研究生英语教程

null《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版·上)《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版·上)中国人民大学出版社null Unit One You Are What You Think 1. Text 2. Exercises 3. Supplementary ReadingnullYou Are What You ThinkAnd if you change your mind— from pessimism to optimism—you can change your life Claipe Safrannulldoughnut n..炸面圈 cliché n. idea or expression that has been too much used and is now outdated; stereotyped phrase; trite expression 陈腔滥调 scrutinize v..make a detailed examination of 细查，详审；审视 [ 1 ] Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut﹡, not upon the hole? Suddenly these clichés﹡ are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize﹡ the power of positive thinking. null[ 2 ] A fast-growing body of research—104 studies so far, involving some 15 000 people—is proving that optimism﹡ can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimism﹡leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, and is linked to depression﹡, loneliness and painful shyness. optimism※ n. belief that in the end good will triumph over evil; tendency to look upon the bright side of things; confidence in success乐观；乐观主义 pessimism※ n. tendency to believe that the worst thing is most likely to happen, that everything is essentially evil悲观；悲观主义 depression※ n. being sad; low spirit沮丧，抑郁 null"If we could teach people to think more positively," says psychologist﹡ Craig A. Anderson of Rice University① in Houston②，"it would be like inoculating them against these mental ills."psychologist n. 心理学家，研究心理学者 null[ 3 ] "Your abilities count," explains psychologist Michael F. Scheier① of Carnegie Mellon University② in Pittsburgh③, "but the belief that you can succeed affects whether or not you will." In part ﹡, that's because optimists and pessimists deal with the same challenges and disappointments in very different ways.in part: to some extent在某种程度上null[ 4 ] Take, for example, your job. In a major study, psychologist Martin E. P①. Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania② and colleague Peter Schulman surveyed sales representatives at the Metropolitan﹡ Life Insurance Co. They found that the positive-thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37-percent more insurance than did the negative-thinkers. Of newly hired representatives, optimists sold 20-percent more.metropolitan※ adj. of or in a capital city大城市的，大都会的，首府的null[ 5 ] Impressed, the company hired 100 people who had failed the standard industry test but had scored high on optimism. These people, who might never have been hired, sold 10 percent more insurance than did the average representative. null[ 6 ] How did they do it? The secret to an optimist's success, according to Seligman, is in his "explanatory style". When things go wrong the pessimist tends to blame himself. "I'm no good at this, " he says, "I always fail." The optimist looks for loopholes﹡. He blames the weather, the phone connection﹡, even the other person. loophole n. way of escape from control, esp. one provided by careless and inexact wording of a rule（因措词欠妥而造成的法规上的）漏洞 connection※ n. joining or being joined; point where two things 连接；连接点；连接物nullThat customer was in a bad mood, he thinks. When things go right, the optimist takes credit﹡ while the pessimist sees success as a fluke﹡.credit※ n. honour, approval, good name or reputation荣誉；赞许；好名声 fluke n. something resulting from a fortunate accident; lucky stroke侥幸的结果；侥幸null[ 7 ] Craig Anderson had a group of students phone strangers and ask them to donate﹡ blood to the Red Cross . When they failed on the first call or two, pessimists said, "I can't do this." Optimists told themselves, "I need to try a different approach." [ 8 ] Negative or positive, it was a self-fulfilling prophecy﹡. "If people feel hopeless, "says Anderson, "they don't bother to acquire the skills they need to succeed."donate v. give (eg money)to a charity, etc.; contribute捐赠；赠送 prophecy△ n. power of telling what will happen in the future; statement that tells what will happen预言能力；预言 null[9] A sense of control, according to Anderson, is the litmus﹡ test for success. The optimist feels in control of his own life. If things are going badly, he acts quickly, looking for solutions, forming a new plan of action, and reaching out for advice. The pessimist feels like fate's plaything﹡ and moves slowly. He doesn't seek advice, since he assumes nothing can be done.litmus n. blue colouring-matter that is turned red by acid and then restored by alkali; material stained with litmus used as a test for acids and alkalis石蕊；试验酸和碱用的石蕊试纸 plaything n. toy;(fig. ) somebody treated as a mere toy玩具；（喻）被玩弄取乐的人；玩物null[ 10 ] Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justify—and sometimes that's what keeps them alive. Dr. Sandra Levy of the Pittsburgh Cancer Institute studied women with advanced breast﹡ cancer. For the women who were generally optimistic, there was a longer disease-free interval, the best predictor of survival. In a pilot study of women in the early stages of breast cancer, Dr. Levy found the disease recurred﹡ sooner among the pessimists.breast※ n. either of the milk-producing parts of a woman; chest; upper front part of the human body乳房；胸膛；胸部 recur v. come or happen again; be repeated再来；再发生；重复 null[ 11 ] Optimism won't cure the incurable, but it may prevent illness. In a long term study, researchers examined the health histories of a group of Harvard graduates, all of whom were in the top half of their class and in fine physical condition. Yet some were positive thinkers, and some negative. Twenty years later, there were more middle-age diseases— hypertension﹡, diabetes﹡, heart ailments﹡ —among the pessimists than the optimists.hypertension n. high blood pressure高血压 diabetes n. disease of the pancreas in which sugar and starchy foods cannot be properly absorbed糖尿病 ailment n. illness疾病 null[ 12 ] Many studies suggest that the pessimist's feeling of helplessness undermines﹡ the body's natural defenses, the immune﹡ system. Dr. Christopher Peterson① of the University of Michigan② has found that the pessimist doesn't take good care of himself. undermine v. weaken at the base; weaken gradually使从基础损坏；逐渐削弱或损坏 immune※ adj. exempt from or protected against something disagreeable or harmful; not susceptible to some specified disease because of the presence of the specific antibodies免除的；安全的；免疫的nullFeeling passive and unable to dodge﹡ life's blows, he expects ill health and other misfortunes﹡, no matter what he does. He munches﹡ on junk﹡ food，avoids exercise, ignores the doctor, has another drink.dodge v. move quickly to one side, change position or direction, in order to escape or avoid something; avoid (duties, etc. ) by cunning or trickery躲闪，躲避，逃避 misfortune※ n. bad luck; unfortunate accident or happening不幸；灾祸；不幸事故 munch v. chew with much movement of the jaw用力咀嚼；大声咀嚼 junk n. old, discarded things of little or no value 破烂物null[ 13 ] Most people are a mix of optimism and pessimism, but are inclined in one direction or the other. It is a pattern of thinking learned “at your mother‘s knee”，says Seligman. It grows out of thousands of cautions﹡ or encouragements, negative statements or positive ones. Too many “don’ts” and warnings of danger can make a child feel incompetent, fearful—and pessimistic. caution※ n. warning words; taking care; paying attention (to avoid danger or making mistakes) 警告；小心；谨慎 null[ 14 ] As they grow, children experience small triumphs﹡, such as learning to tie shoelaces﹡. Parents can help turn these successes into a sense of control, and that breeds optimism.triumph△ n. (joy or satisfaction at a) success or victory 成功；胜利；成功或胜利的喜悦 shoelace※ n. cord for fastening the edges of a shoe’s uppers 鞋带null[ 15 ] Pessimism is a hard habit to break—but it can be done. In a series of landmark﹡ studies, Dr. Carol Dweck① of the University of Illinois② has been working with﹡ children in the early grades of school. landmark n. object that marks the boundary of a piece of land; (fig. ) event, discovery, change, etc. that marks a stage or turning-point界标；(喻 )划时代的大事、发现等；里程碑 work with (someone) : spend time and effort trying to help (someone) in some way对 (某人 )做工作以帮助nullAs she helps floundering﹡ students to change the explanations for their failures—from "I must be dumb﹡" to "I didn't study hard enough“—their academic performance improves. flounder v. make violent and usually vain efforts (as when one is in deep water and unable to swim); (fig. ) hesitate, make mistakes, when trying to do something挣扎；(喻 )踌躇或胡乱地做事 dumb adj. unable to speak;(US colloquial) stupid; dull哑的； (美口 )笨的；愚蠢的null[ 16 ] Pittsburgh's Dr. Levy wondered if turning patients into optimists would lengthen their lives. In a pilot study, two groups of colon﹡-cancer patients were given the same medical treatment, but some were also given psychological help to encourage optimism. Results showed that this worked. Now a major study is planned to determine whether this psychological﹡ change can alter the course of the disease.colon n. lower and greater part of the large intestine结肠 psychological※ adj. of the mind; mental心理的null[ 17 ] So, if you're a pessimist, there's reason for optimism. You can change. Here's how, says Steve Hollon①, a psychologist at Vanderbilt University②: [ 18 ] 1. Pay careful attention to your thoughts when bad things happen. Write down the first thing that comes to mind, unedited and uncensored﹡. censor△ v. examine books, periodicals, films, etc. to cut out anything regarded as immoral or in other ways undesirable检查并删剪 (书刊、电影等 )被认为不当的部分null[ 19 ] 2. Now try an experiment. Do something that's contrary to any negative reactions. Let's say something has gone wrong at work. Do you think, I hate my job, but I could never get a better one? Act as if that weren't so. Send out resumés. Go to interviews. Look into training and check job leads. null[ 20 ] 3. Keep track of what happens. Were your first thoughts right or wrong? "If your thoughts are holding you back, change them," says Hollon. "It's trial and error, no guarantees, but give yourself a chance."null[ 21 ] Positive thinking leads to positive action, and reaction. What you expect from the world, the evidence suggests, is what you're likely to get.nullExercises Ⅰ. Comprehension Ⅱ. Vocabulary Ⅲ. Cloze Ⅳ. Translation (English to Chinese) Ⅴ. Translation (Chinese to English) Ⅵ. WritingnullⅠ. ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements by choosing the best alternative A, B, C or D under each. You are allowed 2 minutes 30 seconds for this part.1.Those people who "keep their eye upon the doughnut rather than on the hole" _______. are considered positive-thinkers by the author are likely to see their glass as half empty view their successes and failures more objectively have suddenly become the object of scientific research on clichés nullⅠ. Comprehension2. An optimist _______. is always in control of his own life often overestimates his abilities might live longer than a pessimist when suffering from certain illness such as cancer encounters different challenges and disappointments from a pessimist 3. The pessimist ________. A. seldom succeeds in what he does B. attributes his success to luck C. tries different approaches when his first attempt fails D. knows how to take good care of himself null4. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company hired 100 new employees because ________. they failed the standard industry test their high scores on optimism impressed the company they were not likely to be hired by other companies the company was impressed by the result of a study done by some psychologistsⅠ. Comprehensionnull5. The 100 new employees ______. sold 37% more insurance than the average representatives sold 20% more insurance than the negative thinkers sold 10% more insurance than longtime representatives proved that they could do better at selling insurance than the company’s average sales representative Ⅰ. Comprehensionnull6. According to Seligman, the secret to an optimist’s success can be found in “his explanatory style”, by which he means that the optimist ________. is able to explain more clearly to the customers sounds more pleasant in his explanation tries to find faults with other factors other than in himself for his failure has more confidence in himself than in othersⅠ. Comprehensionnull7. It can be inferred from the article that the author thinks that _______. people will be able to prevent depression and painful shyness if they learn to think more positively business companies might make better judgment if they test the attitudes of the applicants instead of giving them the standard industry test before hiring them one is more likely to succeed the next time if one is able to lay blames on others when one has failed one’s belief that one can succeed will guarantee his success Ⅰ. Comprehensionnull 8. Whether positive or negative, a person’s attitude towards life is a thinking habit _______. inherited from either of his parents formed when he is very young acquired after he has gained considerable experience never to be got rid of Ⅰ. Comprehensionnull9. Which of the following is true according to the passage? Most people cannot be conveniently put under the category of optimist or pessimist. There are more positive thinkers among optimists than among pessimists. It is not sure yet whether psychological treatment will help cancer patients. By looking into training opportunities and checking job leads, a pessimist will become an optimist. Ⅰ. Comprehensionnull10. Which of the following is not one of the steps mentioned by the author in forming a more positive attitude towards life? A. Document your gloomy thoughts. B. Do something against your negative inclination. C. Record what happens. D. Find the causes for your failure more objectively.Ⅰ. ComprehensionnullⅡ. VocabularyA. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.1. Those who believed their religious leader’s prophecy that the end of the world would come soon went into a panic. announcement B. forecast C. prediction D. declaration 2. It became obvious when the boy floundered through the recitation in class today that he had not taken the trouble to do his homework. meditated B. faltered C. contemplated D. staggered nullⅡ. VocabularyA. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.3. The teacher told the students that they should avoid using clichés in their composition. A. popular proverbs B. well-known stories C. famous quotations D. trite expressions 4. After listening to the same old moral lesson all these years, the villagers became almost immune to it. A. insensitive to B. fed up with C. familiar with D. accustomed to nullⅡ. VocabularyA. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.5. I can't claim credit for her English proficiency; after all, she only came to my class this semester. ask for money B. expect payment C. say that I deserve praise D. declare that I am gratefulnullⅡ. VocabularyA. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.6. Believe it or not, this popular novel now you see on every shelf was censored only a few years ago. officially examined and banned B. despised by the general public C. sold out soon after its publication D. condemned by the criticsnullⅡ. VocabularyA. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.7.The party leader regards the result of the election as a personal triumph. victory B. celebration C. satisfaction D. propaganda 8.The immigration officer scrutinized his passport before he was allowed to leave. Stamped B. examined C. returned D. issuednullⅡ. VocabularyA. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.9.He suffered a long period of depression before his first suicide attempt. Inoculation B. hypertension C. ailments D. dejection 10.He was never able to enjoy the metropolitan delights of cinemas and theatres. artistic B. modern C. urban D. variousnullⅡ. VocabularyB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.11.He quickly _____ behind the building to avoid being hurt by the stones thrown in his direction. eluded B. evaded C. escaped D. dodged 12.His dislike of the course may prove to be a _____ barrier he cannot overcome. Biological B. ideological C. spiritual D. psychologicalnullⅡ. VocabularyB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.13.As the Cup Final was drawing closer, the injury of the best player was a _____ for the whole team. misdemeanour B. mistrust C. misfortune D. mischief 14. The best solution to the problem can only be found by a process of trial and _____. error B. mistake C. success D. experiment nullⅡ. VocabularyB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.15. He thought that he might be able to avoid paying some of his taxes by taking advantage of the ______ in the law. A. circles B. loopholes C. exceptions D. misunderstanding 16. When he lived in that remote place, radio was the only means he had to keep _____ of current events in the country. account B. trace C. record D. track nullⅡ. VocabularyB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.17. ______ what is generally believed, the adjustment to this kind of work is quite easy. Contrary to B. Contrast with C. Controversial of D. Contradictory to 18. The flashing red light served as a ______ of danger ahead. predictor B. caution C. precaution D. prevention nullⅡ. VocabularyB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.19. Their confidence in him was greatly ______ by his prolonged hesitation before taking any action. appreciated B. confirmed C. undermined D. cherished 20. Your headache is likely to ______ if its real cause is not identified and proper treatment administered accordingly. cure B. recover C. recur D. releasenullⅢ. ClozeRead the passage through and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. "No one is free who is a slave to the body", wrote Semeca some 1,900 years ago. 1 from the advertisements, products, and best sellers that deluge us daily, we are a nation of slaves. We are 2 with being thin, beautiful, young, and sexy, and we will go to extraordinary 3 to approach those ideals.A. judge B. Judging C. Judged D. being judged A. obsessed B. possessed C. absorbed D. occupied A. troubles B. efforts C. lengths D. extremesnullⅢ. Close In a recent issue of Psychology Today, we offered readers the opportunity to express their thoughts and feelings about the 4 . The topic was timely and the response 5 : more than 62,000 readers returned the 109-item "Body-Image" questionnaire. But they were divided and 6 on the matter of 7 important attractiveness and physical looks are - or should be.4. A. ideal B. mind C. body D. opinion A. overwhelming B. enthusiastic C. controversial D. contradictory A. ambient B. Ambitious C. Ambiguous D. Ambivale