英国文化 论文

The National Health Service in England 在英国目前,名为国民保健服务（National Health Service，以下简称NHS）的英国公立医疗服务体系既是英国社会福利制度中最重要的部分之一，也是英国人接受医疗服务的最主要渠道。NHS首先起源于英国，然后得到了进一步的发展。它保护了英国居民的医疗权益，它一共有三个不同的医疗体系。虽然NHS 仍然存在一些不足，但是它仍然为英国社会的发展做出了巨大的贡献。 Firstly, the history and the introduction of the NHS. Britain is the first country the publish welfare policy. Britain health care is the National Health Service (NHS). NHS was one of the fundamental assumptions in the Beveridge Report. It also is the most acceptable measure for people to get health service. Arthur Greenwood, Labor's Deputy Leader and wartime Cabinet Minister with responsibility for post-war reconstruction had successfully pressed the cabinet to commission from economist and social reformer William Beveridge. The government accepted this assumption in February 1943. Then the NHS was found in 1948, the concept was the important part of the process from “cradle to grave”. Aneurin Bevan, the newly appointed Minister of Health, was given the task of introducing the National Health Service. Bevan now decided that the way forward was a national system rather than a system operated by regional authorities, to prevent inequalities between different regions. He proposed that each resident of the UK would be signed up to a specific General Practice (GP) as the point of entry into the system, and would have access to any kind of treatment they needed without having to raise the money to pay for it. On July 5, 1948, at the Park Hospital (now known as Trafford General Hospital) in Manchester, Bevan unveiled the National Health Service and stated, "We now have the moral leadership of the world". After the publication by the British Medical Journal on December 24, 1949 of University of Cambridge pediatrician Douglas Gardner's landmark paper detailing the lack of medical benefit and the risks attached to non-therapeutic (routine) circumcision,[9] the National Health Service decided that circumcision would not be performed unless there was a clear and present medical indication. Prescription charges were abolished in 1965, but re-introduced in June 1968. On November 13, 2011 the government has signed off on the 10-year contract to manage the debt-laden Hinchinbrook Hospital in Huntingdon, Cambridge shire by Circle Healthcare. It was the first time that an NHS hospital is to be taken over by a stock-market listed company. Secondly, the purpose of the NHS. The purpose of NHS is to provide healthcare for the UK residents, based on need, not the ability to pay (free treatment), regardless of wealth. At its launch by the then minister of health, Aneurin Bevan, on July 5, 1948, it had at its heart three core principles: first, it meet the needs of everyone; second, it is free at the point of delivery; third, it is based on clinical need, not ability to pay. However, in July 2000, a full-scale modernisation programme was launched and new principles added: first, provide a comprehensive range of services; second, shape its services around the needs and preferences of individual patients, their families and their careers; third, respond to the different needs of different populations; forth, work continuously to improve the quality of services and to minimize errors; fifth, support and value its staff; sixth, use public funds for healthcare devoted solely to NHS patients; seventh, work with others to ensure a seamless service for patients; eighth, help to keep people healthy and work to reduce health inequalities; the last one, respect the confidentiality of individual patients and provide open access to information about services, treatment and performance. Thirdly, the structure of the NHS. There are three parts of NHS: hospital care, primary care and public care. Hospital care consists of acute care (the full range of medical specialties) and long-state care (psychiatric care and continuing nursing care). Primary cares are basic medical treatment, non-hospital care and domiciliary care. Public health care is made up of preventive medicine and conventional services. A NHS must have these components: health professionals, support workers and organizations. The principal fund holders in the NHS system are the NHS Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) that commission healthcare from hospitals, GPs and others. The vast majority of NHS services are free at the point of use. It means that people generally do not pay anything for their doctor visits, nursing services, surgical procedures or appliances, consumables. Because the NHS is not funded by contributory insurance scheme in the ordinary sense and most patients pay nothing for their treatment there is thus no billing to the treated person nor to any insurer or sickness fund as is common in many other countries. Eligibility for free NHS services is based on having "permanent residence status". Those who are not "ordinarily resident" are liable to charges for services. But, there are some deficiencies of it. The rate of the cooperation of the hospital is very slow. In additional, national sources lose and the expenditure of NHS is very large. Besides, the quality of medical is not very good. What’s more, there are a large of staff in England. In my opinion, although there are many deficiencies, this is still a very great policy because Britain is the earliest country to establish the health care. It has great importance in protecting the health rights of human beings. And, in some degree, it represents a very fair principle in the consumption of health care.