英国版权法Copyright law of the United Kingdom(1)

CopyrightlawoftheUnitedKingdomThemodernconceptof copyright originatedintheUnitedKingdom,intheyear1710,withthe StatuteofAnne.Thecurrentcopyrightlawofthe UnitedKingdom istobefoundinthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988 (the1988Act),asamended.Thiscameintoforceon1August1989,forthemostpart,saveforsomeminorprovisionsVariousamendmentshavebeenmadetotheoriginalstatute,mostlyoriginatingfrom EuropeanUnion directives.Workseligibleforprotection[edit]Thetypesofworkeligibleforcopyrightprotectionincludealiterary,dramatic,artisticormusicalwork,thetypographicalarrangementofapublishededition,asoundrecording,afilm,orabroadcast.[1]Cinemafilmsmadebefore1June1957,thedateonwhichtheCopyrightAct1956[2] cameintoforce,arenotprotectedasfilm.Theyareeitherprotectedasadramaticworkunderthe CopyrightAct1911 (the1911Act)orasaseriesofphotographs.Wirelessbroadcastspriorto1June1957arenotprotectedatall.The1911Actmadenoprovisionforthem,asbroadcastinghadnotasyetbeeninventedwhentheActwaspassed.Broadcastsbycablepriorto1January1985arenotprotectedatalleither.BoththeActsof1911and1956madenoprovisionforbroadcastsbycable,astheyhadnotbeendefinedandprotectedaseither"works"or"broadcasts"ofeitherActs.Qualificationforprotection[edit]The1911Actprovidesthatanindividual'sworkisautomaticallyundercopyright,byoperationoflaw,assoonasitleaveshismindandisembodiedinsomephysicalform:beitanovel,apainting,amusicalworkwritteninmanuscript,oranarchitecturalschematic.ThisremainsthelegalpositionundertheSchedulesof1956Actandofthe1988Act.Oncereducedtophysicalform,provideditisanoriginalwork(inthesenseofnothavingbeencopiedfromanexistingwork),thencopyrightinitvestsautomaticallyin(i.e.isownedby)theauthor:thepersonwhoputtheconceptintomaterialform.Thereareexceptionstothisrule,dependinguponthenatureofthework,ifitwascreatedinthecourseofemployment.Thequestionofwhoisthe"author"ofawork,andwhatrightsattachtotheauthor,isfurtherdiscussedbelow.Inordertograntcopyrightprotectiontocomputerdatabases,UKcopyrightlawrecognisestheelementoflabourandskillusedincompilingthem,eventhoughtheyarenotintruthoriginalworks(beingentirelyderivedfromexistingrecords),[3] applyingaprinciplesometimescalledthe'SweatoftheBrow'doctrine;theyarealsoprotectedby databaseright (seebelow).Theterm'UnfairUse'[4] issometimesappliedinthatcontext,torefertotheuseofaworkintowhichsomeonehasinvestedalotofskillandlabour,butwherelittleornooriginalityispresent.Thisismainlyinthecaseofreproductionphotography,ortheretouchingofartisticworksthatareoutofcopyright,orforsimplecomputerdatabases,suchworksnotbeingoriginal.Awork,otherthanabroadcast,canqualifyforcopyrightprotectionineitheroftwoways:bythenationalityoftheauthor,orbythecountryoffirstpublication.Aworkqualifiesforcopyrightprotection,ifmadeafter1June1957(thedateonwhichtheCopyrightAct1956cameintoforce),ifitsauthoris:1.aBritishcitizen,aBritishdependentterritoriescitizen,aBritishNational(Overseas),aBritishsubject,oraBritishprotectedperson,or2.anindividualresidentordomiciledintheUnitedKingdom,orinanothercountrytowhichthequalificationclauseextends,or3.abodyincorporatedunderthelawofapartoftheUnitedKingdom,oranothercountrytowhichthequalificationclauseextends.Alternatively,aworkcanqualifyforcopyrightprotectionifitsfirstpublicationtookplace:1.intheUnitedKingdom,or2.inanothercountrytowhichthequalificationclauseextends.However,aworkmadebefore1June1957canonlyqualifyforcopyrightprotectionbyitscountryoffirstpublication;notbytheauthor'snationality.Abroadcast,ifmadeafter1June1957,qualifiesforprotectionif:1.itismadefromtheUnitedKingdom,or2.itismadefromanothercountrytowhichthequalificationclauseextends.Listsofthecountrieswhichtriggerqualificationarepublishedin StatutoryInstruments periodically.Theyare,inpointoffact,thosecountrieswhichhaveacceededtothe BerneCopyrightConvention.