国际结算清华大学出版社

国际结算（英文版）清华大学出版社-答案KEYOFINTERNATIONALSETTLEMENTChapter1PutthefollowingphrasesintoEnglish贸易壁垒tradebarrier进口关税importtariff全球经济体化economicglobalization资金转移fundtransfer有形贸易tangibletrade无形贸易intangibletrade国际惯例internationalcustomsandpractices全球金融同业通讯协会SWIFTPutthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish国际结算涉及有形贸易和无形贸易，外国投资，从其他国家借贷资金，等等。Theinternationalsettlementinvolvestangibletrades,intangibletrades,foreigninvestments,fundsborrowedfromorlenttoothercountriesandsoon.许多银行注重发展国际结算和贸易融资的业务。Manybankshavefocusedontheirbusinessofinternationalsettlementandtradefinance.大多数国际间的支付来自于世界贸易。Mostoftheinternationalpaymentsoriginatefromtransactionsintheworldtrade.一般来说，国际结算的方式分为三类：汇款、托收和信用证。Usuallytheinternationalsettlementisdividedintothreebroadcategories:remittance,collectionandletterofcredit.TrueorFalseInternationalpaymentsandsettlementsarefinancialactivitiesconductedinthedomesticcountry.(F)Fundtransfersareprocessedandsettledthroughcertainclearingsystems.(T)UsingtheSWIFTnetwork,bankscancommunicatewithbothcustomersandcolleaguesinastructured,secure,andtimelymanner.(T)SWIFTcanachievesamedaytransfer.(T)MultipleChoiceSWIFTis_B__intheunitedstatesakindofcommunicationsbelongingtoTTsystemforinterbank'sfundtransferaninstitutionoftheUnitedNationsagovernmentaiorganizationSWIFTisanorganizationbasedinABrusselsNewYorkLondonHongKongAfacilityinfundarrangementforbuyersorsellersisreferredtoAtradefinancesalecontractletterofcreditbillofexchangeFundtransfersareprocessedandsettledthrough__CbanksSWIFTclearingsystemtelecommunicationsystems__C__isthereasonwhyinternationaltradefirstbegan.UnevendistributionofresourcesPatternsofdemandEconomicbenefitsComparativeadvantagesAnswerthefollowingquestionsWherearethemediumofexchangeoriginatedfrom?Tracingbackthehistoryofinternationalsettlement,themediumofexchangeoriginatedfromcoinstonotes.Whatwillinevitablyleadtoundertheinternationalpolitical,economicandculturalexchanges?culturalexchangeinevitablyleadstocreditsanddebtsowedbyonecountrytoanother.Whydobanksfocusonthedevelopmentofthebusinessesofinternationalsettlement?Banksfocusmoreandmoreonthedevelopmentofthebusinessesbecauseitisamajorresourceofprofits.Whatwillbanksdotomeetthehigherandhigherdemandoftheinternationalmarket?Banksneedtodevelopinnovativeproductsanddeliverthebestservicespossibleinwhateverwaytheycan.Chapter2PutthefollowingphrasesintoEnglish资金转移fundtransfer清算系统clearingsystem银仃竞争bankingcompetition可兑换货币convertiblecurrency国际支付internationalpaymentPutthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish用于国际结算的货币是可兑换的货币•Currenciesusedintheinternationalsettlementareconvertiblecurrencies.每一个通信和支付系统都有自己的使用规贝薦Eachcommunicationandpaymentsystemhasitsownrules.有五种美元清算的方式。TherearefiveUSdollarfundtransferpaymentmethods.欧元是欧盟国家使用的货币。EuroisthesinglecurrencyoftheEuropeanUnion.香港作为国际金融中心必须遵循国际惯例。Asaninternationalfinancialcenter,HongKongmustfollowinternationalpaymentpractice.TrueorFalseCHIPSpaymentsareirrevocableandsubjecttoasame-daynetsettlementprocess.(T)Booktransfersarepaymentmadebetweenpartiesthatmaintainaccountsatthedifferentbank.(F)InJapan,cashisnotfarmoreoftenusedthanchecksforpaymentattheretaillevel.(F)NotlaterthanJuly2002,theEurowillreplacethenationalcurrenciesinallpublicandprivatetransactions.MultipleChoiceThefollowingarethespecialproblemsforinternationaltradeexceptfor__C__usingforeignIanguagesandforeigncurrenciesunderforeignlaws,customsandregulationshavingrisksnumerousculturaldifferencesAllthepartiestoacollectionareboundbyC__UCP400UCP500UCR522URC254Anadditionalriskbornebythesellerwhengrantingacredittothebuyeristhatthelatterwillnot__D_acceptthebilltakeupthedocumentstakedeliverymakepaymentatmaturityTotheexporter,thefastestandsafestmethodofsettlementis__Bletterofcreditadvaneepaymentcollectionbanker'sdraftTotheimporter,thefastestandsafestmethodofsettlementis__C_—letterofcreditcashinadvaneeopenaccountbanker'sdraftWhichistherealinternationalpaymentsystem?ATARGETFedWireCHAPSSWIFTAnswerthefollowingquestionsHowwillfundtransfersbeprocessedandsettled?Fundtransfersareprocessedandsettledthroughcertainclearingsystems.WhatisFedWire?FedWireisanelectronicpaymentsystemoperatedbytheU.S.FederalReserve.ItsiusedtomakeUSdollarpaymentstobanksandtheircustomersthroughouttheUnitedStates.Whenwilltheeurostarttouse?FromJanuary1,1999,EuroisthesinglecurrencyoftheEuropeanUnion.WhatisthestrongestofSWIFT?ThestrongestfeatureofSWIFTismessagetextstandards.Chapter3PutthefollowingphrasesintoEnglish总资产totalassets缺乏经验lackofexpertise全球策略globalstrategy专业服务professionalservice财务报表financialstatementPutthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish两家银行建立代理行关系的原则是基于双方的互惠互利Theoverallprincipletoestablishcorrespondentbankingrelationshipbetweentwobanksisonthebasisofmutualbenefits.一家银行对其所在国金融系统的重要性是对该银行进行评级的重要因素。Theimportanceofabanktoitscountry'sfinancialsystemisamajorfactorintheratingprocess.穆迪和标准普尔在对银行进行评级时有许多相似之处。MoodyandStandard&Poor's(“S&P”)sharemanysimilaritiesinratingbanks.许多著名的大银行是根据一定的程序来向代理行提供信用额度。Thecreditlineforacorrespondentisworkedoutaccordingtocertainproceduresinmanysizeableandwell-knowbanks.银行不仅可从贸易融资中获利，而且还可以介入金融活动之中。Notonlybankscangainfromtradefinance,theycanalsoengageinthosefinancialactivities.TrueorFalseRiskmanagementstrategiesshouldbetakenintoconsiderationwhenratingcorrespondentbanks.(T)Aworldwidecomputernetworkformonitoringthelineismaintainedbymanybanks.(T)Abankshouldintroduceormodifythoseproductsinordertohavethoseproductstobemarketedinitsbankingoperation.(T)Somecorrespondentswillnotextendcreditfacilitiestothebankwithnostroaccountandofferapreferentialaccount,sothatconductingbusinesswillbecomemoreconvenientandeasier.(T)MultipleChoiceFromthepointofviewofaChinesebank,_B__isourbank'saccountinthebookofanoverseasbank,denominatedinforeigncurrency.avostroaccountanostroaccountamirrioaccountarecordaccountAbankgetstoknowitsexactpositionoffundsbyA__reflectingthecreditbalaneeexaminingthemirroraccountconsuitingaforeignbankcheckingthenostroaccountStatementsofbalaneeofinternationaipaymentdon'tinclude__D__currentaccountcapitalaccountbalancingaccountorvisibleaccount_A_referstoanexchangeofservicesassetsbetweencountries.InvisibletradeVisibletradeInternationaltradeBalaneeoftradeEachcountryhastoearn__Btopayforimports.moneyforeignexchangecashcurrencyAnswerthefollowingquestionsHowwillratioofearningbedivided?Ratiosofearningcanbedividedintoratioofcapitalreturn(Earning/TotalCapital,ROE)andratioofassetreturn(Earning/TotalCapital,ROE).Whydobanksdevelopthecorrespondentrelationshipwithforeignbanks?Forthepurposeofrenderingbestservicetothebanks'clients,itisessentialforthebankstodevelopdirectcorrespondentrelationshipwithforeignbanksandoffermorediversifiedbankingservices,therebyplayinganincreasinglyprominentroleinpromotingandregulatingthegrowthofthenationaleconomy.WhatdoAmericanbanksandEuropeanbanksusuallydointheirfinancialactivities?Americanbanksareactiveinmarketingtheirproductsandservicesinthefieldoffundclearing,TradefinancehasalwaysbeenthemainsubjectofcorrespondentbankingoperationsbymanyEuropeanbanksforquitealongtime.Whatshouldthecorrespondentfilesbe?Thecorrespondentfilesshouldbeconcise,butcomplete,andupdated.Chapter4PutthefollowingphrasesintoEnglish大小写金额amountinwordsandfigures无条件的 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 面支付命令unconditionalorderofpaymentinwriting远期汇票termbill跟单汇票documentarydraft无条件的支付承诺unconditionalpromiseofpayment流通工具negotiableinstrumentPutthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish1）由于这张信用卡的持卡人不讲信用，发卡银行将取消该卡。Theissuingbankofthiscreditwillcanceltheholderscardbecauseofhispoorcreditstanding.2）旅行支票易于在国外银行、旅店、商店、机场等兑现。Traveler'schecksareeasilyencashabkes,hotels,shipsandairportsabroad.3）汇票和本票的定义有一些相似之处。Therearesomesimilaritiesbetweenthedefinitionofabillofexchangeandapromissorynote.请开立一张以Mr.Smith为付款人的金额为2000美元的即期汇票。PleasedrawasightdraftonMr.SmithforUSdollars2000.2.TrueorFalseInchecktransaction,thedrawerandthepayerarethesameperson.(T)Acheckisademandbankdraft.(T)Adraftisaconditionalorderinwriting.(F)Thepersonwhodrawsthebilliscalledthedrawer.(T)Anyusancebillsneedtobeaccepted.(T)Thereisnoacceptorinapromissorynote.(T)Thereareonlytwopartiesinapromissorynote.(T)Traveller'schecksarenegotiableinstruments.(T)Traveller'schecksarefixed,roundamounts.(T)Alineofcreditisgivenbyabankaccordingtothecardholder'sfinancialstatus.(T)MiltipleChoiceAcheckmustbesignedby__AthedrawerthedraweethepayerthepayeeWhenfinancingiswithoutrecourse,thismeansthatthebankhasnorecoursetothe_Difsuchdraftsaredishonored.dreweepayeepayerdrawerAtimebillmaybeacceptedbythe__B__drawerdraweeholderendorserA_isdrawnbytheexporterandsenttothebuyer.DraftPromissorynoteI.O.UCheckTaveller'schecksarein__Damounts.fixedroundconvenientfixed,roundandconvenientIfabillisa__D___bjll,thedocumentswillbehandedoveragainstpaymentofthebill.tenorsightcleandocumentary5.AnswerthefollowingquestionsUnderwhichcircumstancesdobanksusuallyaskforendorsement?Bankusuallyaskforendorsementofcheckwhenthecheckinfavourofjointpayeesiscreditedtoasoleaccountandwhenthecheckiscashedoverthecounter.Whataretheessentialsofadraft?Theessentialsofadraftareasfollows:anunconditionalorder;inwriting;signedbythepersongivingit;drawee;paymentdate;asumcertaininmoney;payee;dateandplaceofissuanceofadraft;bearingthewords”exchangefor”.Whatismeantbyadocumentarybill?Adocumentarybillreferstoonethatisaccompaniedbytherelevantdocumentsthatareneededtocompletetheexporttransaction.Whatistheimportantdifferencebetweenthebillofexchangeandthepromissorynote?Theimportantdifferencebetweenthebillofexchangeandthepromissorynoteisthatthepromissorynoteiswrittenandsignedbythepersonwhopromisestomakethepayment(thebuyer),andsenttothepersonwhoisowedthemoney(theexporter).Abillofexchange,incontrast,isdrawnbytheexporterandsenttothebuyer(who“accepts”termbill).Howmanypartiesarethereinapromissorynote?Whatarethey?Therearetwopartiesinapromissorynote,andtheyaremakerandholder.Chapter5PutthefollowingphrasesintoEnglish海外分支机构和代理行overseasbranchesandcorrespondentbanks汇款人账户remitter'saccountSWIFT密押swiftauthenticationkey授权签字authorizedsignature金融机构financialinstitutionPutthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish由于电信业的迅猛发展，大多数的付款业务都是通过电汇方式完成。Withrapidtelecommunication,mostpaymenttransactionsarehandledbytelegraphictransfer.再付款业务中总是会出现一些差错。Intheprocessofpaymenttransfer,somemistakesmayoccur.处理付款业务员中的典型错误是将头寸付款方式和链式付款方式的报文混淆。Itisatypicalmistaketoconfusethemessagetypesofthecovermethodwiththoseoftheserialmethod.在一些国家，通常用于国内付款的链式方式也用于跨境付款。Insomecountriesandforsomecurrencies,theserialmethod---typicalfordomesticpayments---isalsousedcross-border.电汇常常用于大写金额和时间较紧的情况。T/Tisoftenusedwhentheremittanceamountislargeandthetransferoffundsissubjecttoatimelimit.TrueorFalseRemittancereferstothetransferoffundsfromonepartytoanotheramongdifferentcountriesthroughbanks.(T)Mailtransfercanbereplacedinthetimeoftelecommunicationdevelopedrapidly.(F)Undertheserialpaymentmethod,theinstructiontocreditabeneficiaryaccountisdenttogetherwiththeinstructiontodebitsender'saccount.(T)Serialpaymentmethodcannot,however,delaythepaymentbetweendifferenttimezones.(F)MjltipleChoiceTheremittingbankchecksthedocumentsreceived__D__.asaservicetoitsclientstoavoidunnecessarybeforesendingthemoutalloftheaboveLargepaymentsshouldbemadeby__D一TTSWIFTMTAorBA_D_paymentdoesnottakeaslongasanMTpayment.SWIFTTTDDAorBMailtransfersaresenttothecorrespondentbankC,uniessotherwiseinstructedbyclients.bycourierservicebyordinarymailbyairmailbyseamailWhenacustomerasksitsbanktomakeatelegraphictransfertoabeneficiaryabroad,thechargesmayA__bepaideithertheremitterortheremitteebedebitedagainstthenostroaccountbecreditedtothevostroaccountbepaidbytheremittingbankAnswerthefollowingquestionsHowdoyoudefinethetwotypesoffundtransfer?Remittancecanbedefinedastwotypedoffundtransfer:toaremitandtodrawadraft.“Toremit”referstothefundstobetransferredfromremittertoapayeethroughbanks,while“todrawadraft”meansthatthepayeegetsthefundsfromtheremittercollectedbybanks.Whatarethethreemainwaystomakearemittance?Giveusabriefdescriptionofthethree?Amailtransferistotransferfundsbymeansofapaymentorderoramailadvice.Ademanddraftisoftenusedwhenthecustomerwantstotransferthefundstohisbeneficiarybyhimself.TelegraphictransferreferstoremittancebySWIFT.WhatarethetwomethodsadoptedinthepaymenttransactionsbyT/T?Theyarecoverpaymentmethodandserialpaymentmethod.whatarethedifferencesofthetwomethodsusedinthepaymenttransaction?Inthecovermethod,thecustomerpaymentinstructionissentseparatelyfromtheinstructiontotransferthefunds,Intheserialmethod,thecustomer[paymentandthefundtransferaresenttogether.Whenwilltheinterbankcompensationbeusedandwhataretherelatederrorsoccurringinthepaymenttransactions?Intheprocessofpaymenttransfer,somemistakesmayoccur,suchaslatepayment.,duplicatepayment,underandoverpayment,wrongaccountattherightbankandsoon,whichmayariselossforabank,TheRulesofInterbankCompensationisthereforeworkedouttosettlethedisputeamongbanks.Chapter6PutthefollowingphrasesintoEnglish运输单据shippingdocument托收指示collectioninstruction需要时的代理agentincaseofneed拒绝证书protestr印花税stampduty赊账openaccountPutthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish1）跟单托收是用于出口商既不想用赊账也不愿意用信用证的情况。Documentarycollectionsaresuitableincaseswheretheexporterisreluctanttosupplythegoodsonanopenaccountbasis,butdoesnotneedthestrongsecurityprovidedbyadocumentarycredit.《跟单托收统一惯例》是国际托收业务中通行的规则。TheUniformRulesforCollections(URC)formaninternationallyacceptedcodeofpracticecoveringdocumentarycollections.单据应符合进口国家的法律和法规的要求。Thetypeofdocumentsshouldcomplywiththelawsandregulationsoftheimportingcountry.拒绝证书是法庭认可的拒付的法律依据，它要由公证机构来制作。Billprotestingislegalevidenceofdishonoracceptabletoaccountoflaw,anditwillcomeintoforcebyanotarizationofnotaryoffice.TrueorFalseAcollectiononthebasisofcommercialcreditisusuallyprocessedthroughbanksactingastheintermediary.(T)Bankshaveresponsibilitytoexaminethedocumentsthoroughly.(F)Collectingbankhandlesthecollectionbusinessaccordingtothecollectioninstruction.(T)Inreceiptofdishonoradvice,theremittingbankmustgiveappropriateinstructionsastothefurtherhandlingbythecollectingbank.(T)MultipleChoiceforcollectionareTheinstructionsmainly__D__thoseinthecontractwrittenontheBillofExchangegivenbytheimportersgivenbytheexporters11willbemoreconvenientifthecollectingbankappointedbythesellerBisalargebankistheremittingbank'scorrespondentintheplaceoftheimporterisintheexporter'scountryactsontheimporter'sinstructionsTheoperationofcollectionbeginswith=B__thecustomerandtheremittingbanktheremittingbankandthecollectingbankthepresentingbankandthedraweethecollectingbankandthepresentingbankDetailedinstructionsmustbesenttothecollectingbank__BintheapplicationforminthecollectionorderinthedocumentsbothAandBThecollectingbankwillmakeaprotestonlywhen__C__thedocumentsarerejectedacaseofneedisnominatedspecificinstructionsconcerningprotestaregivenprotectivemeasuresinrespectofthegoodsaretakenIfitisstatedasD/P,thedocumentscanbereleasedA__againstpaymentagainstacceptaneeineitherwayagainstacceptaneepouravalAisthebanktowhichtheprincipalhasentrustingthecollection,TheremittingbankThecollectingbankThepresentingbankBothAandBbank_C_mustmakehisinstructionsto__clearinhiscollectionorder.Theremittingbank…thecollectingTheprincipal…thedraweeTheprincipal…theremittingbankThedrawee..thecollectingbankAnswerthefollowingquestionsWhatisacollectionintheinternationalsettlement?Aftertheexporterhasshippedthegoodsorrenderedservicestohiscustomersabroad,hedrawsabillofexchangeonthelatterwithorwithoutshippingdocumentsattachedtheretoandthengivesthedrafttohisbanktogetherwithhisappropriatecollectioninstructions.Whatarethepartiesofacollection?Theyareexporters,importers,remittingbanksandcollectingbanks.Whatisadocumentarycollection?Adocumentarycollectionisanoperationinwhichabankcollectspaymentonbehalfoftheseller(theprincipal)bydeliveringdocumentstothebuyer.Howmanytypesofdocumentarycollectionarethereandwhatarethey?Therearetwotypesofdocumentarycollection:documentsagainstpaymentanddocumentsagainstacceptanee.WhatdoesURC522referto?TheUniformRulesforCollections(URC)formaninternationallyacceptedcodeofpracticecoveringdocumentarycollections.Whatarethedutiesofremittingbankandcollectingbank?Dutiesoftheremittingbankandthecollectingbankaredocumentspressingandoperationupontheinternationalpracticeandcustoms.Chapter7PutthefollowingphrasesintoEnglish商业用途commercialutility有条件的付款承诺conditionalundertakingofpayment契约安排contractualarrangement付款义务obligationofpayment独立责任independentresponsibilityPutthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish1）在此契约安排下的每一项条款都是独立的。Eachitemincontractsinthisarrangementisindependentofoneanother.2）进口商也要对远期汇票进行承兑并到期付款。Animporterisalsoobligedtomakeanacceptaneeonthetermbillofexchangeandmakepaymentonitsdue.3）既然大多数的信用证都是不可撤销的，故此滋养印就在开证申请书上。Sineethegreatmajorityofcreditsareirrevocable,theindicationofirrevocabilityisprintedintheapplicationform.出口商在向他的银行提示单据前就应确信其单据满足了信用证的要求。Beforetheexporterpresentsthedocumentstohisbank,hemustensurethattheyfullymeettherequirementslaiddowninthecredit.银行必须根据信用证的条款和要求仔细地审核单据。Thebankmustcheckthepresenteddocumentscarefullyagainstthewordingofthetermsofcredit.TrueorFalseThreepartiesareinvolvedinthecontractedarrangementconcerningadocumentarycredit.(T)Thecreditfollowsprinciplesofindependenceandabstraction.(T)Thedocumentsandthegoodsarenotseparatedfromeachother.(F)Aslongasthedocumentspresentedbythebeneficiaryareincompletecompliancewiththetermsandconditionsofthecredit,theissuingbankorthebanknominatedbythecreditshallfulfilltheundertakingtopay,acceptornegotiate.(T)Asfortheexporter'sbank,itwillpayornegotiateagainstdocumentspresentedbytheexporterprovidedthattheyareincompliancewiththetermsandconditionsofthecredit.(T)Theimportermaynotrejecttoissuethecreditoftheexporterdoesnoteffectperformancebonduponthestipulationonthesalescontract.(F)MultipleChoiceAletterofcreditis__B__aformalguaranteeofpaymentaconditionalundertakingtomakepaymentanunconditionalundertakingtomakepaymentatwobankguaranteeofpaymentArevocablecreditcannotbeamendedorcancelledonlyafter__Cthedocumentsunderithavebeenhonoredithasbeenamendedoncetheadvisingbankhasnotifiedthebeneficiaryofitsopeningithasbeenconfirmedbyacorrespondentbank_D_givesthebeneficiaryadoubleassuraneeofpayment.AnirrevocablecreditArevocablecreditAconfirmedcreditAnirrevocableconfirmedcreditBeforeopeningacredit,theissuingbankshould_D_gothroughthecontracttermsfillintheapplicationformsignanagreementwiththecustomerinquireintothecustomer'screditstandingSettlementbydocumentarycreditisfairtoB__theshippingcompanythetradingcompaniesconcernedthebanksinvolvedalloftheaboveIncredittransactions,thegoodsandthedocumentsaresenttotheimporterAindifferentwaysinthesamewayindifferentdirectionsatonetimeTheexportercanreceivethepaymentonlywhen_C_hehasshippedthegoodshehaspresentedthedocumentsthedocumentspresentedcomplywithhecredittermstheimporterhastakendeliveryofthegoodsBanksareobligatedtoverifythedocumentsreceivedtoseethat__C__-theyareauthentictheyareregulartheyarethoselistedinthecollectionordertheyareintherightformAnswerthefollowingquestionsWhataretherolesofaletterofcredit?LetterofCreditisapopularmethodofpaymentininternationaltradeandoneofthemostimportantmethodsoffinancing.Itplaysanimportantroleintheguaranteeandfinancingoftradeintheinternationaltrade.Whataretheprimarypartiesofaletterofcredit?TheprimarypartiestoaLetterofCreditaretheapplicant,theissuingbankandthebeneficiary.Whatshouldtheexporterdoinaletterifcredit?Theexportershoulddispatchthegoodsorperformtheserviceontimeandpreparethedocumentsrequiredunderthecredittobereadyforpresentation,Howdoyouunderstandabilloflading?Abilloflading,themostimportantdocumentinoverseastransactions,isadocumentevidencingshipment.Itisissuedbythecarrierorhisagentasareceiptforgoodsacceptedforcarriagebysea.Italsocontainsthetermsandconditionsofthecontractofcarriage.Abillofladingisadocumentoftitle.Onlytheholderofthebillofladingcantakepossessionofthegoods.Itisusuallymadeouttoorderandcanthereforebetransferredbyendorsement.Chapter8PutthefollowingphrasesintoEnglish全球金融市场globalfinancialmarket破产法bankruptcylaw 合同 劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载 义务contractualobligation信用评估creditevaluation经济衰退economicrecessionPutthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish1）用于国际贸易中的保函分为两类：直接保函和间接保函。Theguaranteesusedininternationalbusinesscanbedividedintotwocategories:directguaranteesandindirectguarantees.2）银行开具各种类型的保函：投标保函、履约保函、预付款保函、尾款保函。Banksissuevarioustypesofguaranteeorbond,an