(完整版)语言学教程复习题与答案

语言学教程复习 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 与 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 (胡壮麟版第一章)ChapterI 1.  Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.  Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.3.  Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.4.  Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.5.  Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.6.  Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.7.  Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.8.  Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.9.  Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.10. Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.11. Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.12. Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.13. Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.14. Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.15. Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.16. Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.17. Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.18. Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.19. Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthewrittenlanguage.20. ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyF.deSaussure.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21.Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser’sk__________oftherulesofhislanguage.22.Languereferstothea__________linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.23.D_________isoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.24.Languageisasystemofa_________vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.25.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds________.26.Humancapacityforlanguagehasag____basis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned. 27.P____referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.28.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasa________linguistics.29.Languageisp___________inthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.30.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthes____studyoflanguage.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.31.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe______________.A.prescriptive      B.analytic  C.descriptive       D.linguistic32.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?A.Arbitrariness   B.Displacement C.Duality      D.Meaningfulness33.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas____________.A.primary  B.correct  C.secondary  D.stable34.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,becauseA.inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowritingB.speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.C.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue  D.Alloftheabove35.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa____studyoflanguage.A.synchronic         B.diachronic  C.prescriptive      D.comparative36.Saussuretooka(n)viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma__pointofview.  A.sociological…psychological  B.psychological…sociologicalC.applied…pragmatic      D.semanticandlinguistic37.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,__referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.A.parole  B.performance  C.langue   D.Language38.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween__andmeanings.A.sense    B.sounds  C.objects   D.ideas39.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled__,A.displacement  B.duality  C.flexibility  D.culturaltransmission40.Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthrough__,ratherthanbyinstinct.A.learning B.teaching  C.books  D.bothAandBIV.Definethefollowingterms:41.Linguistics  42.Phonology  43.Syntax  44.Pragmatics  45.Psycholinguistics 46.Language 47.Phonetics 48Morphology 49.Semantics  50.Sociolinguistics  51.AppliedLinguistics52.Arbitrariness 53Productivity 54.  Displacement   55.Duality  56.DesignFeatures57.Competence 58Performance  59.Langue    60ParoleV.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedfor humancommunication.Explainitindetail.62.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Illustratethemwithexamples.63.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?64.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?65.Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?66.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?67.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?68.Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?69.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?Why?Il.T  2.F  3.F  4.T  5.T  6.F  7.T 8.F  9.T  10.F  11.T 12.T 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F  19.F 20.FII.21.knowledge 22.abstract 23.Duality 24.arbitrary25.syntax  26.genetic 27.Parole  28.applied  29.productive 30.scientific(orsystematic)III.3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.DIV.41. Linguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.  42. Phonology:Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology. 43. Syntax:Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.44.Pragmatics:Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics. 45. Psycholinguistics:Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.46. Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.47. Phonetics:Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.48. Morphology:Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.    49. Semantics:Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.  50. Sociolinguistics:Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.    51. Appliedlinguistics:Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.    52. Arbitrariness:Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds 53. Productivity:Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossiblethecon-structionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers. 54. Displacement:Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker  55. Duality:Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings. 56. Designfeatures:Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication 57. Competence:Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage, 58. Performance:performanceistheactualrealizationoftheknowl-edgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication. 59. langue:Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently 60. Parole:Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse;paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.V61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Explainitindetail.Firstofall,languageisasystem,becauseelementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.Secondly,languageisarbitrarybecausethereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenformandmeaning,orbetweenthesignandwhatitstandsfor.Differentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectintheworld.Thisfactisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Thisalsoexplainsthesymbolicnatureoflanguage:wordsarejustsymbols;theyareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideas,etc.byconvention.Thirdly,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages,nomatterhowwell-developedtheirwritingsystemsare.  Theterm"human"inthedefinitionindicatesthatlanguageispossessedbyhumanbeingsonlyandisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsofotherlivingcreatures.Theterm"communication"meansthatlanguagemakesitpossibleforitsuserstotalktoeachotherandfulfilltheircommunicativeneeds.   62. Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Illustratethemwithexamples1)Arbitrariness  Asmentionedearlier,thearbitrarypropertyoflanguagemeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forinstance,thereisnonecessaryrelationshipbetweenthewordelephantandtheanimalitsymbolizes.Inaddition,differentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages,andevenwithinthesamelanguage,thesamesounddoesnotrefertothesamething.However,languageisnotentirelyarbitrary.Therearewordswhicharecreatedintheimitationofsoundsbysounds,suchascrash,banginEnglish.Besides,somecompoundwordsarealsonotentirelyarbitrary.Butthenon-arbitrarywordsarequitelimitedinnumber.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.2)Productivity  Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencesthattheyhaveneversaidorheardbefore.Theycansendmessageswhichnooneelsehaseversentbefore.Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsappeartobehighlyrestrictedwithrespecttothenumberofdifferentsignalsthattheiruserscansendandreceive.3)Duality  Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless,discrete,individualsounds.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbecombinedaccordingtorulesintounitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemesandwords,which,atthehigherlevel,canbearrangedintosentences.Thisdualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.Noanimalcommunicationsystemhasdualityorevencomesneartopossessingit.4)Displacement  Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Animalcallsaremainlyutteredinresponsetoimmediatechangesofsituation.5)Culturaltransmission  Humanbeingswerebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,butthedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmittedorpasseddownbyinstinct.Theyhavetobetaughtandlearned,butanimalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.63. Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?Traditional   grammarisprescriptive;itisbasedon"high"(religious,literary)writtenlanguage.Itsetsgrammaticalrulesandimposestherulesonlanguageusers.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;Itcollectsauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedataandthenitstudiesanddescribesthedatainanobjectiveandscientificway.64.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyanda   diachranicstudy?ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisaSynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Asynchronicstudyoflanguagedescribesalanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointintime,whileadiachronicstudyoflanguageisthestudyofthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.65.  Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?  First,thespokenformispriortothewrit-tenformandmostwritingsystemsarederivedfromthespokenformoflanguage.Second,thespokenformplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyedanditservesawiderrangeofpurposesFinally,thespokenformisthemediumthroughwhichweacquireourmothertongue.66.  Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole? Thedistinctionbetweenlangue,andparolewasmadebythefamouslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureearlythiscentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable;itdoesnotchangefrequently;whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.67.  Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?  AmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’sproposedthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.AccordingtoChomsky,performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker’sknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc..Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetence,whichissystematic,nottheperformance,whichistoohaphazard.68. Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences? AlthoughSaussure’sdistinctionandChomsky’sareverysimilar,theydifferatleastinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamaterofsocialconventions,andChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviesandtohim,competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.69. Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?Why?  Languageisarbitraryinnature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary,becausetherearealimitednumberofwordswhoseconnectionsbetweenformsandmeaningscanbelogicallyexplainedtoacertainextent,forexample,theonomatopoeia,wordswhicharecoinedonthebasisofimitationofsoundsbysoundssuchasbang,crash,etc..Takecompoundsforanotherexample.Thetwoelements “photo”and“copy”in“photocopy”arenon-motivated,butthecompoundisnotarbitrary.语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第二章)Chapter2：Phonology      I.  1. VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish. 2.  Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution. 3.   Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning. 4.  EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot. 5.   Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting. 6.  Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed. 7. Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph. 8.  Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:thethroat,themouthandthechest. 9.  Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.10. Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest. 11. Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar. 12. Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:thepositionoftongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels. 13. Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels. 14. Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme. 15. Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning. 16. Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories. 17. Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning. 18. Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast. 19.  Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific. 20.  Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21. A____referstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproductionofspeechsounds. 22. A____phoneticsdescribesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer. 23. Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e,theyareallb_______sounds. 24. Ofallthespeechorgans,thet____isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother. 25. Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticulationorintermsofp____ofarticulation. 26. Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledas________. 27. S_________featuresarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theyincludestress,tone,intonation,etc. 28. Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds____rules. 29. Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscalledn_________transcription. 30. Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi_________. 31. P______isadisciplinewhichstudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguageandhowsoundsarecombinedintomeaningfulunitstoeffectlinguisticcommunication. 32. Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantcavities:thepharyngealcavity,theo_______cavityandthenasalcavity. 33.  T____arepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcordsandwhichcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes. 34. Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsofstress:wordstressands_________stressIII.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.35. Ofallthespeechorgans,the_______is/arethemostflexible.A.mouth B.lips C.tongue D.vocalcords 36. Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingare____sounds.A.voiceless  B.voiced  C.vowel  D.consonantal37. __________isavoicedalveolarstop.A./z/    B./d/   C./k/  D./b/ 38.  Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophones____________. A.identical  B.same  C.exactlyalike  D.similar 39. Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvironmentsandtheycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe___________.A.inphonemiccontrast    B.incomplementarydistributionC.theallophones      D.minimalpair 40. Thesound/f/is_________________. A.voicedpalatalaffricate      B.voicedalveolarstopC.voicelessvelarfricative      D.voicelesslabiodentalfricative  41.  A____vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition. A.back    B.central  C.front  D.middle 42. Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled____________.A.phoneticcomponents  B.immediateconstituentsC.suprasegmentalfeatures      D.semanticfeatures 43. A(n)___________isaunitthatis