asubstitutioneffect（替代效应）编辑pptTheIncomeEffectTheincomeeffectisthechangeinconsumptionthatresultswhenapricechangemovestheconsumertoahigherorlowerindifferencecurve.编辑pptTheSubstitutionEffectThesubstitutioneffectisthechangeinconsumptionthatresultswhenapricechangemovestheconsumeralonganindifferencecurvetoapointwithadifferentmarginalrateofsubstitution.编辑pptAChangeinPrice:SubstitutionEffectApricechangefirstcausestheconsumertomovefromonepointonaindifferencecurvetoanotheronthesamecurve.IllustratedbymovementfrompointAtopointB.编辑pptAChangeinPrice:IncomeEffectAftermovingfromonepointtoanotheronthesamecurve,theconsumerwillmovetoanotherindifferencecurve.IllustratedbymovementfrompointBtopointC.编辑pptIncomeandSubstitutionEffects...QuantityofPizza0AInitialoptimumI1Initialbudgetconstraint编辑pptIncomeandSubstitutionEffectsWhenthePriceofPepsiFalls编辑pptDerivingtheDemandCurveAconsumer’sdemandcurvecanbeviewedasasummaryoftheoptimaldecisionsthatarisefromhisorherbudgetconstraintandindifferencecurves.编辑pptDerivingtheDemandCurve...(a)TheConsumer’sOptimum(b)TheDemandCurveforPepsiI1I2ABInitialbudgetconstraintNewbudgetconstraint50150QuantityofPizzaQuantityofPepsi00QuantityofPepsi501501$2PriceofPepsiAB编辑pptDoalldemandcurvesslopedownward?Demandcurvescansometimesslopeupward.Thishappenswhenaconsumerbuyslessofagoodwhenitspricedecreases.编辑pptGiffenGoods（吉芬商品）EconomistsusethetermGiffengoodtodescribeagoodthatviolatesthelawofdemand（违背了需求定理）.Giffengoodsareinferiorgoodsforwhichtheincomeeffectdominatesthesubstitutioneffect.Theyhavedemandcurvesthatslopeupwards.编辑pptQuantityofMeatAQuantityofPotatoes0ECI2I1InitialbudgetconstraintNewbudgetconstraintDBOptimumwithlowpriceofpotatoesOptimumwithhighpriceofpotatoesAGiffenGood...编辑pptHowdowagesaffectlaborsupply?Ifthesubstitutioneffectisgreaterthantheincomeeffectfortheworker,heorsheworksmore.Ifincomeeffectisgreaterthanthesubstitutioneffect,heorsheworksless.编辑pptHoursofLeisure02,000$5,00060Consumption100OptimumI3I2I1TheWork-LeisureDecision...编辑pptHoursofLaborSupplied0Wage...thelaborsupplycurveslopesupward.HoursofLeisure0Consumption(a)Forapersonwiththesepreferences…I2I1BC2BC1AnIncreaseintheWage...编辑pptHoursofLaborSupplied0Wage...thelaborsupplycurveslopesbackward.HoursofLeisure0Consumption(b)Forapersonwiththesepreferences…I2I1BC2BC1AnIncreaseintheWage...编辑pptHowdointerestratesaffecthouseholdsaving?Ifthesubstitutioneffectofahigherinterestrateisgreaterthantheincomeeffect,householdssavemore.Iftheincomeeffectofahigherinterestrateisgreaterthanthesubstitutioneffect,householdssaveless.编辑pptConsumptionwhenYoung055,000$110,000$50,000ConsumptionwhenOld100,000OptimumI3I2I1BudgetconstraintTheConsumption-SavingDecision...编辑pptAnIncreaseintheInterestRate...0ConsumptionwhenOldI2I1BC2BC1ConsumptionwhenYoungHoursofLeisure0I2I1BC2BC1ConsumptionwhenOld(a)HigherInterestRateRaisesSaving(b)HigherInterestRateLowersSaving编辑pptHowdointerestratesaffecthouseholdsaving?Thus,anincreaseintheinterestratecouldeitherencourageordiscouragesaving.编辑pptDothepoorprefertoreceivecashorin-kindtransfers?Ifanin-kindtransferofagood（实物交易）forcestherecipient（接受者）toconsumemoreofthegoodthanhewouldonhisown,thentherecipientprefersthecashtransfer.编辑pptDothepoorprefertoreceivecashorin-kindtransfers?Iftherecipientdoesnotconsumemoreofthegoodthanhewouldonhisown,thenthecashandin-kindtransferhaveexactlythesameeffectonhisconsumptionandwelfare.编辑pptCashTransferIn-KindTransfer(a)TheConstraintIsNotBindingNonfoodConsumption0$1,000$1,000FoodABI2I1BC1BC2(with$1,000cash)NonfoodConsumption0FoodABI2I1BC1BC2(with$1,000foodstamps)CashversusIn-KindTransfers...编辑pptCashTransferIn-KindTransfer(b)TheConstraintIsBindingNonfoodConsumption0$1,000$1,000FoodABI2I1BC1BC2(with$1,000cash)NonfoodConsumption0FoodABI2I1BC1BC2(with$1,000foodstamps)CashversusIn-KindTransfers...CI3编辑pptSummaryAconsumer’sbudgetconstraintshowsthepossiblecombinationsofdifferentgoodshecanbuygivenhisincomeandthepricesofthegoods.Theslopeofthebudgetconstraintequalstherelativepriceofthegoods.Theconsumer’sindifferencecurvesrepresenthispreferences.编辑pptSummaryPointsonhigherindifferencecurvesarepreferredtopointsonlowerindifferencecurves.Theslopeofanindifferencecurveatanypointistheconsumer’smarginalrateofsubstitution.Theconsumeroptimizes（使最优化）bychoosingthepointonhisbudgetconstraintthatliesonthehighestindifferencecurve.编辑pptSummaryWhenthepriceofagoodfalls,theimpactontheconsumer’schoicescanbebrokendownintoanincomeeffectandasubstitutioneffect.Theincomeeffectisthechangeinconsumptionthatarisesbecausealowerpricemakestheconsumerbetteroff.Theincomeeffectisreflectedbythemovementfromalowertoahigherindifferencecurve.编辑pptSummaryThesubstitutioneffectisthechangeinconsumptionthatarisesbecauseapricechangeencouragesgreaterconsumptionofthegoodthathasbecomerelativelycheaper.Thesubstitutioneffectisreflectedbyamovementalonganindifferencecurvetoapointwithadifferentslope.编辑pptSummaryThetheoryofconsumerchoicecanexplain:Whydemandcurvescanpotentiallyslopeupward.Howwagesaffectlaborsupply.Howinterestratesaffecthouseholdsaving.Whetherthepoorprefertoreceivecashorin-kindtransfers.编辑ppt编辑pptTheConsumer’sBudgetConstraint...编辑pptTheConsumer’sBudgetConstraint...编辑pptTheConsumer’sPreferences...编辑pptTheConsumer’sPreferences...编辑pptProperty1:Higherindifferencecurvesarepreferredtolowerones.编辑pptProperty2:Indifferencecurvesaredownwardsloping.编辑pptProperty3:Indifferencecurvesdonotcross.编辑pptProperty4:Indifferencecurvesarebowedinward.编辑pptPerfectSubstitutes编辑pptPerfectComplements编辑pptTheConsumer’sOptimum...编辑pptAnIncreaseinIncome...编辑pptAnInferiorGood...编辑pptAChangeinPrice...编辑pptIncomeandSubstitutionEffects...编辑pptDerivingtheDemandCurve...编辑pptAGiffenGood...编辑pptTheWork-LeisureDecision...编辑pptAnIncreaseintheWage...编辑pptAnIncreaseintheWage...编辑pptTheConsumption-SavingDecision...编辑pptAnIncreaseintheInterestRate...编辑pptCashversusIn-KindTransfers...编辑pptCashversusIn-KindTransfers...编辑ppt