2018年托福考试综合口语机经

2018年托福考试综合口语机经 综合口语 Integrated Speaking – S3456 TASK 3 场次,20170415CN Task3(new) 阅读 标 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 :Cancel the science class requirement 原因 1:no need for non-science students to take science class 原因 2:too difficult for science students to register 听力 态度:反对 原因 1:University should hire more instructors of science class and should add more science classes 原因 2:Taking science class may have unexpected connection to other subjects for example she produced flower paintings by observing flowers in science lab 场次,20160710CN Task3(new) 阅读 标题:Dining Hall to close during Spring Break 变化:The school is planning to close the dining hall during the spring break. 1. There are not enough students on campus. 2. Student could go to the restaurant in town to have some food. 听力 态度:Man disagrees. 原因 1:There are some students on campus during the spring break. They have to stay here to study or work. In fact, the school could have another option. To open the dining hall for only an hour or to provide a smaller menu. 原因 2:Going to town for food would be too time-consuming. Students want to make the best use of their time finishing their big assignments or something. 场次,20161210CN Task3(new) 阅读 标题:library training Day 原因 1:大一新生不知道怎么用图书馆 原因 2:学完之后学生需要做 assignment 听力 态度:反对 原因 1:没必要,学生都在网上查资料 原因 2:assignment 增加新生负担 20150328CN Task3 (new) 阅读 标题:建议学校开办 psychology department 的 magazine。 原因 1:这是 对学生努力的认可。 原因 2:可以让其他学生学习如何组织材料。 听力 态度:女生同意 原因 1:对以后就业好,是很不错的 accomplishment。 原因 2:其他系学生可以因此 develop organizational skills 并有效 利用 resources。 20150418CN Task3 (new) 阅读 标题:学校要取消 junk food 的贩卖。 原因:这有利于学生的健康饮食和合理消费。 听力 态度:男生反对该倡议 原因 1:他认为对 junk food 不必那么苛刻。 原因 2:假如学生想买这种食品而不得则会转向校外,这样会花更多 的钱。 20160924CN Task3 (new) 阅读 标题:Remove TV from Dormitory Lounge 原因 1:都去看电视节目了,减少了大家沟通交流的时间。 原因 2:电视节目太吵。 听力 态度:反对 原因一:正是因为看了电视节目,大家才有沟通交流的话题。 原因二:Lounge 和各个房间都有门,可以把门关上,就不会吵到大 家了。 20161126CN Task3(下午) (new) 阅读 标题: University should put tables outside the dining hall 原因 1:减少食堂过度拥挤的情况。 原因 2:可以享受宜人的天气。 听力 态度:不同意 原因 1:食堂拥挤是暂时的。目前另外一个食堂正在整修,几周就可 以完成。 原因 2:建议摆放的位置是个草坪。有很多人踢足球,所以在那里吃 饭很有风险。 20160903CN Task3 (new) 阅读 标题:ice-skating rink converted into student housing 变化:认为当前学生数量上升,意图把滑雪场改成学生宿舍,该滑雪 场在镇中心,离学校 4km 远。 听力 态度:男同学认为不应该改造。 原因 1:It’s fun. 很多学生喜欢这个滑雪场。如果改造,很多学生会 upset。 原因 2:离校区太远,不便参与很多校园活动。 20160910CN Task3(new) 阅读 标题:Community Service Opportunity for Incoming First-Year Students 变化:学校准备让大一新生参加社区附服务。一来是能为社区的社团 提供自愿者。二来是有利于大一新生交朋友。 听力 态度:女生赞同这一观点 原因 1:她们正有计划为孩子们建造一个室外操场。志愿者人数一多, 她们就能够更快完成建设。 原因 2:她当年进来时候也是想去认识人,但却没有办法。这样更加 有利于新生融入大学生活。 20161022CN Task3(new) 阅读 标题:school request that students club contain at least ten members 原因 1:学校不好拨款:不能清楚判断资金流向,可能会浪费钱。 原因 2:人员过少不会长久存在下去。 听力 态度:反对 原因 1:学校在学生会活动上的资金支持很少只有一些小型的活动比 如 hiking,并没有浪费学校很多钱。 原因 2:不管时间存在的长久,俱乐部为学生提供了交朋友的机会这 对他们未来事业都会有好处。 20161112CN Task3(new) 阅读 标题:wait list program 变化:一些课程的报名人数已满后,可以将那些对该课程感兴趣的学 生放到 wait list 上,如果有学生放弃该课程,则 wait list 上的学生 可以参加。 原因 1:给其它对于该课程感兴趣的学生一个机会 原因 2:根据感兴趣的人数,可以另开新课 听力 态度: 觉得设置该项目帮助不大 原因 1:就算 wait list 的学生能够加入,也是在开课一两周之后,可 能 跟不上课程的进度。 原因 2:开了新课不会是同一个老师教,而且不一定是学生意向的时 间。 20161119CN Task3(new) 阅读 标题:shut the gym down 原因 1:to update locker rooms and shower facilities 原因 2:students can use an off-campus gym freely 听力 态度:girl disagrees 原因 1:Unnecessary to shut the whole gym down, just shut the area they are working on, and students can change their clothes and take shower in their dorms cuz dorms are close to the gym. 原因 2:the off-campus gym is far away from campus, it will take 30 mins to there and another 30 mins back to school, plus students will always feel exhausted after working out, so they may not willing to walk anymore. 20161203CN Task3(new) 阅读 标题:Selling snacks during movie screening 原因 1:Students will enjoy watching movies more if they can eat some snacks. 原因 2:The club can raise money by selling snacks. 听力 态度:不同意 原因一:Eating will be annoying and noisy. Crunching will be a great distraction since it is a small room. 原因二:It is not financially beneficial for the clubs. That is because only small number of students will go to watch the movies on campus. They cannot sell much. And this little money is not worth the effort the club needs to take. 20161210CN Task3(new) 阅读 标题:Notice on policy change in room transfer requirements 变化:将原来 的学期初接受调换寝室请求改为开学 5 周后。 原因 1:学生中心学期初的事务太多。 原因 2:给已经确定寝室的学生一个好的环境。 听力 态度:赞成 原因 1:学期初的时间应该留给工作人员处理 higher priority 的事 务。 原因 2:总会有很多 move-in and move out, 很干扰学习,而学期 初的学 业表现很重要。 20160123CN Task3 阅读 标题:Open a child care center 变化:学生建议在学校开办 child care center 一来可以帮助老师和学 生 看孩子;二来可以帮忙教孩子。 听力 态度:男生赞成。 原因 1:可以减轻有孩子的教师及学生的负担,而且费用比起城里的 托管班便宜,可以节省开销。 原因 2:还可以给男生所在的 children education department 的学 生提供实习机会,有利于获得教学经验,可以写进简历,应聘时被录 用几率高。 20160319CN Task3 阅读 标题:学校公告推迟一小时上课 变化:上课时间从 8am 改为 9am。1.让学生睡更久,精力充沛更利 于学习。2.教授有更多时间准备课程。 听力 态度:男生不同意。 原因 1:如果学生知道不用早起自然会睡得更晚,实际上会减少休息 时间。 原因 2:教授那个时间正好赶上早高峰,反而在路上浪费更多时间。 20160409CN Task3 阅读 标题:faculty advisors help student write senior theses 变化:学校要求学生完成一篇比较复杂的论文 senior thesis, 需要学 生做调研,同时给学生配置一个 faculty advisor,可以帮助学生解决关 于 research skill 的问题。 听力 态度:The boy thinks it is a great idea. 原因1:他们以前没做过类似的作业,在research 的过程中可以学到 很多。 原因 2:他觉得和导师沟通, 既方便又可以解决关于 essay 上的很多 问题,还能帮他们提升实验技能。 20150111CN Task3 阅读 标题:建议信 变化:一个学生写信建议让教授们在天气好的时候组织室外上课。 听力 态度:男生反对。 原因 1:他认为这会起反作用,学生会更容易分心,比如朋友路过时 会打招呼,还有可能会看鸟,但教室可以把这些干扰因素隔绝在外。 原因 2:他觉得在室外上课不方便,因为上课空间不足,有的人可能 得站着,且学生不方便记笔记或使用电脑。 20150711CN Task3 阅读 标题:Ban bikes in the center of the campus 变化:Many students get around campus by riding bicycles, which is good. However, I think in one area in particular the center of campus between the academic buildings should be prohibited. The sidewalks connecting the academic buildings are narrow, when students ride their bikes on the sidewalks, it would be unsafe for other students who are walking to their classes. In order to ensure that students follow the rule, anyone caught riding the bikes in this area should be made to pay a fine. 听力 态度:The woman disagrees with the plan. 原因 1:学生骑车时一般都比较小心,到了人行道自然会下车,不需 要 policy. 原因 2:学校专门找人来监督浪费资源,还有更重要的事情去做。 20151108CN Task3 阅读 标题:create a website for student musicians 变化:The student proposes that the university should create a website for student musicians where they can find people of the same interests and post information about concerts or music related events. 听力 态度:The woman agrees for two reasons. 原因 1:She and her friends always practice songs together, and they play rock music. However, they don’t happen to know a drummer who could play the drum. But now, with the website, they could find one easily. 原因 2:When she goes to campus concerts, there are few people there. That’s because people don’t know about those concerts. So now, with the website, more people will come to the concerts. 20151114CN Task3 阅读 标题:set writing course in school writing centre 变化:学生建议在学校的写作中心设置写作课程,因为那里的反馈可 以让学生改善学术写作技能并且提高作业效率。 听力 态度:男生反对。 原因 1:学生有很多机会和教授沟通,教授的单独指导比 writing centre 的要好。 原因 2:学校不同建筑之间很远,学生来去写作中心很浪费时间,就 无法很好地完成其他作业了。 20151121CN Task3 阅读 标题:open the university gym to the off-campus people 变化:The university is planning to open the university gym to people off- campus due to two reasons. The first reason is that the university can charge them a monthly fee and use the money to upgrade the gym facility. And the second reason is that it won't affect the students' life that much. 听力 态度:The woman agrees with the plan. 原因 1:Her first reason is that it'd necessary now for the university to upgrade the facilities because some of them are really old, this way the university doesn't have to charge the students or the faculty. 原因 2:As for the second reason, she mentions that it's a pretty small town anyway, so not a lot of people will use the gym and it won't make too big a difference for students. 20150807NA Task3 阅读 标题:Open new writing centre. 变化:学校决定开一个新的写作中心。学校到时候会请 tutors, 来辅 导 学生如何写 papers 和 reports。在这个写作中心,给学生提供相关 职 位,增加工作经验, 帮助他们更好的找工作。 听力 态度:女生表示赞成 原因 1:可以帮助需要的同学,因为教授一般很忙,没有时间帮学生 改论文,这个 center 正好可以帮忙。 原因 2:为那些写作好的同学提供工作经验,为以后找工作提供帮助。 20150919NA Task3 阅读 标 题 : Eliminate the humanalities requirements of science students. 变化:建议学校让科学系学生免修人文学科。因为,学生不感兴趣浪 费时间,有分散精力。本来 4 年修专业课就很难了,还要修人文太艰 难。 听力 态度:女生不同意 原因 1:刚开始不感兴趣,但是学着学着就爱上了。比如她自己以前 不爱历史课,上了一年发现还挺有意思的。 原因 2:只要学生好好安排课程时间,还是可以搞定的,再说还有暑 期课程可以参与。 20140621CN Task3 阅读 标题:阅读志愿者应该被支付工资。 变化:文章说应该给乐队志愿者付钱,不然他们就不会好好干活,而 且付了钱就能得到更多的 training. 听力 态度:男生同意。 原因 1:因为大部分志愿者都有主业,一般都会先考虑自己的主业。 比如他的一个朋友就为了老板的工作,放弃了排练。 原因 2:第二个就是应该让更有经验的人示范给他们看设备的用法, 这样更好。 20140329NA Task3 阅读 标题:The university adds a small coffee shop to the lobby. 变化:In the Newsletter a student suggests the university adds a small coffee shop to the lobby of fine art building. 听力 态度:The woman agrees. 原因 1:Students have no place to buy coffee or snacks between classes. 原因 2:Draw attention to the work of fine art students. 20140405NA Task3 阅读 标题:Proposal of selling snack and drinks in the campus bookstore. 变化: Reasons: 1. It provides students with food and drinks when they are finding books to read. 2. Students may get hungry during class breaks. 听力 态度:Disapproval 原因 1:Students may spill drinks on books and ruin them. Some books are expensive. 原因 2:There is already a convenience store in campus close to the building where classes are held. Students are unlikely to go to the other side of the campus to buy food from the book store. 20140913NA Task3 阅读 标题:hold a sale for used items 变化:学生建议学校 hold a sale for used items. 因为 1:学生可以 花较少的钱买 used items; 2:学生有很多不用的东西可以通过这个活 动卖掉。 听力 态度:女生同意该建议 原因 1:Students can’t afford new items. 女生说自己中学时想买 自行车但是太贵,如果有跳蚤市场,就可以买 used items,则很省钱 原因 2:It is easier for students to get rid of useless things in the dormitory. 20141121NA Task3 阅读 标题:学校向新生提供室友信息。 变化:学校决定给新生公开室友信息,包括名字和联系方式。这样方 便提前联系。并且也可以规划一下谁带什么,以免宿舍里的东西带重 听力 复了,毕竟宿舍小,放不下那么多东西。 态度:The woman thinks it is a good idea. 原因 1:要了解一个人需要很长时间,这样的话就能提前联系室友, 互相了解。如果性格不合的话,就可以趁早换室友。 原因 2:可以提前说好自己带什么东西去宿舍,以免带的东西重复了, 宿舍地方小,放不下很多东西。 TASK 4 20161015CN Task4(new) 阅读 标题:social mimicry 定义:文章下定义,它指通过模仿对方,而得到对方好感,最终说服 对方的策略。 听力 例子:通过实验来说明这个 social mimicry,两组人,一组使用这个 策略,一组不使用这个策略,结果发现,用了这个策略的销售效果好。 20160827CN Task4(new) 阅读 标题:Undercover Market 定义:在消费者不知道的情况下推销产品。 听力 例子:一家 camera 公司雇佣了 50~60 个人带着新的相机到街上去, 随机找一些陌生人来寻求他们帮助,让他们来帮忙拍照,在拍照的过 程中让这些潜在的顾客体验这款相机使用的便捷性和高性能,最终达 到提高销量的目的。 20160703CN Task4(new) 阅读 标题:Dormancy 定义:In the really harsh natural environment, some animals will use dormancy to protect themselves from the nature. In a word, they will avoid exposure to certain elements in the environment and use slow metabolism to preserve energy. 听力 例子:Professor used an example of the lungfish to demonstrate the term, lungfish lives in the shallow lakes that faces the possible consequences of drying up. If the lake dries up, then the lungfish is cooked, so they will explore certain method to prevent that from happening. So basically what the lungfish do is to dig a hole through the mud at the bottom of the lake, its body will be curled up and berried in the mud, so the covered mud could be a proactive coat for the lungfish that keeps them away from the heat and also keep the moisture inside the body. The lungfish will keep the body still and breathe really slow, the heart beat is slowing down as well. Usually the lungfish relies on eating crabs and small fish to survive but since it lives in the shelter, it doesn’t need to eat anything at all. They can survive in this shelter for months, or even years until the lake returns. 20160529CN Task4(new) 阅读 标题:Renewal ecology 定义:把一个地方恢复到原始的自然状态。 听力 例子:以学校为例,学校本来是荒地,有 wild grass, flower 和 bush, 后 来为了建设操场,就都被毁掉了。现在学校打算重新种回这些植物, 可以恢复到原来物种的多样性,吸引一些其他的生物回来,从而让学 生更亲近自然同时学会自然的知识。 20161022CN Task4(new) 阅读 标题:Facilitators 定义:一种动物,在原始栖息地被自然灾害毁灭后,在新的地方开发 new habitats 并且帮助后来的 animals 去适应和改变新的生存之地。 听力 例子:教授提到了一种海洋动物作为例子说明阅读中 Facilitators 的 重要作用。 20161028CN Task4(new) 阅读 标题:Hope Appeal 定义:广告突出产品的效果,让消费者期待看到自己使用后的效果, 从而购买产品。 听力 例子:教授提到他的一个朋友看到电视上的健身器材的广告,广告里 雇佣了一个身材非常健壮的男人,教授的朋友觉得自己买了以后可能 也会有这样的效果,所以购买。实际上他的朋友买来以后确实坚持一 周锻炼几次,但是由于忙碌的工作,和广告里的健身的人相比还是差 的比较多。 20161029CN Task4(new) 阅读 标题:Rebound Effect 定义:传统观念认为 fuel 价格降低或者新科技出现帮助减少 fuel 的使 用,但事实上当 energy 变得更高效,其价格降低,价格降低,导致 更多人使用。 听力 例子:教授提到了 car using 来说明 rebound effect. 厂家成产出 fuel- efficient 汽车,可以用更少 fuel 跑更远的 distance. 这虽然帮助 use fuel less, but not a lot less. 因为当更少的 fuel 可以 travel longer distance, 人 们会更多地使用汽车。 20160710CN Task4(new) 阅读 标题:Nudge Marketing 定义:To gently push customers toward buying a product by using indirect cue or signal. 听力 例子:A grocery store wants to persuade customers to buy more fresh vegetables. They first put up a big poster to meet their end. However, their customers didn’t respond. Then they spare a section in their carts and put it in green color so as to remind customers eat more vegetables. The customers turned out to fill it up with more vegetables and the grocery store made a bigger profit. 20160821CN Task4(new) 阅读 标题:consensus bias 定义:People will think that the rest of the world will think and behave like themselves. 听力 例子:experiment: ask some students if they’re willing to go into a crowded but quiet library, and sit sown ,starting to talk to themselves loudly, could be any topic, silly ones, like maybe talk about ice cream. Some students said they r willing to do so, others refused immediately. Then the next question is “what do you think others will do?” The student who said yes will also think other students will say yes, and students who refused to do so also consider other students will refuse this silly action. 20160910CN Task4(new) 阅读 标题:Constrained Risks 定义:人们喜欢享受那些看似真实的危险,因为他们直到这些危险不 会对他们造成伤害,他们只是喜欢体验刺激的感觉。 听力 例子: 教授提到了辛辣食物,特别是 Chilly Pepper。教授说人们喜 欢 吃辛辣的食物,尽管他们的舌头会有灼热感,会感到很痛苦,但是 他们直到这些感觉都会过去,不是真的。因此他们很享受。教授还 说, 一个最新的调查显示,那些喜欢吃辛辣食物的人们,当食物越 为辛辣, 他们越是感到刺激。 20161105CN Task4(new) 阅读 标题:Stimulates Discrimination 定义:Animals respond to sounds and noises known as stimuli created by the environment, they have developed capacity to distinguish the stimuli as to whether or not they are dangerous is known as stimulates discrimination. 听力 例子:Professor used an example of seal, it is an animal threatened by whales. However, only one type of whale will eat seal, the other types eat fish. The whales make rather slightly different noises that can be distinguished by seals. Whether the seal is about to run for its life depends on the noise it hears. The type of whale that eats seal makes a simple anonymous sound with one note, when the seal hears it, it will run away. The other type of whales that pray on fish make a complex sound, when the seal hears it, it will continue eating rather than wasting energy and time on running. 20161112CN Task4(new) 阅读 标题:reward power 定义:指经理能够通过回报来影响员工的工作效率的能力。虽然掌握 更多的公司资源可以帮助经理提高 reward power, 但是也可以用 creative 的方式影响员工的工作效率 听力 例子:Kris 是一家造纸公司的销售团队的组长。该公司一般会通过举 行 party 来激励员工,虽然他不能掌控 party 的预算,但是他知道员 工需要被认可,于是 1, 给月度最佳销售拍照并挂在墙上。2,写信 祝贺他们取得的成就。这两种方式并不花钱,但是很好的激励了员 工。 20161119CN Task4(new) 阅读 标题:create grouping 定义:group the items in a new way in order to increase the sales 听力 例子:The professor uses watch as an example to illustrate this concept. He said that in the past, watches are seen as expensive and luxury jewelry, always use gems or expensive metal to make watches and people are willing to pay big money on them. One company started to make watches, they use plastic materials instead of metal, and they made their watches fun and fashion, people will pay less money to get a watch like that and it also changed the way people buy it, instead of just buy one watch a time, people are more tend to buy several watches a time cuz they are cheap. 20161203CN Task4(new) 阅读 标题: You too fallacy 定义:When you give other people suggestions or advices, they will think it is completely useless and ignore you when the suggestions or advices are not in accordance with theirs, despite the fact that such suggestions or advices may be very useful objectively. 听力 例子:The professor uses his brother’s example to illustrate this. His brother recently told the professor that he was lack of energy. The thing is his brother was eating sugary food junk food, in want of vegetables and nutritious food. The professor suggested his brother eat vegetables and keep healthy and balanced diet, which is scientifically proved to be a good way to regain energy. But his brother just regards this suggestion as stupid and silly one and he will never change his eating habit, for he thinks that the professor himself eats junk food also. 20161210CN Task4(new) 阅读 标题:Floral Robbing 定义:某些生物吃了果实而没有帮助其传播花粉, 因此剥夺了其传播 机会的现象。 听力 例子:rocket flower 是一种有很长的 tube, 而且 sweet nectar 的花。 Humming bird 和 bee 同时会吃其 nectar, 因为前者有 long beak 就会伸 到 tube 里面 同时会触碰到其 pollen, 并帮助传播花 粉;而 bee 只能在 花朵的底部咬开一个洞,并不会接触到 pollen,因 此只是享有了 nectar, 而没有帮助传播花粉。 20161211CN Task4(new) 阅读 标题:egocentric thinking in the children 定义:小孩子会觉得别人眼里看到的世界和他们看到的是一样的。 听力 例子:实验者把一个小朋友带到房间的前面,他让孩子看房间里面, 那里有一个红色的娃娃,然后让一个 researcher 背对着房间,那里只 有一面墙,实验者问小男孩你觉得那个 researcher 能看到什么,小朋 友说他能看到一个红色的娃娃。因为他觉得 researcher 看到的应该和 他看到的一样。 20161217CN Task4(new) 阅读 标题:Environmental Impact Assessment 定义:在实施建筑项目(construction projects)的时候,要考虑工 程对于环境的影响,如果影响是负面的,则需要对项目进行调整。 听力 例子:一家建筑公司(construction company)考虑在一片湿地(wet land)上修建一座大型的购物中心。修建之前,该公司先对当地做了 一个社 会调查,调查发现如果修建购物中心则会破坏当地的湿地,因 此该公司最后放弃了在当地修建购物中心的计划,而换到了其他地点。 20160313CN Task4 阅读 标题:Bet hedging 定义:一些植物生活在天气气候多变的环境,如果植物出来的种子一 次性全部发芽的话,可能会由于干旱会导致全部死亡。于是有些植物 就把部分种子延迟 a year or more 再发芽。 听力 例子:美国西部的沙漠中,有一种植物叫 pepper grass, 如果生出种 子的那一年没有雨, 一部分种子就会随风飘落,然后 sprout 一部分, 第一年不继续生长,等到第二或者第三年有水了以后再发芽,或者等 不到雨季 dry out。 20160528CN Task4 阅读 标题:generalization of predator 定义:动物通过观察和已了解的捕食者相近的习性来确定没见过的动 物是否为捕食者。 听力 例子:一群小鱼遇到了另外两群鱼,一群鱼是已知天敌的亲戚,因为 它们发着同样的气味,这群小鱼感觉到了,就聚在一起不动防止被吃 掉。而另一群鱼没有气味,这群小鱼无法判断其是否为它们的捕食者, 就没有做出相应的应对 措施 《全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观软件质量保证措施下载工地伤害及预防措施下载关于贯彻落实的具体措施 。 20150307CN(A) Task4 阅读 标题:矛盾心理 定义:人会被一个目标的 positive influence 吸引,同时又会因为这 个目标带来的 negative influence 而倍感压力。 听力 例子:教授说到他的一个朋友曾经想当老师,但当她真的读了教育专 业后发现当老师非常的 demanding,并且会被占用很多时间,此时 她就觉得压力很大并且质疑自己是否真的想从事教师行业。 20150328CN Task4 阅读 标题:consistency bias 定义:When people are not aware that their opinion was inaccurate. 听力 例子:brother Tim, 在 high school 当老师,来了个新 principal, 他不喜欢,于是说他肯定会是一个 bad leader,做出一些不受大家欢 迎的改变,结果他的改革很好,比如说在教室里装上了电脑,然后 Tim 对 他赞誉有加。Professor 这时提醒他说“开始的时候你不是不喜欢 他 吗”,结果 Tim 不记得了,说一直都很看好这个校长。 20150711CN Task4 阅读 标题:Environment Scenting 定义:Our powerful sense of smell allows us to tell the difference between many kinds of doors these odors are interpreted and processed in a part of the brain that affects our emotions, behavior and memory. Given this knowledge, market researchers are studying the effects of what is known as environment scenting, this technique attempts to use pleasant fragrance to attract customer sales. The results of these marketing studies indicate that smells can strongly influence consumers both in their willingness to buy a product and in the value they place on a product. 听力 例子: 1)在店里喷上男士和女士喜欢的香水,营业额会翻倍。2) 让人 们进入两间放了同样鞋子的房间,人们喜欢有香味的房间的鞋, 并 且普遍认为更贵。 20150712CN Task4 阅读 标题:偶尔犯错的人更受人喜爱 定义:相比完美无缺的人来说,人们通常会觉得偶尔犯错的人更可 爱。 听力 例子:教授介绍了一个实验,实验中两组人分别观看两个视频——视 频 1 和视频 2,内容都是关于一个男的参加知识竞赛进行答题。视频 1 中男的回答完全正确。视频 2 中他也回答正确,但是途中喝了杯咖 啡洒身上了。实验结果是视频 2 中此男的表现更受人喜欢。 20151108CN Task4 阅读 标题:signal redundancy 定义:Animals will send the same message with different types of signals to inform the other animas of the same species. 听力 例子:The professor gives an example in class. A group of deer sometimes graze together and sometimes one of the deer would go off and eat on its own. When this deer sees a predator like a lion approaching, it will raise its tails to inform the rest of the deer to run away from the area. But sometimes the other deer cannot see the signal. So this particular deer will also dump its foot on the ground to make some noise. When other deer hear the noise, they will run away. 20151114CN Task4 阅读 标题:passive territorial defense 定义:有些动物不会为了领地去打斗,而是留下一些信号告诉其他动 物领地的归属。 听力 例子:听力中教授以大熊猫为例,大熊猫会在吃竹子的时候抬起前掌 去够竹子的高一些的部分,做标记,留下身体的气味。这样一来别的 大熊猫到这块地方时就会知道这里的领地有主了。而且标记越高说明 大熊猫体形越大,这样就能避免相应的争斗。 20151121CN Task4 阅读 标题:generalizing 定义:In the lecture, the professor introduces the concept of generalizing which means children are able to realize that a word doesn't only mean a specific object but also other means other objects of the same category as they grow up. 听力 例子:He offers us an example of his own son. When he was much younger, he learnt the word 'train', at first his understanding of this word was pretty limited, he thought it only referred to his toy train. But as he grew up, it came to his understanding that the word 'train' not only refers to his toy train but also other real trains in life. That's how the professor uses the example of his son to illustrate the concept of generalizing. 20150807NA Task4 阅读 标题:Founder effect 定义:少量物种从 large population 中脱离演化出独特的特征。 听力 例子: 澳大利亚的小雏菊在大陆的种子很大,当一小群漂洋过海到小 岛形成小群落后就演化成小种子的形态了。 20140329NA Task4 阅读 标题:Concept testing 定义:A marketing technique company use to find out if customer likes a new product idea. Two benefits: to gain information; use feedbacks to improve the product. 听力 例子: A bicycle company introduced a folding bike. Marketing people talk to a group of consumers. Information gathering: consumers like the folding back. New feedback: wants to have an attached lock. And the company adapted the product and the bike sells well. 20140405NA Task4 阅读 标题:Compound Nesting 定义:Two species live together, which are different enough not to compete for food. 听力 例子: Example of Ants in Africa. The bigger ant collects food, and the smaller one eats the left over scrambles. For the smaller one, it doesn't need to search for food. For the bigger one, the smaller one makes the nest clean by eating the left over food, which prevents bacteria. 20140608NA Task4 阅读 标题:协同作战 定义:讲动物之间一般会一起做一样的事情。而且协同作战还会让它 们更团结,抵抗外敌。 听力 例子: 教授举了某种动物做例子,说在迁徙的时候,如果一只口渴停 下来喝水,其他不渴的也会停下来喝,喝完再一起继续迁徙。为嘛他 们要一起呢,因为在 dry open grass 上有很危险的敌人,有狮子什么 的。如果单独行动太危险了,很有可能丧命。 TASK 5 20170325CN Task5(new) 听力 问题:男生遇到问题,他的历史课需要两个同学合作完成 group program。但是他的 partner 因为 course schedule 太满,想要 drop 这节课。 解决方案 1:教授建议他参加别的小组,和其他两个人组成三个人的 小组。 优点 1:/ 缺点 1:要换 topic,必须要放弃原来的 topic,但是原来的 topic 已经 完成了一部分了。 解决方案 2:一个人完成,自己上去做 presentation. 优点 2:可以继续做自己喜欢的 topic。 缺点 2:任务量更大了,只能自己一个人完成。 20170415CN Task5(new) 听力 问 题 : The female students needs help to move out her apartment on Sundays, and the male students forgot this and made other appointment with other friends to art museum. 解决方案 1:She asked others to help her. 优点 1:The boy can go to the exhibit. 缺点 1:She may not find someone to help 解决方案 2:The male students can cancel the appointment of the art exhibit and give the ticket to other people. 优点 2:Make sure she has someone to help 缺点 2:The boy wastes his ticket. 20161211CN Task5(new) 听力 问题:男生明天有重要的考试,所以他问 Tina 借了笔记,他现在需要 把笔记还给 Tina。但是他已经等了 15 分钟, Tina 还没有来,如果 他继续等下去的话,他的工作就要迟到了。 解决方案 1:去 Tina 的 dormitory 找她,直接把笔记还给她。 优点 1:Tina 可以尽早地开始复习功课 缺点 1:他的工作会耽误一会儿。 解决方案 2:把笔记放到 campus mail 里面,再给她发个消息。 优点 2: 上班不会迟到。 缺点 2:不知道 campus mail 啥时候开始工作,Tina 可能要很晚拿到 笔记,会耽误复习。 20160820CN Task5(new) 听力 问题:Alice 周末想去市区一家图书馆查询论文方面的资料,但是很久 不见的朋友那天约她见面。 解决方案 1:去图书馆查资料 优点 1:可以找到很多需要的资料 缺点 1:不能见到好朋友,下次朋友不知道什么时间有空 解决方案 2:和朋友见面 优点 2:很久没见,可以见到了 缺点 2:图书馆只有这周开放,错过就不能去查资料 20160311CN Task5(new) 听力 20161113CN Task5(new) 听力 问题:男孩儿明天的 acting class 有一个 play 要表演,但是他的搭 档女生 drop the class,没法演了。 解决方案 1:放弃之前需要两个人的剧,重新 练习 飞向蓝天的恐龙练习非连续性文本练习把字句和被字句的转换练习呼风唤雨的世纪练习呼风唤雨的世纪课后练习 一个 monologue。 缺点 1:需要重新练习。而且之前的 play he practiced really hard。 解决方案 2:和对话中的另一个女孩合作表演。 优点 2:不用练新的剧目。 缺点 2:对话中的女孩是是业余的, 只会 read from the paper。 20161217CN Task5(new) 听力 问题:男生想去参加 art festival,但是他的 paper 还没有完成 解决方案 1:晚上回家完成作业 优点 1:不会错过艺术节 缺点 1:参加完艺术节之后,回家太晚,来不起做 解决方案 2:在大巴上完成作业 优点 2:既可以参加艺术节,又可以完成作业 缺点 2:大巴的票价太高,男生负担不起 20160709CN Task5(new) 听力 问题:男生申请了一个当地小杂志社的暑假工实习,但是老板刚告诉 他可以来实习,然而不会付工资。 解决 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 1:去实习,用自己剩下的钱维持实习生活 优点 1:增加工作经验 缺点 1:钱很紧,怕 emergence 发生,钱就不够了。 解决方法 2:打其它暑假工,比如餐馆服务员,可以赚钱。 优点 2:可以赚钱 20160710CN Task5(new) 听力 问题:The student is not able to work in campus café but she need some money during the summer vacation. 解决方法 1:The student could try to work for extra hours to make summer money. 优点 1:/ 缺点 1:Her class is quite hard and she has to deal with a lot of assignments at the same time. 解决方法 2:The student could also to find another part-time job in town. 优点 2:/ 缺点 2:Going to town to work could take her so much time. Plus, the bus schedule is limited. She could end up waiting quite late for the bus to come. 20160716CN Task5(new) 听力 问题:The student left his glasses at his parent’s home. So he can’t read without the glasses. 解决方法 1:The student could try to wait until his mother mailed him the glasses. 优点 1:/ 缺点 1:He has a lot to read, without glasses, he could not read for long time, this is very bad. 解决方法 2:The student could also take a bus home to get the glasses and return. 优点 2:/ 缺点 2:it takes couple of hours to go and return 20160910CN Task5(new) 听力 问题:有朋友要开车来看谈话中的女生,需要在校园停车,但是女生 忘记申请停车证明,且现在周末相关部门已经关门。 解决方案 1:把车子停在附近的停车场 优点 1 解决了就近停车问题 缺点 1:但是停车费比较贵 解决方案 2:把车停在不收费的停车场或路边 优点 2:比较便宜,不要停车费 缺点 2:不能长时间停车,需要时不时的换停车地点 20160910CN(下午) Task5(new) 听力 问题:男生今年就要毕业,但是却忘记选修了一门文学课程。 解决方案 1:把该文学课程安排到早上 优点 1:无 缺点 1:早上能选的文学课程是关于莎士比亚的研究。如果选择了该 门课程,则需要花很多时间读文学著作,没有时间完成其他任务。 解决方案 2:把该问学生称安排到晚上 优点 2:无 缺点 2:晚上他有兼职,在学校的 coffee bar 里面打工。这会影响他 的兼职时间。而且他额外的生活费也少了。 20161016CN Task5(new) 听力 问题:男生参加了 hiking club 的 hiking 活动,但同时又有 paper work 做。 解决方案 1:参加徒步旅行,但不能按时完成 paper 优点 1:呼吸新鲜空气,锻炼身体,增长见识 缺点 1:club 的活动比较正式,时间不灵活 解决方案 2:完成 paper,不参加 club 活动 优点 2:学业更重要,要活得分数。 缺点 2:/ 20161022CN Task5(new) 听力 问题:女孩儿打算出国留学但需要提前学一门历史课程 解决方案 1:参加在线课程 优点 1:节省时间 缺点 1:不利于和老师,其他同学交流讨论 解决方案 2:在本学校参与线下课程 优点 2:这样可以与同学老师一起实时互动交流 缺点 2:影响做兼职的时间,女孩儿需要 do part-time job 挣钱 出 国旅游 20161105CN Task5(new) 听力 问题:The woman has to conduct an interview for business class, and then write an essay on the process of starting business, but the interviewer who agreed to do the interview as a last minute business meeting that he has to go out of the town for the weekends. 解决方案 1:The man suggested that she do the interview next week. 优点 1:She could still do an okay job, may be not a great one. 缺点 1:She will be left with only a few days to write up the paper because it is due next week. 解决方案 2:Professor offer a list of business owners for student, she can find someone else to interview. 优点 2:She could easily find a business owner. 缺点 2:She is interested in healthy food industries, the person she was supposed to interview owns a healthy-food magazine, now she has to find people working in other fields. 20161112CN Task5(new) 听力 问题:Jenny 暑假必须参加一门生物课程才能毕业。但同时她已经许 诺 帮助姐姐这个暑假照料她的孩子。 解决方案 1:可以两者都做 优点 1:可以上午照看孩子,下午上课;同时可以免费住在姐姐那里 缺 点 1:压力会比较大。来回走比较费时,晚上还有作业。 解决方案 2:可以在学校附近租房子上学 优点 2:可以专心完成学业;课程只需 6 周,剩下的时间帮助姐姐 缺点 2:会让姐姐失望 20161119CN Task5(new) 听力 问题:the girl has a time confliction between her tutoring program and her history class this semester 解决方案 1:change her history class to next semester 优点 1:can continue her tutoring program 缺点 1:next semester the history class will change from ancient to modern, which she’s not interested in 解决方案 2:ask her classmates from math class to help her out 优点 2:she can take history classes this semester 缺点 2:she cannot keep tutoring kids math anymore 20160313CN Task5 听力 问题:男生是乐队的,有一场演出,本来这周需要在 music hall 举行 演唱会,需要在报纸上刊登 free performance announcement 的信 息,但是他 missed the deadline of the campus newspaper to submit the announcement。 解决方案 1:延迟到下周 优点 1:/ 缺点 1:很费时间,不好预定场地。 解决方案 2:可以今天就贴海报 poster 来吸引观众。 优点 2:/ 缺点 2:但是他们可能没办法及时看到 20160319CN Task5 听力 问题:春假期间女生想在寝室写 paper,室友却有朋友来宿舍拜访一整 周。 解决方案 1:和室友商量一下,希望室友能理解在宿舍不希望被打扰。 优点 1:/ 缺点 1:/ 解决方案 2:去图书馆 优点 2:/ 缺点 2:但图书馆假期每天只开放一段时间,剩下的时间不知道怎么 办。 20160423CN Task5 听力 问题:女生要去音乐会,但是会因此错过 5 点的火车。 解决方案 1:开男生的车子 优点 1:/ 缺点 1:但是会比较堵车,还会错过音乐会开头。 解决方案 2:买别的时间的票 优点 2:/ 缺点 2:但是不知道还有没有票,也有可能会支付额外的钱。 20160522CN Task5 听力 问题:女生在打篮球试拉伤肌肉了,可她接下去还有一场非常重要的 篮球比赛。现在有两个方案。 解决方案 1:放弃接下来的比赛 优点 1:这是快速恢复的合理方法。 缺点 1:/ 解决方案 2:参加比赛 优点 2:/ 缺点 2:但一定需要做足赛前拉伸和赛后冰敷的保护工作。 20160529CN Task5 听力 问题:男生因为上课坐的椅子不好的原因,造成了 back hurting, 医 生建议他换一把椅子,但是医生建议的网站上现在没有那种椅子。 解决方案 1:买医生建议的椅子。 优点 1:等 3-4week,才能配送(deliver)。 缺点 1:/ 解决方案 2:在附近的工厂买一把比较相似的。 优点 2:很便宜,这个男生坐了也比较舒服。 缺点 2:/ 20160604CN Task5 听力 问题:男生在假期租了房子,但是房东不让用厨房。 解决方案 1:一是可以去朋友家做饭 优点 1:/ 缺点 1:weird and inconvenient 解决方案 2:二是参加学校的 meal plan。 优点 2:不用自己买菜、也不 贵。 缺点 2:但是男生住的地方离学校很远。 20160703CN Task5 听力 问题:The woman wants to take the guitar lesson but the guitar lesson got canceled because there was not much people signing up for it this semester. 解决方案 1:Her professor offered the first solution in which she can seek for a professor at school for private lessons. 优点 1:They will meet up once a week, she can be committed to several lessons altogether until she can play very well. 缺点 1:She is concerned about the expense since private lessons usually are not cheap, not to mention she has to take several courses. 解决方案 2:She can buy a book online to teach herself how to play guitar, there also comes with a cd that she can listen to. 优点 2:There is no need to worry about the cost. 缺点 2:If she want to study fast and to learn more, she has to be really committed, disciplined and stick to it. 20150712CN Task5 听力 问题:女生无法及时完成 story of anthropology,因为她要采访的 教授 去了 field research,要两周后才能回来,但她的 deadline 将近。 解决 方案 1:她放弃 interview。 优点 1:/ 缺点 1:但这样文章就会缺乏重要研究信息,会让不少学生读者失望。 解决方案 2:她可以跟编辑商量延缓 deadline。 优点 2:/ 缺点 2:但这样一来她的文章就对学生们写作论文没有帮助了。 20151121CN Task5 听力 问题:The man's problem is that he wants to go on a trip with his French club during spring break but he can't afford it. 解决方案 1:The first solution is to pick up some extra shifts at work. 优点 1:/ 缺点 1:He has an upcoming exam and picking up extra shifts would take up the time he's supposed to spend on studying. 解决方案 2:And the second solution is to sell his guitar and uses the money for the trip. 优点 2:He's not going to be a musician or something, it wouldn't hurt to sell it and use the money for the trip he really wants to take. 缺点 2:/ 20140316CN Task5 听力 问题:The man has to finish his poetry assignment and he wants to copy a poem from a book in the library, but the library is closed on Sundays. 解决方案 1:choose another poem to copy 优点 1:/ 缺点 1:He doesn’t find other poems amazing enough. 解决方案 2:Wait until Monday morning to go to the library 优点 2:/ 缺点 2:/ 20140511CN Task5 听力 问题:男的要去参加朋友的婚礼,但是没西服,可以向他哥借,但是 不合适,不好看。 解决方案 1:方法一是他朋友 Susan 可以帮他 sewing。 优点 1:/ 缺点 1:但她不专业可能毁了衣服。 解决方案 2:方法二是学校有商店可以修。 优点 2:/ 缺点 2:但是有点贵。 20140621CN Task5 问题:一个女生说爸爸妈妈今晚就要来看她了,但是房间乱七八糟, 水池里都是没洗的盘子。 解决方案 1:马上整理房间,不参加今天晚上的 study group。 优点 1:/ 缺点 1:但是明天的 chemistry 很难, study group 又很有用。 解决方案 2:考完试再整理房间。 优点 2:就算理不好也没事,反正她爸妈也习惯了。 缺点 2:/ 20141123CN Task5 问题:The woman joined an adventure club, but the place they are going to is going to be closed. And there’s no refund for the bus tickets. 解决方案 1:They can go to the waterfall. 优点 1:/ 缺点 1:But it’s too far to walk there. 解决方案 2:They can go to the natural museum. 优点 2:However, the museum change exhibitions once in a while, so they won’t get bored. 缺点 2:But a lot of people have been there before. Task 6 20170415CN Task6(new) 听力 话题:The professor give examples of how plants control their growth. 要点 1:The first is the plants grow too crowded and become compete. 要点 2:The second is the environment control, the example is the flood, and the water grows regularly to cover the roots of plant to control their growth. 20150328CN Task6(new) 听力 话题:生物课,动物两种保存食物的方式,防止 bacteria。 要点 1:除掉食物中水分 例子 1:松鼠,爱吃 mushroom,会把它们晾在树枝上,等没有水分 了再保存起来。 要点 2:放在比较冷的地方 例子 2:beavers,爱吃 tree branches and leaves,会采下来后丢 到河里,冬天的时候水温低,好保存不易长 bacteria。 20161015CN Task6(new) 听力 话题:关于没有牙齿的 hampback whale 觅食行为的两个适应性。 要点 1:必须吞大量的水。 例子 1:因为 more water, more tiny fish,能吞的水越多,吃的就 越多。 要点 2: 必须把水吐出来。 例子 2:毕竟它们的目的是吃鱼,所以它们还要把吞进去的水吐出来。 20161210CN(下午) Task6(new) 听力 话题:极地动物过冬的方式。 要点 1:gain weight 例子 1:松鼠,overeat ,然后整个冬天都在地下洞穴里不怎么动。 要点 2:lose weight 例子 2:reindeer 冬天吃得少,消耗能量少。 20161211CN Task6(new) 听力 话题:Two adaptations of animals in floodplain。动物为了适应季 节性的在陆地和水里的生活,进化出了不同的特征来适应。 要点 1:第一种适应是 behavioral adaption。是通过改变生存行为 来适应环境。 例子 1:当生存地被水淹没时,动物 A 会爬到树上,在树上生活,直 到陆地干了再下地生活。 要点 2:第二种是 physical adaption。一些动物为适应环境进化出了 能够适应水陆两种环境的器官。 例子 2:动物 B 进化出不同的呼吸器官,一个可以在陆地上用,另一 个在水里用。 20161029CN Task6(new) 听力 话题:消费者在评判一个产品的质量时有两种方式 要点 1:像产品材质,规格这样的 intrinsic cue 例子 1:比如让消费者品尝 wine,好喝不好喝,这样是 intrinsic cue 要点 2:像产品包装之类的 external factors 是第二种方式,extrinsic cue 例子 2:比如把酒装在特别高级的杯子里,有 gold riding 之类。消费 者通过这个会觉得这个酒质量应该特别好。 20161016CN Task6(new) 听力 话题:鸟控制鸟窝温度的两种方式。 要点 1:把巢穴筑在可以抵御风寒的地方。 例子 1:有一种鸟,在地里挖了个洞,在洞里筑巢来保持温暖。 要点 2:通过填充物来保持温暖 例题 2:另一种鸟把干草铺在鸟巢里,形成了保护层,防止与冰冷的 地面接触。 20161112CN Task6(new) 听力 话题:nonnative species 一般会对本土物种形成危害,所以一般科 学家会建议 remove 外来物种。但有两种情况下,科学家建议不要移 出外来物种。 要点 1:外来物种原来的生存环境造成其濒临灭绝。 例子 1:墨西哥一种 parrot 引入加利福尼亚,其在墨西哥的原来的生 存的坏境中,森林就遭到了砍伐,无法生存。 要点 2:外来物种对本地物种有些有益作用。 例子 2:例如美国西海岸的一种外来物种的 grass 对本地的 bird 就提供了良好的栖息地。 20160507CN Task6(new) 听力 Topic: Synthetic die 的两种不同 effects。 第一个:cheaper,以前只是availableforwealthypeople, 现在可以 available for everyone, 并 且 fashion-changed, 有 了 更 多 的 colorful cloth; 第二个:medical use, researcher 发现一种 yellow die, 可以 kill bacteria, 认为 cleaning cutting staff for preventing infection 的 医学用途。 20160529CN Task6(new) 听力 Topic: 跳槽对于公司的影响。 影响 1:首先经济效益。一个人跳槽,公司要花很久时间找代替的人 因此造成损失。比如,家具公司走了一个师傅,别人可能不会他的手 艺,这个公司以后可能就不能生产这样的产品。 影响 2:影响其他人的工作效率,同事会不习惯,降低工作效率。比 如,如果一个很有灵感和创造力的 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 师退休了,同组的人可能会不 知所措。 20160604CN Task6(new) 听力 Topic:记忆的两种类型 一种是 declarative memory, 另一种是 procedural memory。这两 种记忆是很有区别的,比如一辆自行车,你认识车的形态、车上的部 件,这属于 declarative memory; 而你会骑自行车,这个取决于 procedural memory。但这两种记忆是很不同的,如果不了解这两种 记忆的区别,就容易做出错误决定。比如一个足球队要招教练,往往 会从较为成功的退役球员中进行选取。然而会踢球和会指导这两种知 识经验来自于不同类型的记忆。 20160625CN Task6(new) 听力 话题:公司用来和顾客建立 social bonds 的方法 小标题 1:Friendship bonds 案例 1:可以让公司了解顾客的喜好,兴趣等 小标题 2:Financial bonds 案例 2:一家公司用每个月降价 10%的折扣方式来建立与顾客之间的 关系。 20160703CN Task6(new) 听力 话题:In a mass media class, professor talks about certain techniques in advertising to persuade consumers. 小标题 1:Direct route. 案例 1:If a car is really energy efficient that it runs on electricity or small amount of gasoline, in advertisement, they will use facts and statistics to compare themselves with other cars, the consumers can have a pretty good sense on the functions. This is direct approach or direct route. 小标题 2:Indirect route 案例 2:If a car is ordinary in functions, has no other obvious advantages, in advertisement it will be showing a group of people smiling and laughing, driving themselves to the beach, this is a technique that relates the car with happiness. Using associations and connections other than facts and hard evidence, is indirect route. 20160821CN Task6(new) 听力 话题:how marine animals use other animals as their defense strategy 要点 1:use other animals’ shelter 例子 1:Some crabs will use some shrimps, the shrimps usually dig holes under the sand, normally several inches deep, the crab will use those holes as shelters. 要点 2:use other animal’s physical feature 例子 2:boxer crabs 会利用一种特别小的海葵,这种小海葵察觉到 危 险的时候会sting其他animal, 这个crab就会非常贱的用蟹钳带着 两 个叮人的小海葵四处逛,或者扔背上背着四处逛,来保护自己。 20160827CN Task6(new) 听力 话题:把一些物种从一个地方移到另一个地方可能会对当地的物种产 生一些不好的结果。 要点 1:树长的太高大会挡住其他树木接收阳光 例子 1:有一种名为 A 的树长得很高大,但是却挡住了阳光,这样影 响了比它矮小的植物进行光合作用,对生长不利。 要点 2:有些树木会繁殖过快,导致物种入侵。 例子 2:有一种名为 B 的树,能够在很短的时间内繁殖,因此成为了 外来入侵者,占领了很多本土植物的土地,影响其生存。 20160903CN Task6(new) 听力 话题:应对 food scarcity 的两种适应方式。 要点 1:第一种以袋鼠为例。 例子 1:为了觅食,动物往往需要搜寻大片区域,为了减少能量的消 耗,袋鼠发展处 hopping and jumping 来快速覆盖大量面积,减少 能量消耗。 要点 2:第二种以蜥蜴为例。 例子 2:有机会的时候蜥蜴会尽量多吃来储存多余的脂肪,以备关键 时刻转化成能量用来消耗。 20160311CN Task6 听力 话题:mechanic organization & organic organization. 要点 1:Mechanicorganization 产品需要高度一致。 例子 1:举了 pizza 店的例子,顾客预期相同,知道自己会得到什么 样的 pizza。 要点 2:Organic organization 对产品的要求更加 flexible, 更加需要 创意,每个产品都不一样。 例子 2:举例 advertising agency 为了满足不同客户的不同需求,需 要创意无限。 20160313CN Task6 听力 话题:Name recognition of Advertising 要点 1:在广告中重复商品名字并显示在屏幕中。重复直到顾客能够 记住。 例子 1:/ 要点 2:人们倾向于购买自己熟悉名字的产品。记住了品牌的名字可 以让人们将高质量,与你的产品联系起来。 例子 2:/ 20160319CN Task6 听力 话题:生物方法应对生物入侵 要点 1:和化学防除相比,昆虫防治能减少对环境中的其他本土物种 的危害。 例子 1:在新西兰某地有一种入侵仙人掌,它的存在抑制了其他植物 的生长。科学家们引入的昆虫之消灭入侵的仙人掌,并没有污染或者 破坏环境中的其他植物。 要点 2:性价比高。 例子 2:化学防治浪费钱,引入昆虫只需要使用最少量的昆虫达到最 好的清除效果,因为昆虫具备繁衍的能力,在短时间内增量后的昆虫 能够彻底消灭入侵的物种。例如,引入少量甲壳虫便清除了生长在美 国的一种 weed。 20160326CN Task6 听力 话题:contingency plan,指在商业运作中出现问题或危机时的备选 (backup)方案。 要点 1:一是在危机出现时使生意仍能继续。 例子 1:比如在滑雪场(ski area),当降雪太少,就要准备好造雪机制 造人工雪。 要点 2:二是要危机公关。 例子 2:积极应对消费者可能有的不良情绪。比如同样是滑雪场这件 事,公司可以提前跟顾客 Email 说明滑雪场情况,并告知已有人工造 雪的方案。 20150712CN Task6 听力 话题:desert bird 给自己降温的两种方式。 要点 1:利用风。 例子 1:当风大的时候,鸟会利用风力让自己的羽毛竖起来,这样皮 肤裸露,风就能给鸟降温。 要点 2:利用血液流动。 例子 2:当鸟的体温过高,它体内的血液就会被输送到过热、裸露的 地方比如鸟的脚。 20151108CN Task6 听力 话题:Two advantages of fire for early humans. 要点 1:The first one is to allow them to make better stone tools. 例子 1:For example, they could use fire to heat the stone to a high temperature which could ship the stone to a sharp edge like a sharp blade. So the early humans could hunt more effectively. 要点 2:The second is to improve the early humans’ diet. 例子 2:For instance, raw potatoes were hard to digest. But if they used fire to heat the potatoes, it would be much easier to digest. 20140511CN Task6 听力 话题:两种阿尔卑斯地区植物适应 harsh 环境的方法。 要点 1:长得很矮 例子 1:适应风大,有一种 shrub 长的很贴近地面,只有几厘米高。 要点 2:形成 waxy layer 例子 2:一种 berry 的植物的叶子就长了 waxy skin。可以吸收水分 并保存。 20141123CN Task6 听力 话题:The professor introduces that a bird has two types of feather which can help it prey on the surface of the cold water. 要点 1:The first type of weather is water proof. 例子 1:/ 要点 2:The second type of weather is underneath the first type of weather. It can avoid the heat lost. 例子 2:/ 20141206CN(B) Task6 听力 话题:一个能让员工保持兴趣、不觉得无聊的方法,叫 loading。 要点 1:第一种叫 horizontal loading。 例子 1:例如可以让原本卖 TV 的员工去卖 computer,改变工作内容。 要点 2:第二种叫 vertical loading。 例子 2:老板可以让员工做 research 找到提高销售的方法。 20140117NA Task6 听力 话题:two adaptions of rain forest plants to avoid water accumulation. 要点 1:Special coding leaves 例子 1:一种植物有像打过蜡一样的叶子表面,可以让雨水滑落。 要点 2:Special shape 例子 2:一种有长的 sharpen leaves,可以让雨水滑落。 20140620NA Task6 听力 话题:Ecosystem engineering 动物住在一个地方,这个地方会变得 适合其他动物生存。 要点 1:在 everyday life 中慢慢去做。 例子 1:比如某个海鲜:mussels,在吃水里东西的时候把水过滤干净 了。 要点 2:在一个 group 中间 position 的时候,形成一个对其他动物 有保护的地方。 例子 2:比如刚才那个海鲜:mussels。他们成群住在 sea floor,他 们之间的空隙形成其他动物能够生存的 space。 20140726NA Task6 听力 话题:Two ways for whales to use sounds to survive in the deep ocean. 要点 1:navigate 例子 1:Hear the refection from objects so that wholes can get right direction. 要点 2:obtain food 例子 2:Since whole are in group, one can call other whales if it find any fish. 20141121NA Task6 听力 话题:教授讲动物有两种方法决定等级。通过等级决定获取资源,例 如食物和交配对象。 要点 1:打架 例子 1:例如一群鸟去找食物。两只鸟都想要一个事物,那么打一架。 鸟会发声音,用喙啄对方。然后有一只就放弃了。 要点 2:观察,看别人打架。 例子 2:例如上个例子有第三只鸟,它也想要食物,如果它看到打架 的过程,评估两只都比自己强就算了。 20141219NA Task6 听力 话题:讲了公司在推出产品之前要把产品拿给小部分消费者试用。 要点 1:这样会有反馈,看新的是不是有问题来进一步改变。 例子 1:相机公司把新的拿给专业照相师用,发现闪光灯不能用就拿回来改。 要点 2:免费产品广告,,好用就推荐给周边的人来买。 例子 2:相机改好了摄影师喜欢就把它推荐给周边的人去买。 综合写作 Integrated Writing – W1 场次161029CN(new) 题目: 拯救白鲸的三种方式。 阅读:有一些措施能够拯救 belugas(白鲸) 1.完善法律,增加规定 2. 养殖后再放生的方式 3. 不抓走 young belugas 听力:这些措施都没什么用。 1. 有些人忽视法律以及规定 2. 并不是长期的办法,而且环境也会改变 3. 除非有 dams,否则很难 做到 场次 161217CN(new) 题目: 建造太阳能道路。 阅读,Build solar roads by paving glass, glass can absorb the sun’s energy and translate into electricity. 态度:Oppose 1. It is not a logical place. The roads are flat, not tilted. 2. Glass are not safe, especially in wet or icy condition 3. Will be very expensive。 听力,态度,agree 1. It will be more efficient. The solar panel will produce more energy. It will reflect the sun in cloudy days not just in one direction but in many different directions. 2. A new kind of glass will solve the problem. The engineers have already researched for it, it will also useful in wet days. 3. The solar roads will produce more power which can be sold to other counties; its revenue can be the cost. 160709CN(new) 题目,Hypothesis about why Vikings left Greenland in the 15th century(关于维京人离开格陵兰岛原因的几个假说) 阅读, 阅读 1:Because of climate change the temperature got lower so the Vikings didn’t have enough food. (气候变化导致农作物减产,食物不足) 阅读 2:The Vikings were driven out by the local enemies.(维京人被当地 人 驱赶出格陵兰岛) 阅读 3:The trade between the Vikings and the European countries was cut off by Norway. (挪威王室不允许维京人和欧洲其他国家通商) 听力 1: Vikings relied on fish for food and climate change didn’t change the ocean and the fish.(维京人以鱼类为主食,并没有面临饥荒) 听力, 听力 2: When the Vikings left, they took away all their valuables and tidied up, if they were driven out they would have been in a rush.(维京人 离开时整 齐有序,并没有落荒而逃的迹象) 听力 3: The formal trade was cut off but the illegal and unofficial trade was still on-going. Even the Norwegian King complained about the illegal trade was hard to control (虽然正式的贸易被禁止了,但是非法的和私 下的通商依旧 繁荣) 160710CN(new) 题目,Three possible theories of what a sea-dwelling microorganism’s eye might be for. 阅读 1:The eye is used for following preys. 阅读 2:The eye is used for sensing sunlight. 阅读 3:The eye is used for aiming at having a better accuracy at other tiny life-forms when it is going to stab them. 听力 1:Other closely-related microorganisms which have no eyes could follow their prey successfully. Therefore, their eyes must be for other purposes. 听力 2:Scientists studying the evolution of microorganism find that they are becoming less and less dependent on sunlight for energy. Compared with their ancestors, the sea-dwelling microorganism is with a much more complex eye. So it must have other functions. 听力 3:After examining the eye thoroughly, researchers find that its eye couldn’t focus quite well, thus not being able to have better accuracy at other tiny life-forms when stabbing them. 160716CN(new) 题目,Three possible theories of why sturgeon fish jump into the air. 阅读 1:They need to feed themselves by the insects in the air 阅读 2:They want to remove the parasites on the scales. 阅读 3:They are aggressive when the tourists’ boats invade their territory. 听力 1:they don’t eat in the summer since they are fed in winter with enough, and they are bottom fed, they eat from the sea floor 听力 2:The most dangerous parasites are internal, not external, even some domesticated have external parasites. 听力 3:The human invasion is accidently, even without the invasion, the fish also jumped. 160827CN(new) 题目: 登录火星是否可行。 阅读, 人类即将开展宇航员登陆火星的项目,但是有一些很棘手的安全问题需要解决。 1. 着陆的时候冲击力大容易产生损害。 2. 没有办法携带足够多的燃油,包括去程和返程的。 3. 太阳辐射会直接伤害到宇航员的身体。 目前已经有很多的办法去解决阅读中所提到的安全问题。 听力, 1. 着陆时可以通过电脑控制或者人工控制来选择适合的着陆点并减 少冲击力。 2. 只需要带去程的燃料就可以了,返程的燃料可以通过火星上所有 的固态冰现做。 3. 可以在 spaceship 上制造一个类似于地球磁场的防护罩,来阻挡太 阳辐射的伤 害 160910CN(上午)(new) 题目: 一个爱尔兰航海学家是否到达过北美。 阅读, 理论证明一个航海家从爱尔兰到北美 1. written theories 有关文件记载 2. boat 研究人员造船试航 3. old marking 像航海家那个时代的 alphabetic 听力, 这些力量不够说服力 1. 文件记载所到的地方可能是别的地方 2. 虽然船的大小和制作材料一样但不能证明 3. old markings 可能是土著的 carve pictures 161022CN(new) 听力, starlings 椋鸟是否会带来危害。 阅读, starlings 椋鸟的一些危害 1. 危害农作物,他们乱吃果实 2. 危害航空安全,乱闯跑道 3. 危及濒危物种,因为他们会霸占一些为濒危物种特制的安全笼子 并没有危害 听力, 1. 它们不仅吃果实,同时也吃害虫,省却了杀虫剂的费用 2. 可以制作一个大的笼子把鸟关在里面 3. 制定一些小入口的笼子让鸟进不去 160625CN(new) 题目,Peru 沙漠里的一种地形 Nazca lines,关于 Nazca lines 存在的三种理论。 阅读 1:作为 astronomical calendar,去跟踪一些特殊的 events,比如说冬至。 也有发现表明它确实与一些天体有关系。 阅读 2:for monumental arts, 总而彰显当地的文化和地位及重要性。就像埃及见 金字塔一样。 阅读 3:人们留下的足迹。有可能最为跑步的赛道。 听力 1:阅读里没有提到有 sky 中很多天体这一事实, 所以阅读里所说的相关可能 只是偶然。 听力 2: 实际上这些 lines 很大,只有在高空中才可以看到它的全貌,而如果站在 附件的话,不能够进行识别,也不会给人留下深刻的印象。 听力 3:这些 lines 有一些是 images of animals, too complex for human’s footstep.另外听力推测,当地有宗教习惯是走一些不寻常的路径,所以有可能这些 lines 是 religious ritual 留下来的。 160528CN(new) 题目: Mysterious prints reported in an English newspaper. 阅读, Thesis:The reading points out three hypotheses to explain the mysterious prints. Sub-point1:This was kangaroo footprint. Sub-point2:It was made by hot air balloon, which can be demonstrated by the broken rope and blots. Sub-point3:The whole story was invented although reported trustworthy. 听力, Thesis:Refute the three explanations mentioned in reading passage. Sub-point1:Kangaroo’s sharp and powerful claws would make deep marks during long trails. And if the footprints were left by the fleeing kangaroo, there must have been reports about this incident, but there wasn’t. Sub- point2:There was a forest area in the way, and the hot air balloon would be entangled by tree branches and could not travel that long distance. Sub-point3:The report was based on reliable materials. For one thing, there’s letter from Devin who found the footprints; For another thing, newspaper office collected a lot of details about the print. Thus the report wouldn’t be invented. 场次 160910CN(下午)(new) 题目: 太阳能吸收器放在太空有三个好处 阅读, 1. 能够吸收更多能量 2. 能过避免彗星的冲撞 3. 能够对环境有好处 听力,太阳能吸收器放在太空其实并没有什么好处 1. 如果在太空的吸收器坏了。地面上要送一宇航员上去修理。这不仅 非常花钱。而 且,到达太空时间非常长。这一段吸收器不工作的时 间,许多原本能被吸收的能量 就浪费了。 2. 尽管彗星这种大的星体能够避免。但是太空中的 space dust 科学家 时无法跟踪 的。这些 dust 以非常高的速度运行,会给吸收器带来非 常大的热量,从而造成损 害。 3. 这些吸收器在太空吸收完能量后,会以 beam 或 ray 的形式把能量发回地面。 Beam 和 ray 会对大气层中的臭氧层造成损害,从而更多的紫外线会之间照射到人 类、动物和植物。人类和动物会产生许多健康问题。植物的产量也会因此而减少。 160911CN(new) 题目: 哺乳动物的祖先从非洲大陆到达马达加斯加岛是有证据证明的 阅读, 1.是通过偶然因素才会到达马达加斯加的,比如洪水,自然灾害等 2. 周围的海水是不会把动物带到岛屿的,因为海水不会朝那个方向流 3. 大陆与岛屿之间有 400 km,因此旅途会很长,动物活不了那么久 听力, 1. 基因研究发现,岛上至少有四种物种的基因来自于大陆哺乳动物 2. 通过地形地貌变化,海水流经的位置现在是向南的,可以把动物送达马达加斯加 3. 动物在旅途中会降低自己的基础代谢,消耗很少,不会渴死饿死 161112CN(new) 题目,lemur 狐猴,如何防止其灭绝,或数量下降。 阅读: 1. 把那些把森林与森林之间隔开的农田变成森林走廊,这样森林之 间就连上了。 2. 禁止非法捕猎,加大管理力度。 囚禁(captivity)它们,人工饲养保护。 听力: 并无多大效果 1. 猴狐生活之外的森林对于它们来说很危险,即便退耕造林建起连接的走廊,它们 也不会走。 2. 不只有大量的人把狐猴抓起来做宠物,也会捕食它们,所以范围太大,方法多样, 很难有效管控。 3. 狐猴的种类很多,习性不同,针对不同狐猴进行饲养可能有 20 多种食物,这样 可能很难保证饲养。 161211CN(new) 听力: 犀牛角非常的珍贵,以至于一些偷猎者不惜一切代价地猎杀犀牛,对犀牛的种群数 量造成了严重的影响。为了保护犀牛,人们想出一种办法:把犀牛运到别的栖息地 (relocation plan) ,防止偷猎者的捕杀。阅读和听力讨论这种 relocation 的方法 是否有效。 阅读:relocation 对保护犀牛没有用。 1. 犀牛在 relocation 的过程中有 2%-5%的死亡率。众所周知,犀牛是濒危物种, 因此在运输过程中造成犀牛死亡,这中做法是不可取的。 2. 犀牛有着非常紧密的种族社会关系,如果把犀牛 relocate 的话,就会造成公犀 牛和母犀牛的数量不平衡,会对犀牛的繁殖造成影响,此外它们的种族纽带也会被 切断。 3. relocation 不能完全防止偷猎者猎杀犀牛,因为犀牛角的价值很高,所以就算把 犀牛运到别的地方偷猎者还是会紧随不放,所以不能从根本上解决问题。 听力: relocation 可以很好地保护犀牛种群。 1. 虽然犀牛在运输途中不可避免地会发生伤亡,但是死亡的犀牛毕竟是少数。特别 是把运输途中犀牛死亡率和盗猎者猎杀犀牛导致的死亡率对比时,会发现运输途中 犀牛死亡数量远远低于盗猎者猎杀犀牛的数量。相比两种情况,还是 relocation 更 好一些。 2. 阅读中所提到的犀牛性别不平衡问题在进行 relocation 之前就可以避免。保护 者们会挑选一定数量的公犀牛和母犀牛,保持比例平衡。另外带着幼崽的母犀牛不 会进行 relocation,不会拆散它们的社会关系。 3. 把犀牛运到别的地方,那里地域广阔,犀牛有很大的活动空间,盗猎者在如此大 的范围之内发现犀牛非常困难。另外,有些地方人很难通过,偷猎者无法到达。 150110CN 题目,讨论关于 birds anting 这一习性的三种解释。 阅读,Demonstrate three theories to explain why birds have the habit. 1. Birds use anting to irrigate skin during feather change in summer. 2. The acid released during anting by ants can help resist parasites growing on birds. 3. Anting is a way for birds to feed on those ants. 听力,Refute the three explanations mentioned in reading passage. 1. It is just a coincidence between the time of feather change and bird anting. 2.Anting cannot reduce the growth of parasites on some birds. 3.Birds will have other things to rub themselves, but they do not tend to eat those things. 150125CN 题目,讨论健康计划 Wellness Programs(即公司推出奖励计划给达到 healthy-related goal 的员工) 是否对员工有益。 阅读,Wellness Programs in United States bring lots of benefits to companies and employees. 1. The programs can become a motivational tool for people to lose weight and quit smoking, bringing much healthier lifestyle. 2. Employees will be more inclined to take exercises and have wholesome diets through the motivation of the Wellness Programs. 3. Although the program might cost companies a great deal of money at beginning, it saves more compared to the spending for employees’ sickness. 听力,The program does not work. 1. The program may be an effective way to motivate employees in short term, but it cannot keep for a long period. Research shows that after several years, people are back to their bad habits. 2. The program is not fair for every employee, because cases differ. Some who have to take care of their family or cope with chores do not have enough time to exercise, while others are genetically fat. 3. Companies might suffer great financial loss in long term, because many employees will not stay in one company forever. 150201CN 题目,讨论关于 40 年前黄腿山蛙数量下降的三种解释。 阅读,Demonstrate three theories to explain why the number of yellow-legged mountain frogs declined 40 years ago. 1. A kind of fish, the trout, was introduced to this area and the trout ate tadpoles of the frogs. 2. The use of pesticides contaminated the habitat. 3. The frogs there were infected by a fungal disease. 听力,Refute the three explanations mentioned in reading passage. 1.The trout was introduced 100 years ago, however the decline happened 40 years ago. The time does not match. 2.Rainfall tends to wash the pesticides to lower and farther places. However, frogs lived in areas with higher altitude than that of farms using pesticides. 3.Yellow-legged mountain frogs can produce some antibodies within their bodies, so that they can resist to the infection of fungal disease. 150328CN 题目,Mary Rose 号沉没的原因。 阅读,There are three reasons to explain why Mary Rose sank. 1. The gunspot was not closed after getting fire, but they forgot to close it. Water poured in to gunspot. 2. Sailors dislike the captain and do not follow his lead. 3. French made significant damage to the ship. 听力,Refute the three reasons mentioned in reading passage. 场次 150524CN 题目: 关于 Pearl Poet 是谁的三个假说。 阅读,There are 3 possible hypotheses. 1. John Massey might be possible, because he lived in northwestern England, where the poems came out, and the handwritings of John Massey and Pearl Poet are the same. 2. It might be Hugh, because he wrote poems about Garwin and those 4 famous handwritten poems are also related to Garwin. What’s more, the poems all adopt the rhetorical method of alliteration. 3. The 4 poems might not be written by one person because the poems referred different areas in England. 听力,None of the 3 hypotheses is reasonable. 1.There was same copier in 14th century. That is why the handwritings are the same. 2.It cannot be Hugh because the dialect used in the poems of Pearl Poet and Hugh is totally different. 3.The poems cannot be made by several persons, because the wording of the 4 poems is very similar, which is impossible for different authors. 150711CN 题目: 关于降低风力发电涡轮对蝙蝠数量影响的方案。 阅读, Three solutions can be used to lower the effect of wind turbines upon bats. 1. The wind turbines should be built in the areas far away from the migratory routes of the bats. 2.The wind turbines should be turned off in the night for bats are nocturnal. 3.Radars should be used to repel the bats, for the bats hate radar waves. 听力, Those three solutions are not feasible. 1.The migratory routes of bats are exactly the places where wind turbines should be built, for if they are built in the remote areas, such as flat plain, the wind speed will decline. 2.Though the bats are not active in the daytime, they will choose sleep on tall structures, and the tops of the turbines are such places. 3.If bats meet the electromagnetic waves emitted by radars, those waves will prominently influence the reproductive systems of the bats. 150912CN 题目,prevent jellyfish booms from happening 阅读, The writer puts forward three methods to address the problem. 1. Use chemicals to destroy the polyp. 2. Harvest for human consumption 3. The government makes stricter regulation, letting workers ballast water. 听力, The measures are unconvincing. 1.The remains of polyp would breed the next generation quickly. Besides, using chemical ways might destroy other species in the marine or other places. 2.Only 12 kinds of jellyfish are edible. And people can only eat one percent of them. 3.Boat companies and fishmen will not be willing to do so, for it wastes a lot of time and has a negative influence on their economic profits. 150913CN 题目,犀鸟(toucan bird)的巨大的鸟嘴的三种功能。 阅读: 3 reasons can explain why toucan evolved a bill. 1.Weapons against predators 2. Color and shape to hide from predator 3. Get rid of excess body heat 听力, None of the 3 reasons about the bill’s function is reasonable. 1.It cannot function as weapons. It is made of hollow bones filled with air, so it is thin and lightweight or else it cannot fly. If it is used as a weapon, it will be easily damaged in activities like jabbing. 2.They have to call out to each other in order to use the color and shape to blend into surrounding areas. If they do this, they are going to draw attention from predators. 3.Healthy toucan does not use their bills. They need bill to get rid of heat in the daytime but at night when the temperature is lower, they do not. They then need to retain body heat. 151024CN 题目: 考古学家 Schliemann 发现的金面具到底是不是真的。 阅读: Heinrich Schliemann discovered a golden mask of warrior king. He claimed that the golden mask is the Mask of Agamemnon. However, the archaeology industry suspects that the golden mask is a fake. There are three reasons for that. 1. Firstly, Schliemann has a reputation of faking his discovery and excavation. He used to buy an antique from a craftsman and claim that the item is from ancient Greek until it was identified a fake. Therefore, the golden mask is very suspicious and Schliemann is incredible. 2. Secondly, some features of the golden mask are different from the authentic golden masks from Ancient Greek. Ancient Greek golden masks have very flat appearance and no pointed hairs. The golden mask of warrior king discovered by Schliemann has very well- defined lips and pointed beard. Therefore, the golden mask is a fake. 3. Thirdly, Schliemann immediately shut down the site where the golden mask is discovered after he found the golden mask. This is a very suspicious behavior. Usually archeologist will continue to excavate the site in the hope of finding more cultural information about the discovery, such as the historical context and identify whose mask it is. More information about the mask could have been discovered to identify the mask, however, Schliemann close the site in a rush, revealing his afraid of being found that the mask is a fake. 听力, Though many archeologists think the golden mask of warrior king is a fake, but I think that is an authentic item from Ancient Greek. There are three reasons to refute the points in the passage. 1.Firstly, Schliemann did have a reputation of faking discovery and excavation. However, for this mask, it's not easy to fake. The Greek government is familiar with Schliemann's reputation of dishonesty and specifically assigned a supervisor to closely supervise and monitor Schliemann's work of excavation. If Schliemann really cheated on this discovery, it's hard to do so without being caught by the supervisor. 2.Secondly, a golden mask of lion from Ancient Greek, which was proved an authentic antique, was compared with the golden mask of warrior king. The golden lion mask also has three-dimensioned lips and nose, and all pointed hair. All the features are comparable to the golden mask of warrior king. 3.Thirdly, the timing of the site being shut down immediately after the golden mask was discovered can be explained. Schliemann was not a real archeologist but a treasure hunter. It fitted a treasure hunter's habit to close the site immediately after he depleted all the valuable things in the site. Therefore, Schliemann's behavior of shutting down the site is not suspicious. 161126CN(下午场) 题目: fort 能不能起到防御作用 阅读, 一些考古学家认为公元前两千多年的 forts 不能起到很好的防御作用 1. 不是所有的 sides 都有 walls 所以很容易受到敌人攻击 2. multiple entranceways, enemies are easy to enter 3. no evidence of water and wells , 当被包围的时候很容易败 听力: 这些都是误解 原因如下 1. 有些地方不用 walls 就可以起到防御的, 比如有悬崖峭壁 cliff 2. 敌 人发现 Spot 之前就 block 封锁掉 3. 可能是之前挖的井干了所以后人没看到不代表没有证据;不可能存 在围攻的问 题,因为敌人不会一直 wait out 的 151115CN 题目,防止蝙蝠白鼻综合征 (WNS)的方式。 阅读,Suggestions to fight White Nose Syndrome (a kind of fungus killed lots of North American bats in the past few years) 1. One suggestion is restricting people to access the caves where bats live, because fungus can be spread cave to cave by riding on people’s clothes. 2. The second suggestion is studying a species of bats that is resistant to fungus. 3. The third suggestion is heating the cave. 听力: Refute the three explanations mentioned in reading passage. 1.The lecturer refutes the point by saying that people are not main factors to help spread fungus, and it is bats themselves that spread the fungus, because in some caves where people cannot access, there’s fungus still. 2.Resistance is formed during the process of complex biological evolution. And understanding the process needs decades. However, the bats will die out in 10 years if there’s no effective remedy. 3.Bats die because the fungus wakes them up and forces them to face starvation. If the caves are heated, bats will be unable to sleep and thus suffer the starvation. Therefore this suggestion will make the situation worse. 151128CN 题目: 讨论 the reasons about the death of Ichthyosaurs。 阅读: Three possible reasons 1. They died of toxic algae. 2. They stranded in shallow water. 3. They were preserved in a pattern by other creatures. The reasons are not established. 听力,The reasons are not established. 1.The fossils of ichthyosaurs show that they died in different time. Some were formed earlier than others. 2.According to the seafloor, it was deep water in the past. 3.These nine bones were put in order; however, this creature only put them at random. 151212CN 题目,The reason that causes the low production of rhino in parks. 阅读,Three causes can explain the low production of rhino in parks. 1. Infertility results from the alfalfa and hay in animal fodder, which increasing it hormone. 2. Rhinos develop foot disease for often walking on the hard surface. 3. Brain disorder in the newborn rhinos makes them cannot live long. 听力,The listening argues against the three reasons mentioned in the reading. 1.Infertility can be cured by regulating the rhino’s hormone. 2.Advanced radiographic image equipment can detect the early anomaly of the bone and feet, which can heal the foot disease. 3.The reason for the little rhino’s brain disorder is that its mother is so old that it carries toxic chemical element. So letting younger rhino bear child is one of the solution. 151213CN 题目,hammer head shark 锤头鲨头部的功能。 阅读, 1. 提高了转弯的速度 2.提高了对电场的感知能力 3.作为捕食的工具 听力, 1.转弯主要是靠脊椎,同时,年轻的鱼转弯更快。 2.试验中,把锤头鲨和其它类型的鲨鱼放在一个导线连接的有感应的池子里, 所有的鲨鱼对猎物的感知度一样,锤头鲨并没有体现出更高的敏感度。 3.由于眼睛长在头上。因此,如果拿头去捕食,会损害眼睛,甚至会瞎。 150228NA 题目: 雨蛙抵御某种真菌的三个方法是否可行。 阅读, 1. 雨蛙群居可以抵御真菌感染。 2. 一种化学物质可以使雨蛙对病毒免疫。 3. 雨蛙的自身防御,一旦觉得感染了就使自己体温升高来抵御感 染。 听力: 全部否决 1.那个湖中不仅有雨蛙还有其他生物,他们可以携带病毒来感染雨蛙。 2.那个化学物质留存时间很短,在雨蛙遇到病毒之前这种物质就已经失效了。 3.雨蛙上升自己体温来防御会消耗大量体力,就会使雨蛙特别的虚弱,抵抗力就 会下降,进而就很容易死亡。 150606NA 题目: 电子病历的三个优点。 在美国,某些人认为电子病历有三个优点。 阅读: 1. 省钱,不会发生错误,和利于做科研。 2. 电子病例是用电脑写的,因此辨识度很高,不容易错。 3. 电子病历利于更方便的取得大量病人的相关资料做研究。 听力, 1. 教授认为这些优点是不确定的,他说,即使有了电子病历,医生们还是会把纸 质病历作为备份,所以存储转移这些病历的费用并没有省下来。 2. 虽然电子病历使用电脑,但是还是难免出现错误,因为病历还是由医生手写, 职员打字输入的,在辨识医生的文字和输入电脑的过程中都有可能出现错误。 3. 教授说在美国病人的病历属于隐私的范畴,有隐私法来监督,研究人员不可能 随意的查看病人的病历,首先他必须经过严 格复杂的程序获得很多人包括病人自己的允许才能查看病历,所以关 于电子病历的这个优点是不存在的。 场次 150516CN 题目: 公司如何继续成长。 Three ways to promote the products’ development. 1. The company can launch new version under existing products. 2. The company can launch related products. 3. The company can cooperate with another company to produce new product. Those three ways are risky. 1.The regular customers may still prefer the old products, while new customers may feel the products is old-fashioned. 2.The related products may have bad quality, which will exert negative influence on the company’s reputation and make the sales decrease. 3.The partner company may also the new product, thus the partner becomes the competitor. 151205CN 题目,whether the canned food is the factor that contributes to the lead poisoning and the death of crew in Kaship. 阅读, 1. The lead that was carefully stilled to the can would not contact the food. 2. No other evidence of death of the crew was found in other ship. 3. Water purification system may be the source of poisoning. 听力, 1. Company has limited time to finish this work. Workers are under time pressure and it is reasonable that they are careless and apply lead to the cans in a hurry way. 2.First, it is difficult to judge whether sailors are affected by lead without careful tests. Second, the symptoms of lead poisoning are common, such as feeling tired or headache and they can be easily overlooked. 3.The water in the purification system is used for ship engineering since the salt water cannot be used. The water for cooking and drinking comes from a different way. 150807NA 题目,关于 saber-toothed cat(剑齿猫)是否是群居动物。 阅读,saber-toothed cat 是群居动物。 1. Fossils of saber-toothed cats with broken bones indicate that they were fed by other saber-toothed cats when they were injured 2. There are large numbers of saber-toothed cats in the trap. The saber- toothed cats hunted together. The sound of dears in the trap attracted them to fall in the trap together 3. Saber-toothed cats lived with other predators such as lions and wolves. Saber-toothed cats have to live in group to compete with those predators. 听力,剑齿猫不是群居动物。 1. The fossils of saber-toothed cats with broken bones indeed indicate that they could survive when they were injured. However it doesn’t necessarily mean that they have to be fed by other saber-toothed cats. Many predators can find dead animals to eat. So did the saber- toothed cats 2. The large numbers of saber-toothed cats in the trap doesn’t mean that they hunt together. The saber-toothed cats hunt separately. One of the saber-toothed cats heard the sound of the trapped dear, went to the trap and fell. Then another saber-toothed cat also heard the sound of the trapped dear, came to the trap and fell again 3. Saber-toothed cats were large predators. Take tigers for example, one tiger is strong enough to fight against the social predators such as lions and wolves. So the saber-toothed cats don’t have to live together to compete with lions and wolves. 场次 140301CN 题目: 植物的叶子在夜间闭合的三个理论。 阅读:有三个理论。 1.第一个理论:有助于保温。 2. 第二个理论:防止真菌感染,不让雨水进去。 3. 第三个理论:避免接受月光,以此跟随季节变化。 听力: 反驳三个理论。 1.第一个理论:没有帮助。因为植物没有 internal heat,在遇到冷的天气,尤其是 冰点以下时不能避免冻害。 2.第二个理论:下雨时即使叶子闭合,也会有少量雨水进入,而真菌只需要少量 的雨水即可,因此是没有意义的。 3.第三个理论:举一个反例。在一些 denser 的森林中,有些植物即便在树荫下接 收不到月光,也会闭合叶子。因此需要其他的解释。 140322CN 题目: Arizona 发现一个 2 亿年前的虫子的巢化石是不是蜂巢。 阅读, 很多人认为这是蜂巢,但这是不可信的。 1. 2 亿年前还没有蜜蜂,哪里来的蜂巢; 2. 2 亿年前连 flowering plants 都没有,怎么会有需要吃花蜜的蜜蜂; 3. 现代蜜蜂的巢都有个盖子 cap,那个化石没有,所以这个巢很可 能是其他虫子 的。 听力, 反对,这个化石是蜂巢。 1. 没有发现有200百万年前的蜜蜂化石不代表没有200百万年前 的蜜蜂,那时候 蜜蜂筑巢的树比较难留下来,所以没有化石也 正常。 2. 古时候的蜜蜂就一定要吃花蜜吗?他们不能吃 nonflowering plants 吗? 3. 没有盖子cap可能因为化学原因,腐蚀掉了什么的,再说为什么 要跟modern bee 一样呢? 140323CN 题目,Whether the declining of bison was caused by the European American settlers. 阅读, About bison, a kind of animal, something like cattle or horse. The passage suggests that the declining bison was due to the European American settlers: 1. When European American cross prairies, they hunted bison as food because there is no food in prairies. 2. They brought cattle and horses, which competed with bison for resources. 3. The evolving technology, especially guns, let hunters kill several bison in a short time. 听力, The professor contradicts each of these three points: 1. The European American moved from east to west, but the bison decline in the western part of America. The pattern of how bison disappeared gradually was different from that of movement of European American. 2. Bison have double furs covering their bodies and unique head structure, which allow them to live in harsher and colder areas. The areas were unreachable for cattle and horses. How could different spices compete with each other in separate territories? 3. The advanced technology should not be blame worthy for the decreasing bison. The ancient methods are as effectively as guts. Skilled ancient American hunters could kill several bison with short intervals. 140524CN 题目,两种哺乳动物:有袋动物和无袋动物。有袋动物是否比无袋动 物更原始,发育不完全,缺乏竞争力。 阅读, 有袋动物 marsupials 比无袋动物 placental 更原始。 1. 第一因为幼崽在母亲的袋子里生活使得发育不完全,免疫能力差。 2.第二它们对温度的控制能力差。 3.第三在澳洲有袋动物占多数因为没有太多无袋动物,而其他地方有 袋和无袋生活在一起有竞争,所以说有袋竞争不过无袋动物。 听力,听力反驳。 第一有袋幼崽其实发育的很好,它们喝奶的时候同时也从奶中获得了 抗体因此 免疫好。 第二有袋动物体温会变是为了适应环境,比如降低体温来减少能量消 耗。 第三很久以前在澳洲有袋和无袋一起生活的,而后来有袋占多数说明 无袋竞争 不过有袋。 140927CN 题目,讨论 wetland 里面的鬼火( will-o'-the-wisp)形成的原因是什么。 有3个可能的原因。 1.Protection against cold (losing heat). 2.Protection against fungal spores infection, block out water so insects have meanings of fungal infection. 3.Eliminate night time light, in order to track up to the regular time to produce flowers. 听力, 1.The plants have no source of internal heating, so whether folding or unfolding suffer the same freezing damage. 2.Even though the plants are folding, they cannot block out all the water and fungal spores only require a few water. 3.Some plants in densely shaded area where no light is reaching still fold their leaves, therefore some other reasons may explain. 141011CN 题目,讨论是在北美发现的土堆(Mima Mound)形成的原因是什么。 阅读,Three theories to explain how the Mima Mound is formed. 1. Mima Mounds were formed by human labor because they were arranged in order. 2. Mima Mounds were caused by earthquake. After shaking, the land becomes loose and reshape to the Mima Mound. 3. Build by pocket gopher to build nest. 听力, These three theories are all unconvincing at all. 1.It cannot be created by human labor because there are no human activities and remains to support the theory. 2.Earthquake is impossible to take place in where Mima Mound existed. Besides, there were no enough earthquake to loosen the soil. 3.There are gophers nowadays, but no new Mima Mounds have been found. 161210CN(上午) 题目,威胁 Inuktitut 加拿大语言的三个要素 阅读, Inuktitut 这种语言是在加拿大一部分地区被人使用的语言,由于说这 种语言的人 很少,政府采取措施保护这种语言,但是很多人认为威 胁这个语言的还有一些其他 因素,列举的三个威胁 Inuktitut 语言的 因素如下: 1. 调查表明,当地有少于 25%的 16 岁以下的人说这种语言,如果如 阅读: 此少的年轻人 说这个语言的话,那么它传承下去的可能性比较小。 2. 当地很多的家长是渔民,需要用英语做生意,很多家长意识到了英语的重要性, 于是让孩子学习英语,这个也会威胁 Inuktitut 语。 3. 电视和其他的媒体方式对孩子的影响比较大,但是当地 Inuktitut 语言的电视节 目比较少,且最近还关掉了两个 Inuktitut 语言的节目。 听力: 并没有这么多的其他因素可以影响到 Inuktitut 语言的使用情况。 1. 调查的数据不准确,另一批研究人们研究表明,当地说 Inuktitut 语言的人并不 是低于 25%,只是说传统的 Inuktitut 语言的人比较少,大部分的人都是在使用现 代版的 Inuktitut 语言。 2. 很多家长在意识到英语的重要性之后,让孩子说两种语言,及英语和 Inuktitut 语言都使用。 3. 再一次的调查研究表明 Inuktitut 语言节目在当地不论是电视还是电台都有 strong appearance,并不像文章中说的那样。