nullnullnullIndian English comprises several dialects or varieties of English spoken primarily in the Republic of India.This dialect is mostly from United Kingdom. These dialects evolved during and after the colonial rule of Britain in India. English is one of the official languages of India, with about three hundred million speakers according to the 1991 Census of India.
The rapid growth of the economy in the last few decades led to people migrating from their region of birth to one, perhaps, where their first-language is not as commonly understood. Thus, English has come to be the lingua franca at several businesses. nullPhonology（音系学）
Vocabulary
GrammarnullIndian accents vary greatly. Some Indians speak English with an accent very close to a Standard British (Received Pronunciation) accent (though not the same); others lean toward a more 'vernacular', native-tinted, accent for their English speech. nullMany Indian languages do not natively possess a separate phoneme（音素） /æ/ (as in
). Thus, many speakers do not differentiate between the vowel sounds /ɛ/ (as in "dress") and /æ/ (as in )
Many Indian English speakers do not make a clear distinction between /ɒ/ and /ɔː/.
Chiefly in Punjab（旁遮普） and Haryana（哈里亚纳邦） states and western Uttar Pradesh（北方邦）, the short [ɛ] becomes lengthened and higher to long [eː], making sound like .
……
nullMost Indians do not differentiate between /v/ and /w/，/p/ and /f/, /t/ and /θ/, and /d/ and ð/ , so “van” and “wan”, “put” and “foot”, “tin” and “thin”, and “deer” and “there” always sound alike.
The voiceless plosives /p/, /t/, /k/ are always unaspirated（不送气的） in Indian English .
Many Indians speaking English lack the voiced postalveolar fricative（浊龈后擦音 ） (/ʒ/), the same as their native languages. Typically, /z/ or /dʒ/ is substituted, e.g. treasure /trɛ.zəːr/ .
Most Indian languages lack the voiced alveolar fricative（浊龈后擦音 ） /z/. While they do have its nearest equivalent: the unvoiced /s/ .
……nullBuddy you are a boy make a big noise
Playing in the street gonna be a big man someday
You got mud on your face
You big disgrace
Kicking your can all over the place
Singing
We will we will rock you
We will we will rock you
Buddy you are a young man hard man
Shouting in the street gonna take on the world someday
You got blood on your face
nullYou big disgrace
Waving your banner all over the place
We will we will rock you
We will we will rock you
Buddy you are an old man poor man
Pleading with your eyes gonna make you some peace some day
You got mud on your face
You big disgrace
Somebody gonna put you back in your place
We will we will rock you
We will we will rock you
nullInfluence of Hindi(印地语) on Indian English一、The way of thinking
What is your name? Origin: Shubh(好的，吉祥的)
Last nightKal raatThis evening What is your good name?yesterday nighttoday nightaaj subhanull二、Direct application of Hindi words into Indian English
1. Indian English = English + Hindi
General mai in general
Ek minute one minute
2. Indian English = Hindi
nullnull96 Nine by/upon six
7*8 seven into eightThere is less (数/量少) salt for the chicken.
It is so much of heat.nullEnthusiasm
1.My brother has a lot of enthu (n.)
2.Mani is really an enthu (adj.) guy.
Enthunullnull Generally speaking, the meaning of the compound words in Indian English is the simple plus of the meaning of the single words.
E.g. English-media school（以
英语
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为教学语言的学校）, Hindi-dominant community（以说印地语者为主体的社区） chalk-piece（粉笔）, key-bunch（钥匙串）, meeting notice（会议通知）, age-barred（年龄限制）, pindrop silence（异常安静，指安静得能够听得见针掉在地上）, matchbox(火柴)等。
However, there are also a small part of compound words that are endowed new meanings.
E.g. time-pass: adj. boring That movie was really time-pass.
n. purposeless action nullCollective noun
English Indian English
People peoples
Litter litters
Furniture furnitures
One of …, many of …+ 单数名词
One of my teacher Many of my favorite book
印度人喜欢将英语当中的集合名词再次变复数，比如“peoples”，“litters”以及“furnitures” 等；而在“one of…”， “many of…”等结构中，后面的名词本来应该变复数的，但是印度人往往在后面使用名词单数，比如“one of my teacher…”。nullSome English prefixes or suffixes are added to certain word of Indian aboriginal languages , especially Hindi, to form a new word.
Prefix:
E.g. postpone: delay (English)
add the prefix “pre-” before “-pone” “prepone”: in advance (Indian English)nullSuffix:
Hindi Indian English
maska(黄油) maskafy:flatter
patio (说服) patiofy:pursue sb.
-fy: an action that is being done by one person to the other(
表
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示一个人正在对另外一个人施加某种行为)。
Some other suffixes such as -ic ( Upanishadic), -dom (cooliedom), ism（goondaism），ist (swarajist) .
All these contribute to the complexity of Indian English.
null由于多数印度本地语言中都有性的区别，所以印度人经常将“male”或者“female”与一些性别指示不明确的称谓或者动物组合，来表达阴性或者阳性的概念，如“cousin-brother”（表兄/弟）, “cousin-sister”（表姐/妹）, “female lion” （母狮子）等复合词。nullThe role of English within the complex multilingual society of India is far from straightforward: it is used across the country, by speakers with various degrees of proficiency; the grammar and phraseology（措辞） may mimic（模仿） that of the speaker's first language. While Indian speakers of English use idioms peculiar to their homeland, often literal translations of words and phrases from their native languages, this is far less common in proficient speakers, and the grammar itself tends to be quite close to that of Standard English, while exhibiting some features of American English.null
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