经典：跨文化交际课件c1

IntroductiontoInterculturalCommunicationChapter1SelfintroductionpageofthecourseleaderProf.ZhuXiaoshu(Ph.D.)UniversityofInternationalBusinessandEconomics/zhuxiaoshu@yahoo.com.cnYourfinalgradecomponentsAttendance10%Assignments30%Finalexam60%QuestionsonthecourseparticipantsIfyouwereaskedtodefineculture,whatdefinitionwouldyougive?Haveyouthoughtofthepossibledifferencebetweencross-culturalofinterculturalcommunication?Haveyouhadanymisunderstandingswithforeignteachersandstudents,withwhomyouhavecontact?Whydoweneedtostudyinterculturalcommunication?InterculturalcommunicationskillsareessentialforpeopletodayTheliteratureininternationalbusinessisfilledwithexamplesofinterculturalmiscommunicationandblunders,whichshowtheresultsofmiscalculating-orsimplyignoring-theculturaldimensionofinternationalbusiness.Moreandmorepeoplehavecometorealizetheculturalimpactandpossiblenegativeconsequencesthatcomefrominappropriatecommunicationsduringinternationaltransactions.TheobjectivesofthiscourseToidentifyandanalyzeculturaldifferencessoastoavoidsuchkindsofmisunderstandingininternationalcommunication.Toprovideaframeworkforunderstandingoffactorsthatinfluenceinterculturalcommunication.Tohelpyoudevelopeffectivestrategiesindealingwithpotentialculturalconflictsandimproveyourinterculturalcommunicativecompetence.DefiningInterculturalCommunication(ICC)ThetermfirstusedbyEdwardT.Hallin1959andissimplydefinedasinterpersonalcommunicationbetweenmembersofdifferentcultures.ICCcanincludeinternational,interethnic,interracial,andinterregionalcommunication.InternationalcommunicationCommunicationtakesplacebetweennationsandgovernmentsratherthanindividuals.Itisquiteformalandritualized.DialogueattheUN.DialoguebetweenChineseChairmanandAmericanpresident.InterethniccommunicationCommunicationbetweenpeopleofthesameracebutdifferentethnicbackgrounds.CommunicationbetweenaTibetanandaHanInterracialcommunicationItoccurswhenthesourceandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentraceswhichpertainstophysicalcharacteristic.Itmayormaynotbeintercultural.CommunicationbetweenwhitesandblacksintheU.S.InterregionalcommunicationTheexchangeofmessagesbetweenmembersofthedominantculturewithinacountry.Theysharecommonmessagesandexperiencesoveralongperiodoftime,butliveindifferentregionsofthesamecountry.Interactionbetweensouthernersandnortherners.ThefeaturesofinterculturalcommunicationItisauniversalphenomenon.Itoccurseverywhereintheworld.Ifyouarereceivingmessagesfromanotherculture,youareinvolvedinICC.Communicationsbetweencultureshasbeengoingonforthousandsofyears.SilkroadInterculturalcommunicationisacommondailyoccurrence.Foreigntravelers,overseasstudentsFourcrucialdevelopmentsthatcontributetotherapidincreaseofICCImprovementsintransportationtechnologyDevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologyChangesinmassmigrationpatternsGlobalizationoftheworldeconomyInternationalbusinessMultinationalcorporations’annualsalesarecompatibletoorgreaterthantheyearlygrossdomesticproductofmostcountries.China’sshareoftheworldtradehasgrownmorerapidlywithitstradevolumerankedthe3rdintheworld.Ofthetop500worldenterprises,almost450havecometoChinaforinvestment.ICCisbecomingincreasinglyimportantGlobalizationoftheworld’seconomywillchallengevirtuallyallbusinesspersonstobecomemoreinternationallyawareandintellectuallyadept.ThemajorchangesinChina’ssocietyreinforcethefactthatinterculturalcommunicationisbecomingadailyoccurrenceandisbecomingincreasinglyimportant.EdwardHallthefounderofICCEdwardHallconceptualizedthisnewfieldofICCintheearly1950s.TheSilentLanguage(Hall,1959)isconsideredtheclassicfundamentalbookofICCstudy.ICChascontinuedtoprosperintheU.S.becauseThecountryisalandofimmigrantsfrommanydiverseculturesTherearethousandsofnewimmigrantsenteringthecountryeveryyearTheU.S.haslargenumbersofforeignstudentsandtouristsTheAmericaninvolvementintheglobaleconomyThedevelopmentofICCThisnewfieldofstudyoriginatedintheU.S.inthelate1950s.Itgainedacceptancethroughtrainingandtestingpracticeinthe1960sand1970s.Itformeditsbasisframeworkinthelate1970s.Ithasmadegreatachievementsintheoryandpracticeeversincethe1980sbothinsideandoutsideoftheU.S.Today,ICCiswidelyacknowledgedandextensivelyresearchedinallpartsoftheworld.ICCstudiesinChinaICCwasfirstlyintroducedintoChinaduringtheearly1980sbysomeEnglishteachers.HuWenzhong,aleadingscholarofICCinChinaThe5thInternationalConferenceonCross-culturalCommunicationwasheldinHarbin,ChinaChinaAssociationforInterculturalCommunicationwasestablishedin1995.ICCstudyinChinagrewfromacademicinteresttotheoreticalresearchandpracticalimplementationVerbalcommunicationtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture:vocabulary,syntax,pragmaticrules,discoursepatternsandtranslationNon-verbalcommunicationComparativestudyofcustomsandbehaviorpatternsinChinaandothercountriesCulturaldifferencesinbusinessmanagementTraditionalChinesevalueorientationsandtheirimpactonmodernization,etc.ThemultidisciplinarynatureofICCL-linguisticsandlanguageA-AnthropologyP-PsycholinguisticsandPsychologyS-SociolinguisticsandSociologyE-EducationandEnglishC-CommunicationstudiesC-CulturalStudiesElementsofICCstudyPhysical–time,environment,comfortandneeds,andphysicalmediumCultural-ethnic,religious,andsocialdifferencesPerceptual-viewingwhatissaidfromyourownmindsetMotivational-thelistener’smentalinertiaExperiential-lackofsimilarlifehappeningsEmotional-personalfeelingsofthelistenerLinguistic-differentlanguagesspokenNonverbalCompetition-abilitytodootherthingsincommunication“stumblingblocks”inICCAssumingmoreculturalsimilaritiesthanthereactuallyare.LanguagedifferencesareoftenasourceofmisunderstandingsMisinterpretingeachothers’non-verbalcommunicationHavingstereotypesandpreconceptionsabout“foreignersEvaluatingwhatforeignersdoandsaybeforeunderstandingwhattheymeanHavingfeelingsofanxietyandstressinICC,whichmayleadtoinaccurateconclusions.PotentialproblemsinICCAvoidanceoftheunfamiliarUncertaintyreductionWithdrawalStereotypingPrejudiceRacismMisuseofpowerCultureshockethnocentrismStereotypeshamperICCTheyarerootedinyourcompulsiontomakein-groupandout-groupdistinctions.Theyareoversimplified,over-generalizedorexaggerated.Theyrepeatandreinforcebeliefsuntiltheyoftenbecometakenfortruth.CulturalshockObergfirstintroducedtheterm.Itisprecipitatedbytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Fourstagesnormallygothrough:HoneymoonphaseCultureshockphaseRecoveryphaseAdjustmentphase.EthnocentrismEthnocentristsbelievethattheirowncultureisthecentralcultureandotherculturesareincorrect,defective,orquaint.ThenegativeimpactofethnocentrismItshapessocialsenseofidentitywhichisnarrowanddefensiveItnormallyinvolvestheperceptionofmembersofotherculturesintermsofstereotypesUsuallyinvolveinvidiouscomparisonsthatennobleone’sculturewhiledegradingthoseofothers.