小麦遗传改良

小麦遗传改良与种质创新 安调过，研究员，博士。研究方向：小麦遗传改良，种质材料创新、评价，优 异基因发掘和聚合利用研究。研究内容：小麦染色体工程基础材料的创制，近缘植 物外源优良基因的高效转移，农家品种、国外种质资源的鉴定与评价。抗病、营养 高效、不育、优质、高产等优异种质材料的创新，细胞分子生物学鉴定，优异基因 的发掘及分子标记与常规技术相结合创制优异小麦新种质。为小麦品种改良和相关 研究提供优异的种质基因资源及有效利用的途径。 实验室主页：http://www.sjziam.ac.cn/kyxt/andgxz.htm 重要成果(Highlights) 论著(Publications) [1] An Diaoguo*, Li Lihui, Li Junming, Li Hongjie, and Zhu Yongguan. The introgression of resistance to powdery mildew conferred by chromosome 2R by crossing wheat nullisomic 2D with rye. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 2006, 48(7): 838-847. [2] An Diaoguo, Su Junying, Liu Quanyou, Zhu Yongguan, Tong Yiping, Li Junming, Jing Ruilian, Li Bin, and Li Zhensheng. Mapping QTLs for Nitrogen Uptake in relation to the early growth of wheat. Plant and Soil, 2006, 284(1): 73-84. [3] 贾永国, 安调过*, 李俊明, 童依平, 安忠民. 不同小麦基因型孕穗期根系性状与吸氮量关系的 研究. 华北农学报，2006, 21(3): 37-40. [4] 李俊明, 王志国, 安调过, 纪军, 王静, 张爱民 , 孙家柱, 刘冬成. 面包小麦新品种--科农1093. 麦 类作物学报. 2006, 26(1) : 157. [5] 王静, 王献平, 纪军, 王志国, 安调过, 李俊 明, 张相歧. 小麦-黑麦1RS/1BL新易位系的创制 和分子细胞遗传学鉴定. 作物学报, 2006, 32(1): 30-33. 小麦优异材料创新 1. 小麦染色体工程基础材料创制 缺体小麦是染色体工程育种和基因定位的基础材料。国内外大多利用中国春 缺体系列，但由于其遗传背景的综合农艺性状比较差，在育种中难以利用。通过 多年的回交、转育及大量的细胞学鉴定，从小偃 6 号单体系列中选育出了能稳定 自交结实、遗传背景优良的 7 个部分同源群的小偃 6 号缺体系 14 个。目前正在利 用双色基因组原位杂交 FISH 和 SSR 相结合，对获得的小偃 6 号缺体系进行分子 生物学鉴定。 2. 小麦/黑麦材料抗病性、分子生物学鉴定及种质材料创新 利用染色体工程方法，将黑麦(Secale cereale L. cv. German white)染色体或染 色体片段转移到优质、早熟的小偃6号小麦基因组中，创制出了一批综合农艺性状 优良的不同类型的小麦/黑麦材料。在中科院栾城试验站病圃，每世代人工接种鉴 定对条锈病当前流行菌系的抗性，自然诱发鉴定对白粉病的抗性，其中部分材料 由中国农科院植保所进行的抗病性鉴定结果表明，兼抗条/叶/杆三锈和白粉病材料 3个；兼抗条锈和白粉病材料2个；抗条锈病多小种材料5个。利用基因组原位杂交 GISH和特异性引物PCR对部分材料进行了分子生物学鉴定，结果表明有小麦/黑麦 2R/2D异代换系(WR02-145，图1)和1RS/1BL易位系(WR9603)等。其它异代换系或 易位系的FISH鉴定尚在进行。其中WR9603不仅高抗条锈病和白粉病等，而且丰 产性状优良（图2），配合力高，已作为亲本材料配置了大量的杂交组合。抗病材 料和铭贤169杂交，已构建了F2群体，进一步可对小麦/黑麦材料的抗病性来源进行 遗传学分析，并利用SSR、AFLP等分子标记定位抗病基因。 3. 小麦高效吸收利用氮素种质材料的筛选鉴定与评价 深入揭示小麦高效吸收利用氮素的遗传基础，筛选氮高效的小麦基因型，对 培育氮高效小麦品种，提高小麦氮素利用效率，降低氮素对环境的污染具有重要 意义。以“小偃 54×京 411”RIL 群体为材料，在不施氮和适量施氮条件下，经过连 续三年大田试验，以单株籽粒产量作为主要指标，综合考虑株高及其它农艺性状， 筛选鉴定出 XJ19-1 系和 XJ138-1 系作为氮高效种 质材料。并对吸氮量密切相关性状进行了 QTL 基因 定位。 图 1. (A) 小麦/黑麦 2R(2D)异代换系、小偃 6 号 2D 缺体和 黑麦穗子. (B) 2D 缺体、黑麦和 2R(2D)异代换系抗白粉病鉴 定. (C) GISH 鉴定 2R(2D)异代换系（箭头示黑麦染色体） Figure 1. (A) Spikes of 2R(2D) disomic chromosome substitution line, nullisomic 2D of ‘Xiaoyan 6’ wheat, rye. (B) Powdery mildew reactions of nullisomic 2D, rye and 2R(2D) line. (C) GISH of mitotic metaphase chromosomes of 2R(2D) line, a chromosome pair of rye was visualized as bright-green fluorescein hybridization signals (arrows). .农业资源研究中心 Genetic Improvement ＆ Germplasm Enhancement in Wheat Dr. Diaoguo An, Principle Investigator and Ph. D. The laboratory is mainly interested in wheat genetic improvement, germplasm enhancement and evaluation, excellent gene dipping and utilization. We are going in for development of self-fertile nullisomic lines of wheat cultivar 'Xiaoyan 6', transferring alien chromatin into wheat, evaluation landraces and foreign germplasm resources, enhancement novel germpasm, including resistance to disease, high nutrient efficiency, good quality and high yield, characterizing by molecular cytogenetics, and dipping excellent gene, in order to select excellent germplasm and gene resources for wheat breeding and biotechnological study. E-mail: andiaoguo@163.com Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement in Wheat 员工简介(Lab Staff) 固定人员(Permanent Staff) 杨莉琳 博士 副研究员 Ms. Lilin Yang 1. Development of stable self-fertile nullisomic lines of wheat cultivar 'Xiaoyan 6' Nullisomic lines (2n=40=20′′) of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are important for chromosome engineering breeding and gene localization. Winter wheat cultivar 'Xiaoyan 6' possesses characteristics of promising quality, earliness, and wide adaptation. Fourteen self-pollinated, fertile and cytologically stable nullisomic lines of ‘Xiaoyan 6’, including chromosome lA, lB, lD, 2A, 2B, 2D, 3B, 4A, 5A, 5B, 5D, 6A, 6D, and 7D, have been developed from the selfed progeny of monosomic lines of 'Xiaoyan 6'. 2. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of wheat-rye lines resistant to stripe rust and powdery mildew The agronomic success of wheat with the T1BL·1RS wheat-rye translocation has prompted attempts to transfer rye chromatin (Secale cereale L.) into wheat genome. Using chromosome engineering procedure, chromosomes of rye cultivar 'German White', were transferred into 'Xiaoyan 6' wheat resulting in a number of wheat-rye lines. These lines were resistant to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis), leaf rust (P. triticina), stem rust (P. graminis) races and powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) isolates prevalent in northern China. Based on analyses of cytological observation, genome in situ hybridization and PCR, lines WR02-145 and WR9603 were determined to be a 2R(2D) disomic substitution line (Fig.1) and a T1BL·1RS translocation line. Fluorescent in situ hybridization characterization of the lines involving other rye chromosome is in progress. Compared with 'Xiaoyan 6', the newly developed line WR9603 was free of powdery mildew symptoms, was highly resistant to stripe rust, and had desirable high yield performance (Fig. 2), making it useful in wheat improvement. 3. Evaluation of high N-efficiency wheat germplasm Identification of N-efficient wheat genotypes and understanding of the genetic control of NUE (Nitrogen use efficiency) are of great importance in developing wheat varieties with improved NUE. A population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from wheat cultivars Xiaoyan 54 and Jing 411 had been used in three field trials with low N (LN) and high N (HN) treatments to investigate the yield and agronomic traits at mature stage. Using grain yield per plant a major index, together with plant height and other agronomic traits, lines XJ19-1 and XJ138-1 were high N-efficiency germplasm for improvement of NUE in wheat. This study also mapped QTLs governing N uptake (NUP) and investigated factors affecting NUP in wheat. Figure 2. (A) High yield performance of wheat-rye line WR9603 and strip rust reactions at adult plant (arrow). (B) Strip rust reactions of rye, WR9603 and Mingxian 169 as a susceptible control at seedling stage. Ph. D Associate Professor Lilin.Yang @163. com 蔡 虹 学士 副研究员 Ms. Hong Cai B.Sc. Associate Professor caihong@ms.sjziam ac.cn 高 强 学士 助理研究员 Mr. Q ang Gao i B.Sc. Assistant Professor qianggao@ms.sjziam ac.cn 图 2.（A）小麦/黑麦WR9603种质丰产性状和成株 期抗条绣病鉴定（箭头所示）. （B）黑麦，WR9603 和感病对照铭贤169苗期抗条绣病鉴定. B A Center for Agricultural Resources