及物动词与不及物动词的区别从是否需要宾语来分,实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词两类。
及物动词和不及物动词,可以结合汉语来理解,及物动词都有动作的承受者。所有的及物动词都可以翻译成“被”字句型。例如:我打了他,I hit him,翻译成“被”字句型为:He was hit by me,他被我打了。不及物动词则不可以,如:他死了,He died. 此处died为不及物动词,则不可以说,He was died,他被死了。
1.及物动词
1)及物动词 后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。可以用于:"主+谓+宾";"主+谓+双宾";"主+谓+宾+宾补"结构。如:
单宾语
He's reading a magazine.
他正在读一本杂志。
双宾语
Mr.Zhang teaches us English.
张老师教我们英语。
复合宾语必须接一个宾语同时接一个补语
We often hear him sing in the park.
我们经常听到他在公园里唱歌。
及物动词不必靠介词,就可以带宾语,如:
John is giving a book to me.
Who will answer this question?
如果无意中把介词加上,就错了,如:
Who will answer to this question?
下列这句从房地产广告中看到的句子,也犯了同样的错:
"We have many buyers awaiting for available units here."
"Awaiting"是个及物动词,后面的介词"for"是多余的,要去掉;不然把"awaiting"改为"waiting for"也行。
许多人习惯上喜欢把介词加到及物动词后面,然后才带出宾语。最常见的是"emphasize/stress on/upon"和"discuss about",如:
Singaporeans seem to have emphasized on material gains.
In our education system, we stress upon examination results.
World leaders spent a lot of time discussing about worsening economic problems.
显然的,这三句里的介词"on/upon"和"about"是多余的,不必要的。
为什么会有这些错误呢?主因是分不清楚及物动词和不及物动词的性质。其次,就是对同一个动词及其名词的句型有些混淆。解决之道有二。第一,要把"及物动词+宾语"和"不及物动词+介词+宾语"划分清楚,如:
I did not answer him./ I did not reply to him.
He reached Londan yesterday./ He arrived in London yesterday.
第二,把及物动词转化为名词,然后加上适当的介词和宾语,如:
Don't approach such a person.
Is oral practice a good approach to language teaching?
有几个及物动词可以和许多名词一道
表
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示动作,这类动词称为虚意动词(Delexical Verbs),最常见的是下面几个:
have 可以跟:
bath
dance
fear
love
run
talk
bathe
discussion
fight
quarrel
scence
try
celebration
dislike
interview
read
sleep
walk
chat
dispute
laugh
respect
smoke
wash
conversation
dream
lie
rest
success
win
cry
drink
look
row(争吵)
swim
wish
give 可以跟:
account
blow
dry
hint
knock
polish
ring
smile
thought
advice
chuckle
gasp
hug
laugh
pull
scream
squeeze
warning
analysis
clean
giggle
injection
lecture
punch
shock
start
wash
answer
consent
glance
jump
look
push
shout
summary
welcome
approval
consideration
grin
kick
nod
reading
sigh
support
beating
cry
groan
kiss
notice
report
sketch
talk
take 可以跟:
action
control
lead
oath
revenge
step
vote
bath
effect
lift
offence
risk
trip
walk
break
examination
look
pity
seat
trouble
care
exercise
nap
place
shape
turn
chance
grip
note
power
sip
vacation
charge
inspection
notice
pride
stand
view
make可以跟:
advance
arrangements
change
confession
effort
explanation
inspection
noise
progress
remark
search
success
answer
arrest
choice
deal
enquiry
fight
investigation
objection
promise
reply
slip
suggestion
apology
appointment
comment
decision
examination
fuss
love
proposal
purchase
resolution
start
trip
appeal
attack
comparison
demand
excuse
guess
mention
protest
recovery
sacrifice
statement
visit
appearance
attempt
concession
distinction
experiment
go
move
preparations
reference
scene
study
2)不及物动词 本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。只能用与:"主+谓"结构,不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象(即宾语)。若要跟宾语,必须先在其后添加上某个介词,如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。如:
Birds fly.鸟会飞。
It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三;年六月。
My watch stopped.我的表停了。
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。
3)兼作及物动词和不及物动词 英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况:
英语中大部分动词都既可作vt.,也可作vi.,只能作一种动词而不能作另一种动词的是少数。 兼作两种动词的情况很多,大致上有下面这些情况:
1)用于一个意义时为vt.,用于另一个意义时为vi.:
用作vt.
用作vi.
Happy to meet you. 见到你很高兴。
Mind the dog.当心有狗。
She couldn’t stand the cold.
她受不了严寒。
Don’t move my things. 别动我的东西。
Smoking hurts you. 吸烟对你有害。
He hanged himself in sorrow.
在悲痛中他悬梁自尽了。
They beat him unconscious.
他们把他打得不省人事。
Please pass me the salt. 请把盐递给我。
When shall we meet? 我们何时碰头?
I’m sure he won’t mind.
我肯定他不会在意。
Don’t stand in the rain. 别站在雨里。
The train is moving now. 火车开动了。
My head hurts. 我头疼。
Her portrait hangs over the mantel piece.
她的画像挂在壁炉台上方。
Her heart was beating violently.
她的心猛烈地跳动着。
The winter finally passed.
冬天终于过去了。
因此, 在学某一个具体的动词时,要经常注意它在什么时候用作vt.,什么时候用作vi.。
2)有些动词在意思基本上不变的情况下,有时用作vt.,有时用作vi.。
例如:
用作vt.
用作vi.
Can you help me? 你能帮我吗?
Tigers eat meat. 老虎吃肉。
She isn’t going to marry him.
她不准备嫁他。
Sing us a song, please.
请给我们唱一支歌。
She speaks good English.
她英文讲得很好。
She’s typing a letter. 她在打一封信。
Who wrote the poem? 这诗谁写的?
She’s studying medicine. 她在学医。
Every little helps. (谚) 积少成多。
We eat at six. 我们六点吃饭。
Don’t marry in haste. 不要匆忙结婚。
Who’s singing there? 谁在讲话?
Who is speaking? 谁在讲话?
She’s typing. 她在打字。
He writes very well. 他文笔很好。
She studies hard. 她学习很用功
在学每一个英语动词时都要注意在意思大体上不变的情况下是否既可作vt.,又可作vi.。
4) 与汉语的比较 有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,请注意下列两种情况:
a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive到达,agree同意,listen听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如:
We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)(比较:We reached the railway station at noon.)
Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)(比较:We all heard the lecture.)
Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)
b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如serve为…服务。
Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务