英文逻辑推理题

英文逻辑推理题1.NearlyoneinthreesubscriberstoFinancialForecasterisamillionaire,andoverhalfareintopmanagement.Shouldn’tyousubscribetoFinancialForecasternowAreaderwhoisneitheramillionairenorintopmanagementwouldbemostlikelytoactinaccordancewiththeadvertisement’ssuggestionifheorshedrewwhichofthefollowingquestionableconclusionsinvitedbytheadvertisement(A)Amongfinance-relatedperiodicals.FinancialForecasterprovidesthemostdetailedfinancialinformation.(B)TopmanagerscannotdotheirjobsproperlywithoutreadingFinancialForecaster.(C)Theadvertisementisplacedwherethosewhowillbelikelytoreaditaremillionaires.(D)ThesubscribersmentionedwerehelpedtobecomemillionairesorjointopmanagementbyreadingFinancialForecaster.(E)Onlythosewhowillinfactbecomemillionaires,oratleasttopmanagers,willreadtheadvertisement.Questions2-3arebasedonthefollowing.Contrarytothechargesmadebysomeofitsopponents,theprovisionsofthenewdeficit-reductionlawforindiscriminatecutsinthefederalbudgetarejustified.OpponentsshouldrememberthattheNewDealpulledthiscountryoutofgreateconomictroubleseventhoughsomeofitsprogramswerelaterfoundtobeunconstitutional.2.Theauthor’smethodofattackingthechargesofcertainopponentsofthenewdeficit-reductionlawisto(A)attackthecharacteroftheopponentsratherthantheirclaim(B)implyananalogybetweenthelawandsomeNewDealprograms(C)pointoutthattheopponents’claimsimplyadilemma(D)showthattheopponents’reasoningleadstoanabsurdconclusion(E)showthattheNewDealalsocalledforindiscriminatecutsinthefederalbudget3.Theopponentscouldeffectivelydefendtheirpositionagainsttheauthor’sstrategybypointingoutthat(A)theexpertiseofthoseopposingthelawisoutstanding(B)thelackofjustificationforthenewlawdoesnotimplythatthosewhodrewitupwereeitherineptorimmoral(C)thepracticalapplicationofthenewlawwillnotentailindiscriminatebudgetcuts(D)economictroublespresentatthetimeoftheNewDealwereequalinseveritytothosethathaveledtothepresentlaw(E)thefactthatcertainflawedprogramsorlawshaveimprovedtheeconomydoesnotprovethateverysuchprogramcandoso4.InMillington,acityof50,000people,MercedesPedrosa,arealtor,calculatedthatafamilywithMillington’smedianfamilyincome,$28,000ayear,couldaffordtobuyMillington’smedian-priced$77,000house.Thiscalculationwasbasedonan11.2percentmortgageinterestrateandontherealtor’sassumptionthatafamilycouldonlyaffordtopayupto25percentofitsincomeforhousing.Whichofthefollowingcorrectionsofafigureappearinginthepassageabove,ifitweretheonlycorrectionthatneededtobemade,wouldyieldanewcalculationshowingthatevenincomesbelowthemedianfamilyincomewouldenablefamiliesinMillingtontoaffordMillington’smedian-pricedhouse(A)Millington’stotalpopulationwas45,000people.(B)Millington’smedianannualfamilyincomewas$27,000.(C)Millington’smedian-pricedhousecost$80,000.(D)TherateatwhichpeopleinMillingtonhadtopaymortgageinterestwasonly10percent.(E)FamiliesinMillingtoncouldonlyaffordtopayupto22percentoftheirannualincomeforhousing.5.Psychologicalresearchindicatesthatcollegehockeyandfootballplayersaremorequicklymovedtohostilityandaggressionthanarecollegeathletesinnoncontactsportssuchasswimming.Buttheresearchers’conclusion—thatcontactsportsencourageandteachparticipantstobehostileandaggressive—isuntenable.Thefootballandhockeyplayerswereprobablymorehostileandaggressivetostartwiththantheswimmers.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmoststrengthentheconclusiondrawnbythepsychologicalresearchers(A)Thefootballandhockeyplayersbecamemorehostileandaggressiveduringtheseasonandremainedsoduringtheoff-season,whereastherewasnoincreaseinaggressivenessamongtheswimmers.(B)Thefootballandhockeyplayers,butnottheswimmers,wereawareatthestartoftheexperimentthattheywerebeingtestedforaggressiveness.(C)Thesamepsychologicalresearchindicatedthatthefootballandhockeyplayershadagreatrespectforcooperationandteamplay,whereastheswimmersweremostconcernedwithexcellingasindividualcompetitors.(D)Theresearchstudiesweredesignedtoincludenocollegeathleteswhoparticipatedinbothcontactandnoncontactsports(E)ThroughouttheUnitedStates,moreincidentsoffanviolenceoccuratbaseballgamesthanoccurathockeyorfootballgames.1.D2.B3.E4.D5.A1.Although90percentofthepopulationbelievesitselftobewellinFORMedabouthealthcare,only20percentknowsenoughaboutDNA.Soapparentlyatleast80percentofthepopulationdoesnotknowenoughaboutmedicalconceptstomakewell-inFORMedpersonalmedicalchoicesortomakegoodpublicpolicydecisionsabouthealthcare.　　Theargument'sreasoningisquestionablebecausetheargumentfailstodemonstratethat　　(A)thosepeoplewhocanunderstandnewsstoriesaboutDNAareabletomakewell-inFORMedpersonalmedicalchoices　　(B)morethan20percentofthepopulationneedstobewellinFORMedabouthealthcareforgoodpublicpolicydecisionsabouthealthcaretobemade　　(C)one'sbeingabletomakewell-inFORMedpersonalmedicalchoicesensuresthatonemakesgoodpublicpolicydecisionsabouthealthcare　　(D)anunderstandingofDNAisessentialtomakingwell-inFORMedpersonalmedicalchoicesortomakinggoodpublicpolicydecisionsabouthealthcare(E)since90percentofthepopulationbelievesitselftobewellinFORMedabouthealthcare,atleast70percentofthepopulationismistakeninthatbelief.　　2.Duringthe1980's,JapanesecollectorswereveryactiveinthemarketforEuropeanart,especiallyaspurchasersofnineteenth-centuryImpressionistpaintings.ThisstrikingpatternsurelyreflectsaspecificpreferenceonthepartofmanyJapanesecollectorsforcertainaestheticattributestheyfoundinnineteenth-centuryImpressionistpaintings.　　Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,moststronglysupportstheexplanationabove　　(A)ImpressionistpaintingsfirstbecamepopularamongartcollectorsinEuropeatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.　　(B)Duringthe1980's,theJapaneseeconomyunderwentasustainedexpansionthatwasunprecedentedinthecountry'srecenthistory.　　(C)Severalnineteenth-centuryImpressionistpaintersadoptedcertaintechniquesandvisualeffectsfoundinJapaneseprintsthatarehighlyestee　　11.Theaveragecabletelevisioncompanyoffersitscustomers50channels,butnewfiber-opticlineswillenabletelephonecompaniestoprovide100to150televisionchannelstotheircustomersforthesamepriceascablecompanieschargefor50.Therefore,cablecompanieswillbedisplacedbythenewcompanieswithinafewyears.　　Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstostrengthentheargument　　(A)Theinitialcostperhouseholdofinstallingnewfiber-optictelevisionservicewillexceedthecurrentcostofinstallingcabletelevisionservice.　　(B)Themostpopularmoviesandprogramsonchannelscarriedbycablecompanieswillalsobeofferedonchannelscarriedbythefiber-opticlinesownedbythetelephonecompanies.　　(C)Cabletelevisioncompanieswillrespondtocompetitionfromthetelephonecompaniesbyincreasingthenumberofchannelstheyoffer.　　(D)Sometelephonecompaniesowncablecompaniesinareasotherthanthoseinwhichtheyprovidetelephoneservices.　　(E)Thenewfiber-opticservicesofferedbytelephonecompanieswillbesubjecttomorestringentgovernmentalprogrammingregulationsthanthosetowhichcablecompaniesarenowsubject.　　12.TheonlyphysicalfactorpreventingahumanjourneytoMarshasbeenweight.CarryingenoughfueltopropelaconventionalspacecrafttoMarsandbackwouldmakeeventhelightestcrafttooheavytobelaunchedfromEarth.Adevicehasrecentlybeeninvented,however,thatallowsanotherwiseconventionalspacecrafttorefillthecraft'sfueltankswithfuelmanufacturedfromtheMartianatmosphereforthereturntrip.Therefore,itispossibleforpeopletogotoMarsinaspacecraftthatcarriesthisdeviceandthenreturn.　　Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentdepends　　(A)TheamountoffuelneededforaspacecrafttoreturnfromMarsisthesameastheamountoffuelneededtotravelfromEarthtoMars.　　(B)ThefuelmanufacturedfromtheMartianatmospherewouldnotdifferincompositionfromthefuelusedtotraveltoMars.(C)ThedeviceformanufacturingfuelfromtheMartianatmospherewouldnottakeupanyofthespaceshipcrew'slivingspace.　　(D)Aconventionalspacecraftequippedwiththedevicewouldnotbeappreciablymoreexpensivetoconstructthancurrentspacecrafttypicallyare.　　(E)ThedeviceformanufacturingfuelforthereturntoEarthweighslessthanthetanksoffuelthataconventionalspacecraftwouldotherwiseneedtocarryfromEarthforthereturntrip.　　13.In1712thegovernmentofCountryYappointedacensortoprohibitthepublicationofanybookcriticalofCountryY'sgovernment;allnewbookslegallypublishedinthecountryafter1712wereapprovedbyacensor.Underthefirstcensor,onehalfofthebookmanussubmittedtothecensorwerenotapprovedforpublication.Underthenextcensor,onlyonequarterofthebookmanussubmittedwerenotapproved,butthenumberofbookmanusthatwereapprovedwasthesameunderbothcensors.Ifthestatementsinthepassagearetrue,whichoneofthefollowingcanbeproperlyconcludedfromthem(A)MorebookscriticalofCountryY'sgovernmentswerepublishedbeforetheappointmentofthefirstcensorthanafterit.(B)Thefirstcensorandthesecondcensorprohibitedthepublicationofthesamenumberofbookmanus.(C)Morebookmanusweresubmittedforapprovaltothefirstcensorthantothesecond.(D)ThesecondcensorallowedsomebookmanustothepublishedthatthefirstcensorwouldhaveconsideredcriticalofCountryY'sgovernment.(E)Thenumberofwriterswhowroteunpublishedmanuswasgreaterunderthefirstcensorthanunderthesecond.　　14.Ifthegovernmentincreasesitsfundingforcivilianscientificresearch,privatepatronsandindustrieswillbelievethatsuchresearchhasbecomeprimarilythegovernment'sresponsibility.Whentheybelievethatresearchisnolongerprimarilytheirresponsibility,privatepatronsandindustrieswilldecreasetheircontributionstowardresearch.Therefore,inordertokeepfromdepressingtheoverallleveloffundingforcivilianscientificresearch,thegovernmentshouldnotincreaseitsownfunding.　　Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentrelies　　(A)Governmentsshouldbearthemajorityofthefinancialburdenoffundingforcivilianscientificresearch.　　(B)Anyincreaseingovernmentfundingwoulddisplacemoreprivatefundingforcivilianscientificresearchthanitwouldprovide.　　(C)Privatedonationstowardresearcharenolongerwelcomedbyresearcherswhoseworkreceivesgovernmentfunding.　　(D)Civilianscientificresearchcannotbeconductedefficientlywithmorethanonesourceoffunding.　　(E)fundingforcivilianscientificresearchiscurrentlyatthehighestpossiblelevel.15.Dentalresearcher:Fillingacavityinatoothisnotaharmlessprocedure:itinevitablydamagessomeofthehealthypartsofthetooth.Cavitiesareharmfulonlyifthedecayreachesthenervesinsidethetooth,andmanycavities,ifleftuntreated,neverprogresstothatpoint.Therefore,dentistsshouldnotfillacavityunlessthenervesinsidethetoothareinimminentdangerfromthatcavity.　　Whichoneofthefollowingprinciples,ifvalid,moststronglysupportstheresearcher'sreasoning　　(A)Dentistsshouldperformanyprocedurethatislikelytobebeneficialinthelongterm,butonlyiftheproceduredoesnotcauseimmediatedamage.　　(B)Dentistsshouldhelptheirpatientstopreventcavitiesratherthanwaitinguntilcavitiesarepresenttobegintreatment.　　(C)Aconditionthatisonlypotentiallyharmfulshouldnotbetreatedusingamethodthatisdefinitelyharmful.　　(D)Aconditionthatistypicallyprogressiveshouldnotbetreatedusingmethodsthatprovideonlytemporaryrelief.　　(E)Aconditionthatispotentiallyharmfulshouldnotbeleftuntreatedunlessitcanbekeptunderconstantsurveillance.16.TheaxisofEarth'sdailyrotationistiltedwithrespecttotheplaneofitsorbitatanangleofroughly23degrees.ThatanglecanbekeptfairlystableonlybythegravitationalinfluenceofEarth'slarge,nearbyMoon.Withoutsuchastableandmoderateaxistilt,aplanet'sclimateistooextremeandunstabletosupportlife.Mars,forexample,hasonlyverysmallmoons,tiltsatwildlyfluctuatingangles,andcannotsupportlife.　　Ifthestatementsabovearetrue,whichoneofthefollowingmustalsobetrueonthebasisofthem　　(A)IfMarshadasufficientlylargenearbymoon,Marswouldbeabletosupportlife.　　(B)IfEarth'sMoonweretoleaveEarth'sorbit,Earth'sclimatewouldbeunabletosupportlife.　　(C)Anyplanetwithastable,moderateaxistiltcansupportlife.　　(D)GravitationalinfluencesotherthanmoonshavelittleornoeffectonthemagnitudeofthetiltangleofeitherEarth'sorMars'saxis.　　(E)Noplanetthathasmorethanonemooncansupportlife　　17.Psychologist:Someastrologersclaimthatourhoroscopescompletelydetermineourpersonalities,butthisclaimisfalse,Iconcedethatidenticaltwins——whoare,ofcourse,bornatpracticallythesametime——oftendohavesimilarpersonalities.However,birthrecordswereexaminedtofindtwoindividualswhowereborn40yearsagoonthesamedayandatexactlythesametime——oneinahospitalinTorontoandoneinahospitalinNewYork.Personalitiesofthesetwoindividualsareinfactdifferent.　　Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichthepsychologist'sargumentdepends　　(A)Astrologershavenotsubjectedtheirclaimstorigorousexperimentation.　　(B)ThepersonalitydifferencesbetweenthetwoindividualscannotbeexplainedbytheculturaldifferencebetweenTorontoandNewYork.　　(C)ThegeographicaldifferencebetweenTorontoandNewYorkdidnotresultinthetwoindividualshavingdifferenthoroscopes.　　(D)Completebirthrecordsforthepast40yearswerekeptatbothhospitals.　　(E)Identicaltwinshaveidenticalgeneticstructuresandusuallyhavesimilarhomeenvironments.　　18.Modernnavigationsystems,whicharefoundinmostoftoday'scommercialaircraft,aremadewithlow-powercircuitry,whichismoresusceptibletointerferencethanthevacuum-tubecircuitryfoundinolderplanes.Duringlanding,navigationsystemsreceiveradiosignalsfromtheairporttoguidetheplanetotherunway.Recently,oneplanewithlow-powercircuitryveeredoffcourseduringlanding,itsdialsdimming,whenapassengerturnedonalaptopcomputer.Clearly,modernaircraftnavigationsystemsarebeingputatriskbytheelectronicdevicesthatpassengerscarryonboard,suchascassetteplayersandlaptopcomputers.　　Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,LEASTstrengthenstheargumentabove　　(A)Afterthelaptopcomputerwasturnedoff,theplaneregainedcourseanditsnavigationinstrumentsanddialsreturnedtonormal.　　(B)Wheninuseallelectronicdevicesemitelectromagneticradiation,whichisknowntointerferewithcircuitry.　　(C)Noproblemswithnavigationalequipmentorinstrumentdialshavebeenreportedonflightswithnopassenger-ownedelectronicdevicesonboard.　　(D)Significantelectromagneticradiationfromportableelectronicdevicescantraveluptoeightmeters,andsomepassengerseatsonmodernaircraftarelocatedwithinfourmetersofthenavigationsystems.　　(E)Planeswerefirstequippedwithlow-powercircuitryataboutthesametimeportableelectronicdevicesbecamepopular.　　Jane:Televisionprogramsandmoviesthatdepictviolenceamongteenagersareextremelypopular.Givenhowinfluentialthesemediaare,wehavegoodreasontobelievethatthesedepictionscauseyoungpeopletoengageinviolentbehavior.Hence,depictionsofviolenceamongteenagersshouldbeprohibitedfrommoviesandtelevisionprograms,ifonlyinthoseprogramsandmoviespromotedtoyoungaudiences.　　Maurice:Butyouarerecommendingnothingshortofcensorship!Besideswhich,yourclaimthattelevisionandmoviedepictionsofviolencecauseviolenceismistaken:violenceamongyoungpeoplepredatesmoviesandtelevisionbycenturies.　　19.Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthensJane'sargument　　(A)Themostviolentcharactersdepictedinmoviesandontelevisionprogramsareadultcharacterswhoareportrayedbyadultactors.　　(B)Themoviesthathavebeenshowntohavethemostinfluenceonyoungpeople'sbehaviorarethosethatarepromotedtoyoungaudiences.　　(C)Thepeoplewhomakethemostprofitsinthemovieandtelevisionindustryarethosewhocansuccessfullypromotetheirworktobothyoungandoldaudiences.　　(D)Manyadolescentswhoengageinviolentbehaviorhadalreadydisplayedsuchbehaviorbeforetheywereexposedviolenceinmovies.　　(E)Amongtheproducerswhomakebothmoviesandtelevisionprograms,manyvoluntarilyrestrictthesubjectmatteroffilmsdirectedtowardyoungaudiences.　　20.Ariseinthepercentageofall18-year-oldswhowererecruitedbythearmedservicesofasmallrepublicbetween1980and1986correlateswithariseinthepercentageofyoungpeoplewhodroppedoutofhighschoolinthatrepublic.Since18-year-oldsintherepublicaregenerallyeitherhighschoolgraduatesorhighschooldropouts,thecorrelationleadstotheconclusionthattherepublic'srecruitmentratesfor18-year-oldsdependsubstantiallyonrecruitmentratesforhighschooldropouts.　　Whichoneofthefollowingstatements,iftrue,mostweakenstheargument　　(A)Alargenumberof18-year-oldhighschoolgraduateswererecruitedfortherepublic'sarmedservicesin1986thanin1980.　　(B)Manyofthehigh-technologysystemsusedbytherepublic'sarmedservicescanbeoperatedonlybyindividualswhohavecompletedahighschooleducation.　　(C)Between1980and1986thepercentageofhighschoolgraduatesamong18-year-oldsrecruitedintherepublicrosesharply.(D)Personneloftherepublic'sarmedservicesarestronglyencouragedtofinishtheirhighschooleducation.　　(E)Theproportionofrecruitswhohadcompletedatleasttwoyearsofcollegeeducationwasgreaterin1986thanin1980.　　21.Historian:Wecanlearnaboutthemedicalhistoryofindividualsthroughchemicalanalysisoftheirhair.Itislikely,forexample,thatIsaacNewton'spsychologicalproblemswereduetomercurypoisoning;tracesofmercurywerefoundinhishair.AnalysisisnowbeingdoneonalockofBeethoven'shair.AlthoughnoconvincingargumenthasshownthatBeethoveneverhadavenerealdisease,somepeoplehypothesizethatvenerealdiseasecausedhisdeafness.SincemercurywascommonlyingestedinBeethoven'stimetotreatvenerealdisease,ifresearchersfindatraceofmercuryinhishair,wecanconcludethatthishypothesisiscorrect.　　Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichthehistorian'sargumentdepends　　(A)Noneofthemercuryintroducedintothebodycanbeeliminated.(B)SomepeopleinBeethoven'stimedidnotingestmercury.　　(C)Mercuryisaneffectivetreatmentforvenerealdisease.　　(D)Mercurypoisoningcancausedeafnessinpeoplewithvenerealdisease.　　(E)BeethovensufferedfrompsychologicalproblemsofthesameseverityasNewton's.　　22.In1992,amajornewspapercirculatedthroughoutNorthAmericanpaiditsreportersanaveragesalarypaidbyitsprinciplecompetitorstotheirreporters.Anexecutiveofthenewspaperarguedthatthispracticewasjustified,sinceanyshortfallthatmightexistinthereporters'salariesisfullycompensatedbythevaluabletrainingtheyreceivethroughtheirassignments.　　Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrueaboutthenewspaperin1992,mostseriouslyunderminesthejustificationofferedbytheexecutive　　(A)Seniorreportersatthenewspaperearnedasmuchasreportersofsimilarstaturewhoworkedforthenewspaper'sprinciplecompetitors.　　(B)Mostofthenewspaper'sreportershadworkedthereformorethantenyears.　　(C)Thecirculationofthenewspaperhadrecentlyreachedaplateau,afterithadincreasedsteadilythroughoutthe1980s.　　(D)Theunionthatrepresentedreportersatthenewspaperwasdifferentfromtheunionthatrepresentedreportersatthenewspaper'scompetitors.　　(E)ThenewspaperwaswidelyreadthroughoutcontinentalEuropeandGreatBritainaswellasNorthAmerica.　23.Onacertainday,ninescheduledflightsonSwiftAirlineswerecanceled.Ordinarily,acancellationisduetomechanicalproblemswiththeairplanescheduledforacertainflight.However,sinceitisunlikelythatSwiftwouldhavethemechanicalproblemswithmorethanoneortwoscheduledflightsonasingleday,someoftheninecancellationswereprobablyduetosomethingelse.　　(A)Morethanoneortwoairplaneswerescheduledfortheninecanceledflights.　　(B)SwiftAirlineshasfewermechanicalproblemsthandootherairlinesofthesamesize.　　(C)EachofthecanceledflightswouldhavebeenlongerthantheaverageflightonSwiftAirlines.(D)SwiftAirlineshadneverbeforecanceledmorethanoneortwoscheduledflightsonasingleday.　　(E)Alloftheairplanesscheduledforthecanceledflightsarebasedatthesameairport.　　24.Theinterstitialnucleus,asubregionofthebrain'shypothalamus,istypicallysmallerformalecatsthanforfemalecats.AneurobiologistperFORMedautopsiesonmalecatswhodiedfromdiseaseX,adiseaseaffectingnomorethan.05percentofmalecats,andfoundthatthesemalecatshadinterstitialnucleithatwereaslargeasthosegenerallyfoundinfemalecats.Thus,thesizeoftheinterstitialnucleusdetermineswhetherornotmalecatscancontractdiseaseX.　　Whichoneofthefollowingstatements,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheargument　　(A)NofemalecatshavebeenknowntocontractdiseaseX,whichisasubtypeofdiseaseY.　　(B)ManymalecatswhocontractdiseaseXalsocontractdiseaseZ,thecauseofwhichisunknown.　　(C)theinterstitialnucleioffemalecatswhocontactdiseaseXarelargerthanthoseoffemalecatswhodonotcontractdiseaseX.　　(D)Of1,000autopsiesonmalecatswhodidnotcontractdiseaseX,5revealedinterstitialnucleilargerthanthoseoftheaveragemalecat.　　(E)ThehypothalamusisknownnottobecausallylinkedtodiseaseY,anddiseaseXisasubtypeofdiseaseY.　　25.Thereshouldbeagreateruseofgasohol.Gasoholisamixtureofalcoholandgasolin