雅思模拟试题3-阅读

Reading Test 3 ALL ANSWERS MUST BE WRITTEN ON THE ANSWER SHEET. The test is divided as follows: Reading Passage 1      Questions 1 to 14 Reading Passage 2      Questions 15 to 28 Reading Passage 3      Questions 29 to 40 Start at the beginning of the test and work through it. You should answer all the questions. If you cannot do a particular question leave it and go on to the next one, YOU can return to it later. TIME ALLOWED: 60 MINUTES NUMBER OF QUESTIONS: 40 Reading passage 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on Reading Passage 1. Unmasking skin A If you took off your skin and laid it flat, it would cover an area of about twenty-one square feet, making it by far the body’s largest organ. Draped in place over our bodies, skin forms the barrier between what’s inside us and what’s outside. It protects us from a multitude of external forces. It serves as an avenue to our most intimate physical and psychological selves. B This impervious yet permeable barrier, less than a millimetre thick in places, is composed of three layers. The outermost layer is the bloodless epidermis. The dermis includes collagen, elastin, and nerve endings. The innermost layer, subcutaneous fat, contains tissue that acts as an energy source, cushion and insulator for the body. C From these familiar characteristics of skin emerge the Profound mysteries of touch, arguably our most essential source of sensory stimulation. We can live without seeing or hearing - in fact, without any of our other senses. But babies born without effective nerve connections between skin and brain can fail to thrive and may even die. D Laboratory experiments decades ago, now considered unethical and inhumane, kept baby monkeys from being touched by their mothers. It made no difference that the babies could see, hear and smell their mothers; without touching, the babies became apathetic, and failed to progress. E For humans, insufficient touching in early years can have lifelong results. ‘In touching cultures, adult aggression is low whereas in cultures where touch is limited, adult aggression is high,’ writes Tiffany Field, director of the Touch Research Institutes at the University of Miami School of Medicine. Studies of a variety of cultures show a correspondence between high rates of physical affection in childhood and low rates of adult physical violence. F While the effects of touching are easy to understand, the mechanics of it are less so. Your skin has millions of nerve cells of various shapes at different depths,’ explains Stanley Bolanowski, a neuroscientist and associate director of the Institute for Sensory Research at Syracuse University. ‘When the nerve cells are stimulated, physical energy is transformed into energy used by the nervous system and passed from the skin to the spinal cord and brain. It’s called transduction, and no one knows exactly how it takes place.’ Suffice it to say that the process involves the intricate, split- second operation of a complex system of signals between neurons in the skin and brain. G This is starting to sound very confusing until Bolanowski says: ‘In simple terms people perceive three basic things via skin: pressure, temperature, and pain.’ And then I’m sure he’s wrong. ‘When I get wet, my skin feels wet,’ I protest. ‘Close your eyes and lean back,’ says Bolanowski. H Something cold and wet is on my forehead - so wet, in fact, that I wait for water to start dripping down my cheeks. ‘Open your eyes,’ Bolanowski says, showing me that the sensation comes from a chilled, but dry, metal cylinder. The combination of pressure and cold, he explains, is what makes my skin perceive wetness. He gives me a surgical glove to put on and has me put a finger in a glass of cold water. My finger feels wet, even though I have visual proof that it’s not touching water. My skin, which seemed so reliable, has been deceiving me my entire life. When I shower or wash my hands, I now realize, my skin feels pressure and temperature. It’s my brain that says I feel wet. I Perceptions of pressure, temperature and pain manifest themselves in many different ways. Gentle stimulation of pressure receptors can result in ticklishness; gentle stimulation of pain receptors, in itching. Both sensations arise from a neurological transmission, not from something that physically exists. Skin, I’m realizing, is under constant assault, both from within the body and from forces outside. Repairs occur with varying success. J Take the spot where I nicked myself with a knife while slicing fruit. I have a crusty scab surrounded by pink tissue about a quarter inch long on my right palm. Under the scab, epidermal cells are migrating into the wound to close it up. When the process is complete, the scab will fall off to reveal new epidermis. It’s only been a few days, but my little self-repair is almost complete. Likewise, we recover quickly from slight burns. If you ever happen to touch a hot burner, just put your finger in cold water. The chances are you will have no blister, little pain and no scar. Severe burns, though, are a different matter. Questions 1-4 The passage has 10 paragraphs A-J. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-J in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet. 1 the features of human skin, on and below the surface 2 an experiment in which the writer call see what is happening 3 advice on how you can avoid damage to the skin 4 cruel research methods used in the past Questions 5 and 6 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 5 and 6 on your answer sheet. 5 How does a lack of affectionate touching affect children? A  It makes them apathetic. B  They are more likely to become violent adults. C  They will be less aggressive when they grow up. D  We do not really know. 6 After the ‘wetness’ experiments, the writer says that A his skin is not normal. B his skin was wet when it felt wet. C he knew why it felt wet when it was dry. D the experiments taught him nothing new. Questions 7-11 Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-I from the box below. Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 7-11 on your answer sheet. 7 Touch is unique among the five senses 8 A substance may feel wet 9 Something may tickle 10 The skin may itch 11 A small cut heals up quickly A because it is both cold and painful. B because the outer layer of the skin can mend itself. C because it can be extremely thin. D because there is light pressure on the skin. E because we do not need the others to survive. F because there is a good blood supply to the skin. G because of a small amount of pain. H because there is a low temperature and pressure. I because it is hurting a lot. J because all humans are capable of experiencing it.   Questions 12-14 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 12-14 on your answer sheet write TRUE        if the statement agrees with the information FALSE       if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN  if there is no information on this 12 Even scientists have difficulty understanding how our sense of touch works. 13 The skin is more sensitive to pressure than to temperature or pain. 14 The human skin is always good at repairing itself. Reading passage 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2. Questions 15-19 Reading passage 2 has five sections A-E. Choose the most suitable headings for sections A-E from the list of headings below Write the correct number i-x in boxes 15-19 on your answer sheet. List of headings i How to make the locks in your home more secure ii How to open a lock without a key iii Choosing the right tools to open locks iv The cylinder and the bolt v How to open a lock with a different key vi Lock varieties vii How a basic deadbolt system works viii The people who open locks without a key ix How a cylinder lock works x How to pick different kinds of lock   15 Section A 16 Section B 17 Section C 18 Section D 19 Section E How Lock Picking Works Section A Lock picking is an essential skill for locksmiths because it lets them get past a lock without destroying it. When you lock yourself out of your house or lose your key, a locksmith can let you back in very easily. Lock-picking skills are not particularly common among burglars, mainly because there are so many other simpler ways of breaking into a house (throwing a brick through a back window for example). For the most part, only intruders who need to cover their tracks, such as spies and detectives, will bother to pick a Simply understanding the principles of lock picking may change your whole attitude toward locks and keys. Lock picking clearly demonstrates that normal locks are not infallible devices. They provide a level of security that can be breached with minimal effort. With the right tools, a determined intruder can break into almost anything, Section B Locksmiths define lock-picking as the manipulation of a lock’s components to open a lock without a key. To understand lock-picking, then, you first nave to know how locks and keys work. Think about the normal deadbolt lock you might find on a front door. In this sort of lock, a movable belt or latch is embedded in the door so it can be extended out to the side. This bolt is lined up with a notch in the frame. When you turn the lock, the belt extends into the notch in e frame, so the door can’t move. When you retract the bolt the door moves freely. The lock’s only job is to make it simple for someone with a key to move the belt but difficult for someone without a key to move it. Section C The most widely-used lock design is the cylinder lock. In this kind, the key turns a cylinder in the middle of the lock, which turns the attached mechanism. When the cylinder is turned one way, the mechanism pulls in on the belt and the door can open. When the cylinder turns the other way, the mechanism releases the belt so the door cannot open. One of the most common cylinder locks is the pin design. Its main components are the housing (the outer part of the lock which does not move), the central cylinder, and several vertical shafts that’ run down from the housing into the cylinder. Inside these shafts are pairs of metal pins of varying length, held in position by small springs. Without the key, the pins are partly in the housing and partly in the cylinder, so that the mechanism cannot turn and the lock, therefore, cannot open. When you put the correct key into the cylinder, the notches in the key push each pair of pins up just enough so that the top pin is completely in the housing and the bottom pin is entirely in the cylinder. It now turns freely, and you can open the lock. Section D To pick a pin lock, you simply move each pin pair into the correct position, one by one. There are two main tools used in the picking process. Picks: long, thin pieces of metal that curve up at the end (like a dentist’s pick). A tension wrench: the simplest sort of tension wrench is a thin screwdriver. The first step in picking a lock is to insert the tension wrench into the keyhole and turn it in the same direction that you would turn the key. This turns the cylinder so that it is slightly offset from the housing around it, creating a slight ledge in the pin shafts. While applying pressure on the cylinder, you slide the pick into the keyhole and begin lifting the pins. The object is to lift each pin pale up to the level at which the top pin moves completely into the housing, as if pushed by the correct key. When you do this while applying pressure with the tension wrench, you feel or hear a slight click when the pin falls into position. This is the sound of the upper pin falling into place on the ledge in the shaft. The ledge keeps the upper pin wedged in the housing, so it won’t fall back down into the cylinder. In this way, you move each pin pair into the correct position until all the upper pins are pushed completely into the housing and all the lower pros rest inside the cylinder. At this point, the cylinder rotates freely and you can open the lock. Section E You’ll find pin locks everywhere, from houses to padlocks. They are so popular because they are relatively inexpensive but offer moderate security. Another common type of cylinder lock is the wafer lock. These work the same basic way as pin locks, but they have flat, thin pieces of metal called wafers rather than pins. You pick the wafers exactly the same way you pick pros - in fact, it is a little bit easier to pick wafer locks because the keyhole is wider. Despite giving relatively low security, these locks are found in most cars. Tubular locks provide superior protection to pin and wafer locks, but they are also more expensive, Instead of one row of pins, tubular locks have pins positioned all the way around the circumference of the cylinder. This makes them much harder to pick. Conventional lock- picking techniques don’t usually work on this type of lock, which is why they are often found on vending machines. Questions 20-22 Complete the diagram below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 20-22 on your answer sheet. Questions 23-25 Complete the notes below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 23-25 on your answer sheet. Picking a lock Turn cylinder slightly using 23.................................. Hold cylinder still and insert 24.................................. Push top pin into shaft. Hold top pin above cylinder, on 25.................................. Lift and hold all other pins in same way. Turn cylinder and open lock. Questions 26-27 Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 26-27 on your answer sheet. Type of lock How secure? Where used? Pin 26……………………… houses, padlocks, etc 27……………………. relatively low security most cars Tubular superior protection vending machines       Reading passage 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3. Start without the stripes Managing cultural diversity is a core component of most masters programmes these days. The growth of Japanese corporations in the’ sixties and seventies reminded us that there were other models of business than those taught by Harvard professors and US-based management consultants. And the cultural limits to the American model have more recently been underlined by developments in Russia and central Europe over tile past decade.