杜邦财务分析法及福田案例分析

杜邦财务分析法及福田案例分析 摘要:杜邦分析法是一种财务比率分解的方法，能有效反映影响企业获利能力的各指标间的相互联系，对企业的财务状况和经营成果做出合理的分析。 关键词:杜邦分析法;获利能力;财务状况 获利能力是企业的一项重要的财务指标，对所有者、债权人、投资者及政府来说，分析评价企业的获利能力对其决策都是至关重要的，获利能力分析也是财务管理人员所进行的企业财务分析的重要组成部分。 传统的评价企业获利能力的比率主要有:资产报酬率，边际利润率(或净利润率)，所有者权益报酬率等;对股份制企业还有每股利润，市盈率，股利发放率，股利报酬率等。这些单个指标分别用来衡量影响和决定企业获利能力的不同因素，包括销售业绩，资产管理水平，成本控制水平等。 这些指标从某一特定的角度对企业的财务状况以及经营成果进行分析，它们都不足以全面地评价企业的总体财务状况以及经营成果。为了弥补这一不足，就必须有一种方法，它能够进行相互关联的分析，将有关的指标和报 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 结合起来，采用适当的 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 进行综合性的分析评价，既全面体现企业整体财务状况，又指出指标与指标之间和指标与报表之间的内在联系，杜邦分析法就是其中的一种。 杜邦财务分析体系(TheDuPontSystem)是一种比较实用的财务比率分析体系。这种分析方法首先由美国杜邦公司的经理创造出来，故称之为杜邦财务分析体系。这种财务分析方法从评价企业绩效最具综合性和代表性的指标-权益净利率出发，层层分解至企业最基本生产要素的使用，成本与费用的构成和企业风险，从而满足通过财务分析进行绩效评价的需要，在经营目标发生异动时经营者能及时查明原因并加以修正，同时为投资者、债权人及政府评价企业提供依据。 一、杜邦分析法和杜邦分析图 杜邦模型最显著的特点是将若干个用以评价企业经营效率和财务状况的比率按其内在联系有机地结合起来，形成一个完整的指标体系，并最终通过权益收益率来综合反映。采用这一方法，可使财务比率分析的层次更清晰、条理更突出，为报表分析者全面仔细地了解企业的经营和盈利状况提供方便。 杜邦分析法有助于企业管理层更加清晰地看到权益资本收益率的决定因素，以及销售净利润率与总资产周转率、债务比率之间的相互关联关系，给管理层提供了一张明晰的考察公司资产管理效率和是否最大化股东投资回报的路线图。 杜邦分析法利用各个主要财务比率之间的内在联系，建立财务比率分析的综合模型，来综合地分析和评价企业财务状况和经营业绩的方法。采用杜邦分析图将有关分析指标按内在联系加以排列，从而直观地反映出企业的财务状况和经营成果的总体面貌。 杜邦财务分析体系如图所示: the primary analysis of soil physical and chemical properties, such as pests, disinfection, pest control in advance. Garden plant growth by required of minimum planting soil thickness should meet Xia table (construction figure Shang indicate of except) vegetation type herb flower lawn to was small shrubs big shrubs shallow root trees deep root trees soil thickness 30 (CM) 30 (CM) 45 (CM) 60 (CM) 90 (CM) 120 (CM) planting soil should selection for plant growth of selective soil, as humic acid soil, and lawn fertilizer, and peat soil, and pH 5.5~7.0, humidity 30~70%, completely loose, Lawn planting soil roughness (soil surface should be lower than teeth pond 2~5cm). 2, planting garden of foundation engineering projects from planning to the construction stage, focus on after completion of landscaping, the overall goal is to create a good living environment for plants, create a garden and green space. Plant engineering of the project was to create the basis for plant growth, soil, it can be said is the garden project, is one of the most important works. Also planted phase of this project must be carried out by the local soil improvement project. 3, seedling selection requirements: (1) engineering seedling selection of cooked goods, provisions relating to plant size. Plant procurement specifications can be large, so as to achieve ecological effect in a short time. Seedlings should have ... Strong, lush, Crown-shaped full, normal color, root system, pest and disease-free. (2) the project should have growth robust, lush, Crown-shaped full, normal color, root system, pest and disease-free. Stems, root cause mechanical damage, looping root amputation at the wound to prevent infection. (3) category tree seedlings: a spindle should have a uniform distribution of main branches, branches, trunk diameter above 二、对杜邦图的分析 1.图中各财务指标之间的关系: 可以看出杜邦分析法实际上从两个角度来分析财务，一是进行了内部管理因素分析，二是进行了资本结构和风险分析。 权益净利率,资产净利率×权益乘数 权益乘数,1?(1,资产负债率) 资产净利率,销售净利率×总资产周转率 销售净利率,净利润?销售收入 总资产周转率,销售收入?总资产 资产负债率,负债总额?总资产 2.杜邦分析图提供了下列主要的财务指标关系的信息: (1)权益净利率是一个综合性最强的财务比率，是杜邦分析系统的核心。它反映所有者投入资本的获 利能力，同时反映企业筹资、投资、资产运营等活动的效率，它的高低取决于总资产利润率和权益总资产率的水平。决定权益净利率高低的因素有三个方面--权益乘数、销售净利率和总资产周转率。权益乘数、销售净利率和总资产周转率三个比率分别反映了企业的负债比率、盈利能力比率和资产管理比率。 (2)权益乘数主要受资产负债率影响。负债比率越大，权益乘数越高，说明企业有较高的负债程度，给企业带来较多地杠杆利益，同时也给企业带来了较多地风险。资产净利率是一个综合性的指标，同时受到销售净利率和资产周转率的影响。 (3)资产净利率也是一个重要的财务比率，综合性也较强。它是销售净利率和总资产周转率的乘积，因此，要进一步从销售成果和资产营运两方面来分析。 the primary analysis of soil physical and chemical properties, such as pests, disinfection, pest control in advance. Garden plant growth by required of minimum planting soil thickness should meet Xia table (construction figure Shang indicate of except) vegetation type herb flower lawn to was small shrubs big shrubs shallow root trees deep root trees soil thickness 30 (CM) 30 (CM) 45 (CM) 60 (CM) 90 (CM) 120 (CM) planting soil should selection for plant growth of selective soil, as humic acid soil, and lawn fertilizer, and peat soil, and pH 5.5~7.0, humidity 30~70%, completely loose, Lawn planting soil roughness (soil surface should be lower than teeth pond 2~5cm). 2, planting garden of foundation engineering projects from planning to the construction stage, focus on after completion of landscaping, the overall goal is to create a good living environment for plants, create a garden and green space. Plant engineering of the project was to create the basis for plant growth, soil, it can be said is the garden project, is one of the most important works. Also planted phase of this project must be carried out by the local soil improvement project. 3, seedling selection requirements: (1) engineering seedling selection of cooked goods, provisions relating to plant size. Plant procurement specifications can be large, so as to achieve ecological effect in a short time. Seedlings should have ... Strong, lush, Crown-shaped full, normal color, root system, pest and disease-free. (2) the project should have growth robust, lush, Crown-shaped full, normal color, root system, pest and disease-free. Stems, root cause mechanical damage, looping root amputation at the wound to prevent infection. (3) category tree seedlings: a spindle should have a uniform distribution of main branches, branches, trunk diameter above 销售净利率反映了企业利润总额与销售收入的关系，从这个意义上看提高销售净利率是提高企业盈利能力的关键所在。要想提高销售净利率:一是要扩大销售收入;二是降低成本费用。而降低各项成本费用开支是企业财务管理的一项重要 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 。通过各项成本费用开支的列示，有利于企业进行成本费用的结构分析，加强成本控制，以便为寻求降低成本费用的途径提供依据。 企业资产的营运能力，既关系到企业的获利能力，又关系到企业的偿债能力。一般而言，流动资产直接体现企业的偿债能力和变现能力;非流动资产体现企业的经营规模和发展潜力。两者之间应有一个合理的结构比率，如果企业持有的现金超过业务需要，就可能影响企业的获利能力;如果企业占用过多的存货和应收账款，则既要影响获利能力，又要影响偿债能力。为此，就要进一步分析各项资产的占用数额和周转速度。对流动资产应重点分析存货是否有积压现象、货币资金是否闲置、应收账款中分析客户的付款能力和有无坏账的可能;对非流动资产应重点分析企业固定资产是否得到充分的利用。 三、利用杜邦分析法作实例分析 杜邦财务分析法可以解释指标变动的原因和变动趋势，以及为采取措施指明方向。下面以一家上市公司北汽福田汽车(600166)为例，说明杜邦分析法的运用。 福田汽车的基本财务数据如下表: 点击此处查看全部新闻图片 表二 the primary analysis of soil physical and chemical properties, such as pests, disinfection, pest control in advance. Garden plant growth by required of minimum planting soil thickness should meet Xia table (construction figure Shang indicate of except) vegetation type herb flower lawn to was small shrubs big shrubs shallow root trees deep root trees soil thickness 30 (CM) 30 (CM) 45 (CM) 60 (CM) 90 (CM) 120 (CM) planting soil should selection for plant growth of selective soil, as humic acid soil, and lawn fertilizer, and peat soil, and pH 5.5~7.0, humidity 30~70%, completely loose, Lawn planting soil roughness (soil surface should be lower than teeth pond 2~5cm). 2, planting garden of foundation engineering projects from planning to the construction stage, focus on after completion of landscaping, the overall goal is to create a good living environment for plants, create a garden and green space. Plant engineering of the project was to create the basis for plant growth, soil, it can be said is the garden project, is one of the most important works. Also planted phase of this project must be carried out by the local soil improvement project. 3, seedling selection requirements: (1) engineering seedling selection of cooked goods, provisions relating to plant size. Plant procurement specifications can be large, so as to achieve ecological effect in a short time. Seedlings should have ... Strong, lush, Crown-shaped full, normal color, root system, pest and disease-free. (2) the project should have growth robust, lush, Crown-shaped full, normal color, root system, pest and disease-free. Stems, root cause mechanical damage, looping root amputation at the wound to prevent infection. (3) category tree seedlings: a spindle should have a uniform distribution of main branches, branches, trunk diameter above 杜邦分析图 (一)对权益净利率的分析 权益净利率指标是衡量企业利用资产获取利润能力的指标。权益净利率充分考虑了筹资方式对企业获利能力的影响，因此它所反映的获利能力是企业经营能力、财务决策和筹资方式等多种因素综合作用的结果。 该公司的权益净利率在2001年至2002年间出现了一定程度的好转，分别从2001年的0.097增加至2002年的0.112.企业的投资者在很大程度上依据这个指标来判断是否投资或是否转让股份，考察经营者业绩和决定股利分配政策。这些指标对公司的管理者也至关重要。 公司经理们为改善财务决策而进行财务分析，他们可以将权益净利率分解为权益乘数和资产净利率，以找到问题产生的原因。 表三:权益净利率分析表 福田汽车权益净利率=权益乘数×资产净利率 2001年0.097=3.049×0.032 2002年0.112=2.874×0.039 the primary analysis of soil physical and chemical properties, such as pests, disinfection, pest control in advance. Garden plant growth by required of minimum planting soil thickness should meet Xia table (construction figure Shang indicate of except) vegetation type herb flower lawn to was small shrubs big shrubs shallow root trees deep root trees soil thickness 30 (CM) 30 (CM) 45 (CM) 60 (CM) 90 (CM) 120 (CM) planting soil should selection for plant growth of selective soil, as humic acid soil, and lawn fertilizer, and peat soil, and pH 5.5~7.0, humidity 30~70%, completely loose, Lawn planting soil roughness (soil surface should be lower than teeth pond 2~5cm). 2, planting garden of foundation engineering projects from planning to the construction stage, focus on after completion of landscaping, the overall goal is to create a good living environment for plants, create a garden and green space. Plant engineering of the project was to create the basis for plant growth, soil, it can be said is the garden project, is one of the most important works. Also planted phase of this project must be carried out by the local soil improvement project. 3, seedling selection requirements: (1) engineering seedling selection of cooked goods, provisions relating to plant size. Plant procurement specifications can be large, so as to achieve ecological effect in a short time. Seedlings should have ... Strong, lush, Crown-shaped full, normal color, root system, pest and disease-free. (2) the project should have growth robust, lush, Crown-shaped full, normal color, root system, pest and disease-free. Stems, root cause mechanical damage, looping root amputation at the wound to prevent infection. (3) category tree seedlings: a spindle should have a uniform distribution of main branches, branches, trunk diameter above 通过分解可以明显地看出，该公司权益净利率的变动在于资本结构(权益乘数)变动和资产利用效果(资产净利率)变动两方面共同作用的结果。而该公司的资产净利率太低，显示出很差的资产利用效果。 (二)分解分析过程: 权益净利率,资产净利率×权益乘数 2001年0.097,0.032×3.049 2002年0.112,0.039×2.874 经过分解表明，权益净利率的改变是由于资本结构的改变(权益乘数下降)，同时资产利用和成本控制出现变动(资产净利率也有改变)。那么，我们继续对资产净利率进行分解: 资产净利率,销售净利率×总资产周转率 2001年0.032,0.025×1.34 2002年0.039,0.017×2.29 通过分解可以看出2002年的总资产周转率有所提高，说明资产的利用得到了比较好的控制，显示出比 前一年较好的效果，表明该公司利用其总资产产生销售收入的效率在增加。总资产周转率提高的同时销售净利率的减少阻碍了资产净利率的增加，我们接着对销售净利率进行分解: 销售净利率,净利润?销售收入 2001年0.025,10284.04?411224.01 2002年0.017,12653.92?757613.81 该公司2002年大幅度提高了销售收入，但是净利润的提高幅度却很小，分析其原因是成本费用增多，从表一可知:全部成本从2001年403967.43万元增加到2002年736747.24万元，与销售收入的增加幅度大致相当。下面是对全部成本进行的分解: 全部成本,制造成本，销售费用，管理费用，财务费用 2001年403967.43,373534.53，10203.05，18667.77，1562.08 2002年736747.24,684559.91，21740.962，25718.20，5026.17通过分解可以看出杜邦分析法有效的解释了指标变动的原因和趋势，为采取应对措施指明了方向。 在本例中，导致权益利润率小的主原因是全部成本过大。也正是因为全部成本的大幅度提高导致了净利润提高幅度不大，而销售收入大幅度增加，就引起了销售净利率的减少，显示出该公司销售盈利能力的降低。资产净利率的提高当归功于总资产周转率的提高，销售净利率的减少却起到了阻碍的作用。 the primary analysis of soil physical and chemical properties, such as pests, disinfection, pest control in advance. Garden plant growth by required of minimum planting soil thickness should meet Xia table (construction figure Shang indicate of except) vegetation type herb flower lawn to was small shrubs big shrubs shallow root trees deep root trees soil thickness 30 (CM) 30 (CM) 45 (CM) 60 (CM) 90 (CM) 120 (CM) planting soil should selection for plant growth of selective soil, as humic acid soil, and lawn fertilizer, and peat soil, and pH 5.5~7.0, humidity 30~70%, completely loose, Lawn planting soil roughness (soil surface should be lower than teeth pond 2~5cm). 2, planting garden of foundation engineering projects from planning to the construction stage, focus on after completion of landscaping, the overall goal is to create a good living environment for plants, create a garden and green space. Plant engineering of the project was to create the basis for plant growth, soil, it can be said is the garden project, is one of the most important works. Also planted phase of this project must be carried out by the local soil improvement project. 3, seedling selection requirements: (1) engineering seedling selection of cooked goods, provisions relating to plant size. Plant procurement specifications can be large, so as to achieve ecological effect in a short time. Seedlings should have ... Strong, lush, Crown-shaped full, normal color, root system, pest and disease-free. (2) the project should have growth robust, lush, Crown-shaped full, normal color, root system, pest and disease-free. Stems, root cause mechanical damage, looping root amputation at the wound to prevent infection. (3) category tree seedlings: a spindle should have a uniform distribution of main branches, branches, trunk diameter above 由表4可知，福田汽车下降的权益乘数，说明他们的资本结构在2001至2002年发生了变动2002年的权益乘数较2001年有所减小。权益乘数越小，企业负债程度越低，偿还债务能力越强，财务风险程度越低。这个指标同时也反映了财务杠杆对利润水平的影响。财务杠杆具有正反两方面的作用。在收益较好的年度，它可以使股东获得的潜在报酬增加，但股东要承担因负债增加而引起的风险;在收益不好的年度，则可能使股东潜在的报酬下降。该公司的权益乘数一直处于2,5之间，也即负债率在50,,80,之间，属于激进战略型企业。管理者应该准确把握公司所处的环境，准确预测利润，合理控制负债带来的风险。 因此，对于福田汽车，当前最为重要的就是要努力减少各项成本，在控制成本上下力气。同时要保持自己高的总资产周转率。这样，可以使销售利润率得到提高，进而使资产净利率有大的提高。 四、结论 综上所述，杜邦分析法以权益净利率为主线，将企业在某一时期的销售成果以及资产营运状况全面联系在一起，层层分解，逐步深入，构成一个完整的分析体系。它能较好的帮助管理者发现企业财务和经营管理中存在的问题，能够为改善企业经营管理提供十分有价值的信息，因而得到普遍的认同并在实际工作中得到广泛的应用。 但是杜邦分析法毕竟是财务分析方法的一种，作为一种综合分析方法，并不排斥其他财务分析方法。相反与其他分析方法结合，不仅可以弥补自身的缺陷和不足，而且也弥补了其他方法的缺点，使得分析结果更完整、更科学。比如以杜邦分析为基础，结合专项分析，进行一些后续分析对有关问题作更深更细致分析了解;也可结合比较分析法和趋势分析法，将不同时期的杜邦分析结果进行对比趋势化，从而形成动态分析，找出财务变化的规律，为预测、决策提供依据;或者与一些企业财务风险分析方法结合，进行必要的风险分析，也为管理者提供依据，所以这种结合，实质也是杜邦分析自身发展的需要。分析者在应用时，应注意这一点。 the primary analysis of soil physical and chemical properties, such as pests, disinfection, pest control in advance. Garden plant growth by required of minimum planting soil thickness should meet Xia table (construction figure Shang indicate of except) vegetation type herb flower lawn to was small shrubs big shrubs shallow root trees deep root trees soil thickness 30 (CM) 30 (CM) 45 (CM) 60 (CM) 90 (CM) 120 (CM) planting soil should selection for plant growth of selective soil, as humic acid soil, and lawn fertilizer, and peat soil, and pH 5.5~7.0, humidity 30~70%, completely loose, Lawn planting soil roughness (soil surface should be lower than teeth pond 2~5cm). 2, planting garden of foundation engineering projects from planning to the construction stage, focus on after completion of landscaping, the overall goal is to create a good living environment for plants, create a garden and green space. Plant engineering of the project was to create the basis for plant growth, soil, it can be said is the garden project, is one of the most important works. Also planted phase of this project must be carried out by the local soil improvement project. 3, seedling selection requirements: (1) engineering seedling selection of cooked goods, provisions relating to plant size. Plant procurement specifications can be large, so as to achieve ecological effect in a short time. Seedlings should have ... Strong, lush, Crown-shaped full, normal color, root system, pest and disease-free. (2) the project should have growth robust, lush, Crown-shaped full, normal color, root system, pest and disease-free. Stems, root cause mechanical damage, looping root amputation at the wound to prevent infection. (3) category tree seedlings: a spindle should have a uniform distribution of main branches, branches, trunk diameter above