《新编动力气象学》习
题
快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题
答案
八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案
李 国 平 编
成都信息工程学院
大气科学学院
二 O O 八年十二月
1
目 录
习题一 流体力学基础
习题二 流体运动方程组
习题三 大气运动坐标系与方程组
习题四 自由大气中的平衡运动
习题五 尺度分析与方程组的简化
习题六 量纲分析与 Π定理
习题七 环流定理与涡度方程
习题八 准地转动力学基础
习题九 大气边界层
习题十 大气能量学
习题十一 大气波动
习题十二 地转适应过程
习题十三 波动的不稳定理论
习题十四 热带大气动力学基础
2
习题一 流体力学基础
1 2 2 2 2( ) ( ) 1604 3202a yz xz t i xz y z t j i j= + + + = +
r r r r r
2
(1)
2
3 27 9 64a i j k= +
r r r r
三维
( )不是
() +
3
1 2
1 1
xy x y
z z
= + = -ì ì
í í= =î î
流线: 迹线:
4
(1)
3
j +
r r r rx y zV=- i+ k ,是k k k
(2) 不是
()不是
5
2 2 2
1 2 1 3 1 2 3
2 3
, , ( )
1 2 1 2 1
( ), ( ), ( )
3 3 3 3 3
t t t t t tx c e c e y c e c e z c e c c e
a b c c a b c c b a c
- - -= + = + = - +
= + + = - + = - +1其中c
6
2 2
1 13 3
0 0 0 0 0 03 3
2 1 2 2 1 2
( ), ( ),
2 2
, ; ,
at bt
t t
t t
x x e t y y e t
a a a b b a
x x x y y y y
a b= =
= - - + = + + +
= + = = + =1其中x
7
3
0 0 0(1) ( , , )
(2) 11 0
3
x y z
j j
- +
r r r r r r
1(,,);( ,e,1)e
()V=xi y ,a=xi y
8
(1) 5.18 /
(2) 2.68 /
T
C
t
T
C
t
°
°
¶
= -
¶
¶
= -
¶
天
天
9
(1)
(2)
3 )
Eulerian
V
t
dV
dt
¶
¶
×Ñ
=
ur
r r
ur
=(0,3,0)
( )(V V=(34+2vz,4uy+4vx,0)
(4) (34+2vz,4uy+4vx+3,0)
10
2
2
2 2
2 2
(1) 2 , ,
1 1
(2)
(1 )
(1 )
t
t
y zt
u x v w
t t
x e
y t
z e t
-
-
= - = =
+ +
ì
í
î
ì =
ï
= +í
ï = +î
不是
xy=1(3) z=1
(4)
11
4
2
2
2
1
(1)
2
3 4
6 2 3
3y 2tx 1
(2)
02 2
0
y y tx
t
x t
y xt
y
z
z
y - +
ì
= +ï
ï
= -ì ìï = -í í í =îî ï
=ï
ï
î
2
不存在势函数,存在流函数 =
- -
x-2 + =0流线: (4)迹线: 即:z=0
12
2 2
(1) 0
(2)
3
hV
y x
Ñ´ =
- =
uur
=-2axy+C
(3)
j
13 2v axy= -
14 2 ( 1) ( )u x y f y= - + +
15
(1)
2
是
( )是
16
2 2
2
(1) ( ) 2
2
(2) (4 )
b
x y axy
a a b i
= - -
= +
r r
y
17
2 2 1
1 2 2
(1) ln( ),
2
(2) , ln( )
2
c y
x y ctg c
x
y c
ctg c x y
x
-
-
= + = +
= - + = - +
j y
j y
18
5
(1)
(3) 2 , 1
0 0
(4) 0, 2 , 0 0
0 0 0
j
y x z
k
V V k A k
= =
æ ö
ç ÷ Ñ´ = Ñ × = = ç ÷
ç ÷
è ø
r r r
ur ur r
2 2
1 2
a=k xi+k y
(2)x=c y,z=c
19
2
(1)
(3) ,
j kzk
j k zk
C
+
+
- +
r r r r
r r r r2 2
2 2
2
V=-2kxi+k y ,定常
(2) a=4k xi+k y
ky kz存在 =kx - 不存在2 2j y
20 kxy Cy = +
21
2 2
2 2 2 2
4
2 2
1
2 ( ) 0
2
1
(1) ( ) , 0, ( ) 2 0
2
0 0 0
(2)
8
1
(3)
2
xy y x
V y x k V A y x xy
a
C
x y C
æ ö- -ç ÷
ç ÷
ç ÷ Ñ ´ = + Ñ × = = -ç ÷
ç ÷
ç ÷ç ÷
è ø
=
+
ur r ur
不存在 ,存在 =
p
j y
22
0
0
0 max 0
(1) sin
(2) sin , 0; ,
2
v
y ax C
au
av ax D x av
a
= +
= = = =时pz z
6
习题二 流体运动方程组
1
2
2
(1 )
2
z h p z z
u U
h x h hm
¶
= - -
¶
3
4
2
1
1
2 1
1
1
(1) ( )
2
(2)
1
(3) ( )
2
p
u z hz
x
U
u z U
h
Up
u z hz z U
x h
¶
= -
¶
= - +
¶
= - - +
¶
m
m
5
2
3
2
x sin
(1) ( )
2
(2)
12
(3)
12
p
k g
L
k
u z hz
k
Q h
k
u h
D
+
= -
= -
= -
设 轴沿斜坡向上为正, = r a
m
m
m
6
7
2
3
2
(1) ( )
2
(2)
2 12
(3)
2 12
sin
k U
u z hz z
h
hU k
Q h
U k
u h
p
k g
L
= - +
= -
= -
D
+其中 =
m
m
m
r a
7
2
0
(1)
(2)
2
p
x
U
u z
d
U
z C
d
¶
=
¶
=
= - +
设
y
8
9
2
3 2
2 2 2
sin
(1) ( )
2
sin sin
(2) ;
2 12 6
sin sin sin 2
(3) ( ) ( )
6 2 2 3
g U
u z hz z
h
hU g g
Q h U h
g g g hz
u h z z hz z
= - +
= - + =
= + - = -
r a
m
r a r a
m m
r a r a r a
m m m
10
11
1
2
2 2[2 ](1 / )B m B A
gh
V r
r s s
=
-
12
2 4
2 2
1 1
( ),
2
a
z
g a r
w
= - 为旋转抛物面。
13
8
2 2
2 2 2
0 0
2
2
max min
(1) ( ) ,
2 2
2
z r h x y h
g g
a
h h h
g
= + = + +
D = - =
为旋转抛物面。
(2)
w w
w
9
习题三 大气运动方程组
1
2
( ) ( )
2
dV V V
V V
dt t
¶
= + Ñ + Ñ´ ´
¶
ur ur ur ur
2
2
2
0
(1) ( )
(2) ( 2 )
a
aa
V u R i
d V u
u R R
dt R
= + W
= - + W + W
ur r
ur ur
3 g=g0 (1-2z/a)
4
4 2
4 2
4 1
(1) 310.2 10 ( )
(2) 0.628 10 ( )
(3) 29.2 10 ( )
A m s
a m s
k N kg
- -
- -
- -
= ´ ×
= ´ ×
- ´ ×
r 5
22 0.4375 ( )V k m s-W´ = - ×
ur ur r
6
(1) 35828( )
(2) 86165( ) 23 56 5h m s
z km
T s
=
= =
7 1 N V
r
- ´
uur ur
8
(1) 2 0afÑ =
(2) 2 22efÑ = - W
(3) 2 22fÑ = - W
9
10
(1)
(2) 2
a
a
V V
V V
Ñ × = Ñ ×
Ñ´ = Ñ´ + W
ur ur
ur ur ur
10 ( ) 0v
d
d
dt
r
r
=
11
1
0
2 1
2 1
(1) 0.2( ) ,
(2) 0.0501( ) 5.5( / 3 )
(3) 0.731 10 ( ),
w m s
p
N m s hPa hr
t
w m s
-
- -
- -
= ×
¶
= × × =
¶
= - ´ ×
爬坡
下坡
12 68.69( / ) 2.1( / 3 )p hPa hr hPa hr
t
¶
= - = -
¶
13 2 11 1.02 10 ( )Qw m s
g t
d
d
- -= = - ´ ×
14 ad A dA
dt dt
=
15
2 2 3
1
max 2 3
( )
tan [ ]
2( )
a GM GM a
a GM
a -
W - W
=
W -
16 1.46cm
17 7.8m,向东位移
18 0.018 ,kg 增加
19 126.3 ,m- 落在发射点的西边
20 556m
21 12.1 ,T C hr
t
-¶ = - ×
¶
o 降温
22 ( ) 0s
p
u v
t x y p C
f a
s w e
r
¶ ¶ ¶ ¶
+ + + + =
¶ ¶ ¶ ¶
11
23
2
2 2
1 1
( 1) ( )
ln lns p p
R R
p p p C p p C p
f f fs ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶= - - = -
¶ ¶ ¶ ¶
24
25
2
2
2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
1
(1) ( 1)
1
(2) ( )
ln ln
(3)
(4)
s
p
s
p
s
s
R
p p p C
R
p p C p
N
g
C N H
p p
a
qs
s
as
s
¶ ¶F
= - -
¶ ¶
¶ ¶F
= -
¶ ¶
=
= =
26 ( ) ( )pV Vt p t s
w s
s
¶ ¶ ¶ ¶
+ ×Ñ + = + ×Ñ +
¶ ¶ ¶ ¶
ur ur &
12
习题四 自由大气中的平衡运动
1 41.0523 10tga -= ´
2 113gu m s-= ×
3
1
( )
1
( ) cos
g
g
g
g
p
u
u tg
f a
a
p
v
u tg
f a
a
j jr
j lr j
¶ì = -ï ¶ï +
ï
í ¶ï = -
ï ¶+ïî
4
1
1
g
g
u
f y
v
f x
y
y
¶ì = -ï ¶ï
í ¶ï =
ï ¶î
5 120.9gu m s-= ×
6
0 00
0
( ) / ( )z z
T p p
z z
g z n nr
¶ ¶
= +
¶ ¶
7 0GV
z
¶
=
¶
8 1 1801.9 , 43.5g GV m s V m s- -= × = ×
9 max( ) 2G
g
V
V
=
10 (1) (2) .G g G iV V V V const= = =
11 '25.1, 34 17ogV a= =
13
12 4 1 14.24 10 1.5o oC s C day- - -- ´ × - ×或
13 5 1 14.09 10 3.5o oC s C day- - -- ´ × - ×或
14
(1)
2
2 1
G G
C g
V V
V V
+ =
(2) 2 ( )
G i G g
V V V V= -
15
2
0
2 2 2 2
0 2
( )
2
1
(2 ) ( ln )
2 2
f
z r r R
g
z
R R f R r
z r R
g r g R
w w
w w
+ì + <ïï= í
ï + - + + ³
ïî
16
(1)p=p0 exp[-ω2T2/(2RT)]
(2)941.3hPa
17 852km-
18 5 1 18.213 10 o oC s C day- - -´ × ×或7.1
19
1
1 1
(1)13.7
(2)11 , 11
m s
m s m s
-
- -
×
× - ×
20
1
1
(1) 31
(2) 59
m s
m s
-
-
×
×
21 28 '32 ''a =
22
14
(2) (1)
2 1(1) ( )
(2)
bm bm
bm
T Tg z
u u
fT y
u g T
z fT y
-D
- = -
D
¶ ¶
= -
¶ ¶
15
习题五 尺度分析与方程组的简化
1 130km- ,不能
2 310Z m=
3
1
1
(1)
1
( ) 0
u u u p
u v
t x y x
v v v p
u v
t x y y
w w p
u v g
x y z
ì¶ ¶ ¶ ¶
+ + = -ï ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ï
ï¶ ¶ ¶ ¶
+ + = -í ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ï
ï ¶ ¶ ¶
- + - - =ï
¶ ¶ ¶î
(2)不再成立
r
r
r
4 8261H m=
5 0RTH
g
=
6 0
z Hz
r
=
¶
=
¶
7
2 2 1 2 2 10 0
0 0 0 0
0 0
(1) sin( tan ), cos( tan )
2
(2) i
u u
u u v ft v u v ft
v v
T
f
- - = + + = + +
=
p
8
16
0 0 0 0
2 2
2 2
2 2 0 0
2 2
0 0
(1) cos sin , cos sin
(2)
(3) ( ) ( )
(4) 68568( )
(5)
u u ft v ft v v ft u ft
V u v
u v
x a y b
f
u v
r m
f
= + = -
= +
+
- + - =
+
= =
9 0.0286 0.286j<
9 12 15( )gc u c m s
-= - = ×
10
2 2
2
k n
C
C 0
g gx gz
g
kN
k n
C K K i k
k
C i C k i k
k n
C
+
= ( = + )
¶ ¶
= + = +
¶ ¶
× =
;
ur uur uur r r
uur r r r r
ur uur
w
w
w w
11
(1) g
dc
c c L
dL
= -
(2)
2
g
c
c
dc
c
d
w
w
=
-
12
(1)
1
gH
c u
C
= ± ( )
-
层结效应下的重力外波
a
(2)
21
4
m
C
c u
m
= ± ( )
+
重力内波
其中 为无量纲垂直波数
a
13
(1) 2 tan ( )gc H kH
k
= 。
34
(2) 2c gH= ; 2c g k= 。
14
2 2
0
2
f
C
c u= - ( )移动性超长波
其中 =
b
m
m
15
f
c
k
= ±
16
2 22( )
c u
k
= -
+
b
p
m
17
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
(1) 2
4
( )
4 ( )
s
g
u
L
u
L L
c u
L
=
-
-
(2) = +
+
pm
bm p
bm m
p m
18
0
0
(1) sin( ), ( )
116( )
2
(3) 487( ) 8(min)
d
g
w A N Nt c N
T
w
A m
N
s
N
= × + = -
(2) = =
T = = ;
g g
p
19
35
2
2 2 2
2
(1) ( ) ( )
(2) ( )
k
c u
k k
f
gH
f
c u gH
k
= × -
+
= ± +
其中 =
b
m
m
20
2
2 2 2
2
(1) ( ) ( )
(2)
k
c u
k k
c u
k
= × -
+
= -
b
m
b
21
2
2 2 2
02 0h
D
C D f D
t
¶
- Ñ + =
¶
22 2( ) 0u v
t x y x
yy b¶ ¶ ¶ ¶+ + Ñ + =
¶ ¶ ¶ ¶
23 0, 2mk
¶
= = -
¶
w w b l , 02mL Lp=
24 0gx
c
k
¶
=
¶
(1)
( )2 28gx
c
l
b
l
=
+
(2) 2 2gxc l
b
l
= -
+
25
* 2
* 2
0
L
K L
F
=
26
1
(1) 2
(2) 50( )
Sc p
c m s-
= ± ×D
= ± ×
s
36
27
2 2 2
0
2 2 2
02 2 2
0
2 2
2 2 2
(1) ( )( ) 0
(2) ; ( )
(3) ( )
(4) ( )
x
x
k k gH kl gH k f
k
f gH k l
k l
gH
f
c
k k l
c
k l
-
-
+ - - - =
= - = ± + +
+ +
=
= = -
+
= -
+ +
其中
水平无辐散长波
有水平辐合辐散长波
w b w w
bw w
l
l
w b
b
l
28
2
1
2
2
14 6
4g
cos L
c u . ( m s )
a
-= + = ×
W j
p
29
2
2
f
c u gH
k
= ± +
30 ( ) ( )0cosF x C m x x= +
31 ( ){ }Re ik x ctBey -=
32 Lc C RT= = ±
33
(1) ' '
( c u )
u h
H
-
=
(2) 对于向东传播的浅水重力波,c u> 时,纬向风场扰动与高度场扰动同位相。
34
'
'
(1) 0.66sin( )
(2) 0.75sin( )
u kx mz
w kx mz
= +
= - +
35 [ ( , )] h
h
h H x y V
t
¶
= -Ñ × -
¶
r
37
36
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
3 ( )
(1)
( )
2
(2)
( )
2
g
2
g
k (k )u k
c
k
k u
c c c
k L
+ + -
=
+
D = - =
+
l b l
l
l
37
38
(1)
2 ' '
2( ) 0Ut x x x
¶ ¶ ¶ ¶
+ + =
¶ ¶ ¶ ¶
y yb
(2) 2/c u kb= - , 2/gc u kb= + ,水平无辐散长波
(3) gc c> 且 0gc > ,只能产生上游效应。
39
假定 0u =
(1)
38
' '
'
' '
'
' ' '
( ) 0
u h
fv g
t x
v h
fu g
t y
h u v
H
t x y
ì¶ ¶
- = -ï
¶ ¶ï
ï¶ ¶ï + = -í ¶ ¶ï
ï¶ ¶ ¶
+ + =ï
¶ ¶ ¶ïî
0
' '
'
0
' ' '
( ) ( ) 0
( ) 0
v u u v
v f
t x y x y
u h
f v g
t x
h u v
H
t x y
b
¢ ¢ ¢ ¢¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ì ¢- + + + =ï¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ï
ï¶ ¶
- = -í ¶ ¶ï
ï¶ ¶ ¶
+ + =ï ¶ ¶ ¶î
(2)
$
$
'
' ( )
'
i kx ly t
uu
v v e
h h
w+ -
ì üì ü
ï ïï ï ï ï=í ý í ý
ï ï ï ï
î þ ï ïî þ
$
(3)
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2, ( )x y
k gH
k
c c
k k l l l k l- -
<<
= = - = = -
+ + + +
对于低频波,w
w b w b
l l
40
2
2
2
2
0
(1)
(2) g
u
f
c gH
k
gH
c
f
gH
k
=
= ± +
= ±
+
取
39
习题十二 地转适应过程
1 3 2sin 30 1 10 ( )oh g
dV
fV m s
dt
- -= - = - ´ ×
2
·2 3 2 3 3 1 1( ) sin( , ) 1.53 10 ( ) 1.53 10 ( )
2
h
gh g h
Vd
fV V V V m s J kg s
dt
- - - - -= = ´ × = ´ × ×
ur uur
3 流场将随时间减弱,而气压场将随时间逐渐建立,两者一定时间后达成地转平衡。
4 2
0
( )
( ) 0
q y u f
t t y C
¶ ¶ ¶
= + =
¶ ¶ ¶
f
5
(1)
(2)
0min
g 0max
c = gH =C
c = gH =C
6
60
0
0
2 2181 10 2218
2
gHC
L . ( m ) ( km )
f sin
L L ,
= = = ´ »
\ < 气压场向流场适应而新建。
W j
7 2
0
q( x ) v f
(
t t x C
¶ ¶ ¶
-
¶ ¶ ¶
= )=0f
8 气压场将随时间减弱,而流场将随时间逐渐建立,两者一定时间后达成地转平衡。
9 00 (1 )
L
Lef f
-
¥ = -
10 2
0
( , , )
[ ( )] 0
q x y p f
p
t t C p p
¶ ¶ ¶ ¶
= + =
¶ ¶ ¶ ¶
fz
11 1T f=
40
12
0
2 sin sin
( , ) cos
fu kd t
v y t kydk
k
w
p w
¥
= - ò
41
习题十三 波动的不稳定理论
1
(1) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2 22
m
k
c u
k k
b l
d
l
+
= - ±
+
其中 31 2
2
m
u u
u u
+
= = ,
( )
( )
( )
2 2 22 4
2 2 24 2 2
2
22
Tu k
kk k
lb ld
ll
-
= -
++
, 1 3
2
T
u u
u
-
=
(2) 22 4 4 4 4(4 ) 0Tk k ub l l- - < 或
2 2
>T cu u 和 cL L>
(3)
22 2
2 2 2
2
, 0, 0
2
i i
i i T
k
kc u k
k k k
¶ ¶-
= = = <
+ ¶ ¶
w wlw
l
(4)
T
1
t = 60355 s) 16.77(hr)
(2 - 2 u
= (
)l
;
2
2
0 0r
dvM
,
r dt
¶
< >
¶
3
22
0 0 0
2
a r
a
f r M dv
M M , ,
r dt
¶
= + < >
¶
4
2
0
2
0
4 3
(1)
9
(2) 2
u L
u L
<
<
b
b
5
(1)
2
2
0
u
y
b ¶- =
¶
(在 cy y= 处)
42
(2)
6
2
2
2
2 0
L
L
d u
u
dy
dy
u c
y b
+
-
æ ö
-ç ÷
è ø >
-
ò
7
2 2
(1)
(2) ossby
c u i
k l k
= - -
+
阻尼型R