宁夏医科大学护理专业专科毕业实习手册

宁夏医科大学护理专业专科毕业实习手册 宁夏医科大学护理专业 专科毕业实习手册 一、目的要求 临床实习是教学过程中的一个重要组成部分，是贯彻党的教育方针，加强理论联系实际，提高教学质量的重要环节，其主要目的是:使学生在实践中得到基本技能、基本操作的训练，巩固所学理论知识，进一步熟练掌握护理操作技能，培养学生发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力，培养良好的医德医风，树立全心全意为人民服务的思想观点，成为素质全面的合格医务人才。 二、实习科目与时向安排 实习时间为10个月，其中: 内科(含重症监护) 10周 外科(含换药室) 10周 妇产科 6周 儿科 4周 手术室 6周 急诊室 6周 护理综合考核 2周 三、组织领导 1、宁夏医科大学 在主管教学的校长领导下，由教务处、护理学院具体执行相应的工作。 教务处: (1)负责制定学生实习 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 ;制定毕业实习的目的要求;各级领导职责任务;毕业实习规划;实习医师职责。 2)确定实习医院及参加实习人数。 ( (3)审查各科实习大纲。 (4)检查学生实习效果及实习计划的执行情况，研究解决实习中出现的问题。 护理学院: (1)制定各科实习大纲。 (2)制定各科实习学生的成绩评定 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 。 (3)检查学生实习效果及计划的执行情况，研究解决实习中出现的问题。 (4)总结和交流临床实习经验，提高实习质量。 (5)经常主动和实习单位取得密切联系，定期向学校领导反映实习工作情况。 (6)安排和组织好学生毕业考试。 (7)做好学生实习前的思想动员和准备工作。 (8)编制和划分实习队、组;确定队、组负责人及党、团组织负责人。 (9)经常深入实习医院，主动和实习单位取得联系，定期向学校领导反映学生政治思想情况，研究解决学生存在的思想问题。 (10)安排好毕业鉴定工作。 2、实习医院 (一)实习医院职责 that balances the sensitivity associated with the following factors: (1) the long arm of the scale, higher sensitivity, and (2) the beam of the scale is heavier, lower sensitivity, (3) pivot and the shorter the distance between the center of gravity, high sensitivity. But the sensitivity of the balance are not only associated with these three factors, while carrying heavy loads and balance beam deformation, agate cutters of the fulcrum and the load point of the contact point (that is, agate and knife blades sharp and smooth). So, balance beam made of triangular-ovate, hollowed out in the Middle, triangular-the sensitivity adjustment screw located on the top of a vertical, set two zero point adjusting screw in the horizontal direction, Fulcrum Onyx blade slightly below contains key Onyx blade's "Alice beams" type, and balance beam made of aluminium alloys or titanium alloys light metal alloy. V-shaped, "Alice beams" in order to reduce the impact deformation, knock out heavy and light metal materials to relieve beam measures sensitivity adjustment screw is to use the height to adjust the quality of the nut itself d the length of the horizontal zero-point adjustment screw is the distance from the fulcrum nut quality adjustment nut to adjust the size of the moment change the zero point. Balance of sensitivity General to signs of grid number to measure, that sensitivity = grid/mg but in actually often with "sense volume" to said: sense volume = mg/grid electro-optic balance of sense volume General adjustable into 1mg/grid, and 0.1mg/grid, and 0.01mg/grid, will signs made transparent film, loaded in pointer Shang, then, through optical zoom 10 times"illumination", "welding". 3, electricity lines: (1) electric line, required for overhead installation of resilient rubber sheathed cable or plastic. Adopted at the lane or road protection pipe buried underground, set up signs, connectors must be overhead or located connector box. (2) rubber cable portable power tools, lead length not more than 5 m from the switch box, without joints. (3) use mobile power tools and lighting are soft rubber cord, do not use plastic resin line instead. (4) temporary wiring installations, use a rubber or plastic insulated wires must be knob cables set up, switch set. 4, grounding and zeroing device: (1) grounding electrode available angles, steel of not less than two, depth of not less than 2 m and not less than 2.5 metres in distance between two grounding, grounding resistance is less than 4 ohm. (2) ground (neutral) wires using insulated copper wire, do not use aluminium wire for grounding (neutral) wire joints by welding, crimping a reliable electrical connection. (3) rubber cable core in the "black" or "green/Huang Shuang-color" line as the ground wire. 5, high voltage line protection: (1) in the vicinity of overhead power transmission line construction, erection of bamboo protection frame. (2) in the vicinity of high voltage cable erection Derrick (gantry), scaffolding outside power lines above the water, all safety nets (Booth). 6, handheld or mobile motor: switch box must have leakage protection devices, leakage current 30ma/0.1s, 15mA/0.1s wet job (includes the following equipment: vibration machine, polishing machine, ramming machines, submersible pumps, electric hand Planer, hand drills, grinders, cutters, 1、组织学生学习有关医院的规章 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 ，负责学生的政治思想教育和医德教育。对在医院住宿的实习生进行日常生活管理，提供必要的生活保障，并安排专人具体负责。 2、依据实习大纲组织和落实实习计划，制定各科带教计划。未经学校同意，不得变更。定期召开实习生民主生活会，了解和检查学生实习工作的完成情况，对存在的问题及时告知学校，以便共同磋商解决。 3、按照学校的要求安排讲座，并让学生参与医院组织的政治学习及业务活动。 4、每科实习结束前由护士长与带教老师对实习生做出实事求是的评价，填入实习成绩册，并对实习生进行操作及理论考核。 、在实习结束时，组织学生作好实习总结及实习鉴定工作，并加盖医院公5 章。 (二)各级指导老师职责 1、科主任、护士长要把学生的临床实习作为一项重要工作来抓。要根据学校实习计划和实习大纲的要求，结合本科实际拟订出具体实施计划，认真执行，定期检查、总结和改进，确保实习质量全面提高，实习结束时负责召集护理带教老师，为实习生做出实习评语和评定实习成绩。 护理带教老师负责实习计划和实习大纲以及带教任务的执行与完成。负责学生的基础护理知识讲解和有关护理技术操作指导。检查学生护理档案书写质量，每周进行一次护理教学查房，定期征求实习生对实习的意见，并及时予以解决。 (三)实习生职责 l、积极参加医院、科室的政治学习和有关活动，坚持四项基本原则，拥护党的路线、方针、政策，树立革命的人生观，加强护士素质培养，刻苦钻研业务技术，努力把自己培养锻炼成为德、智、体全面发展的合格护理人才。 2、要尊重带教老师和医院的工作人员，做到谦虚谨慎、勤学好问。要爱护伤病员，树立良好的医德医风，认真负责，勤勤恳恳地为病员服务，严格遵守各项护理操作规程(三查七对)，遇事要请示汇报，防止差错，杜绝医疗事故发生。 3、遵守医院各项规章制度和劳动纪律，按时上下班。不得随意离开工作岗位或调换实习科室。如有特殊情况必须请假，请假需持有关证明，经医院护理部总带教老师批准。病假应持有医院诊断证明书。一周以上病、事假须经学校教务处批准。在实习中凡连续请假一周以上应补实习。无故旷实习者，视其情节，按学校学籍管理办法给予相应的处分。 4、对病人及家属按照实习单位的规定进行卫生宣教工作，严格遵守保护性医疗制度，对一些愈后不良的病人，未经主治医生和带教教师的许可，不得对病人及家属发表有关病情诊断和愈后的意见。 5、关心集体、爱护公物、节约水电及物品器材等，损坏器材应按医院规定负责赔偿。 6、实习生在完成实习任务的基础上应结合实际，坚持专业理论学习，坚持体育锻炼，积极参加科室的工勤护理工作和清洁卫生工作。 7、每科实习结束时，如实填写实习小结，尊重带教老师所作的实习评语和考核成绩。 四、实习鉴定与成绩评定办法 that balances the sensitivity associated with the following factors: (1) the long arm of the scale, higher sensitivity, and (2) the beam of the scale is heavier, lower sensitivity, (3) pivot and the shorter the distance between the center of gravity, high sensitivity. But the sensitivity of the balance are not only associated with these three factors, while carrying heavy loads and balance beam deformation, agate cutters of the fulcrum and the load point of the contact point (that is, agate and knife blades sharp and smooth). So, balance beam made of triangular-ovate, hollowed out in the Middle, triangular-the sensitivity adjustment screw located on the top of a vertical, set two zero point adjusting screw in the horizontal direction, Fulcrum Onyx blade slightly below contains key Onyx blade's "Alice beams" type, and balance beam made of aluminium alloys or titanium alloys light metal alloy. V-shaped, "Alice beams" in order to reduce the impact deformation, knock out heavy and light metal materials to relieve beam measures sensitivity adjustment screw is to use the height to adjust the quality of the nut itself d the length of the horizontal zero-point adjustment screw is the distance from the fulcrum nut quality adjustment nut to adjust the size of the moment change the zero point. Balance of sensitivity General to signs of grid number to measure, that sensitivity = grid/mg but in actually often with "sense volume" to said: sense volume = mg/grid electro-optic balance of sense volume General adjustable into 1mg/grid, and 0.1mg/grid, and 0.01mg/grid, will signs made transparent film, loaded in pointer Shang, then, through optical zoom 10 times"illumination", "welding". 3, electricity lines: (1) electric line, required for overhead installation of resilient rubber sheathed cable or plastic. Adopted at the lane or road protection pipe buried underground, set up signs, connectors must be overhead or located connector box. (2) rubber cable portable power tools, lead length not more than 5 m from the switch box, without joints. (3) use mobile power tools and lighting are soft rubber cord, do not use plastic resin line instead. (4) temporary wiring installations, use a rubber or plastic insulated wires must be knob cables set up, switch set. 4, grounding and zeroing device: (1) grounding electrode available angles, steel of not less than two, depth of not less than 2 m and not less than 2.5 metres in distance between two grounding, grounding resistance is less than 4 ohm. (2) ground (neutral) wires using insulated copper wire, do not use aluminium wire for grounding (neutral) wire joints by welding, crimping a reliable electrical connection. (3) rubber cable core in the "black" or "green/Huang Shuang-color" line as the ground wire. 5, high voltage line protection: (1) in the vicinity of overhead power transmission line construction, erection of bamboo protection frame. (2) in the vicinity of high voltage cable erection Derrick (gantry), scaffolding outside power lines above the water, all safety nets (Booth). 6, handheld or mobile motor: switch box must have leakage protection devices, leakage current 30ma/0.1s, 15mA/0.1s wet job (includes the following equipment: vibration machine, polishing machine, ramming machines, submersible pumps, electric hand Planer, hand drills, grinders, cutters, 1、实习成绩、鉴定要在每一个学科实习结束时做出。具体方法是按照《宁夏医科大学实习鉴定表》的要求，先由实习生本人做出实习的自我鉴定(包括政治思想表现、实习态度、劳动纪律、业务收获等)并严肃认真地按照要求填写好有关项目，带教老师审核后与护士长共同研究讨论填写评语和成绩并签字。 各学科实习成绩的来源包括两方面:主要是在临床实践中考核其遵守实习生职责的情况、理论知识、实际技能掌握的熟练正规程度、独立工作能力等;其次是根据实际情况在各学科实习结束前，由负责实习带教老师对实习生进行考试。 2、实习成绩评定标准: 实习成绩分优秀、良好、及格、不及格四级。 有下列条件之一者按不及格填写成绩: ?不能遵守实习生职责，工作责任心不强，不能认真执行带教老师的教学安排，经常不按时完成职责内的工作。 ?理论知识掌握不全面而且与实际脱节。在指导医师指导下不能完成实习计划和实习大纲的要求;护理技术操作较差，达不到毕业实习的基本要求。 ?在一个部门实习累计旷实习超一周者，累计缺实习超过两周者。 实习成绩考核方法:按照宁夏医科大学护理专业学生毕业实习考核表的有关项目，逐一评分。实习结束，连同护理实习鉴定表一同交教务科，以存档备案。 3、考核及成绩评定 (1)考核方式: ? 提问:平时提问2~4次、小讲课提问2~4次、护理教学查房提问2~4次。 ? 出科考试:(内科、外科、妇产科、儿科) a、 理论:按各科实习大纲要求。 b、 操作:基础护理操作、专科护理操作。 c、 整体护理综合考核。 ?态度测评:按态度目标要求。 (2)成绩评定: ?态度测评:100分。包括责任心、主动性、劳动纪律等。 ?知识测评:100分。提问占40%，出科理论考试占60%。 ?技能测评:l00分。基础护理操作占30%，专科护理操作占30%。整体护理综合考核占40%。 综合评定:根据上述三方面成绩，综合评定优、良、及格、不及格四等，作为毕业实习成绩填入毕业实习成绩册。 毕业实习总目标 学生在毕业实习结束后能够: l、树立正确的人生观，具有良好的医德医风和健康的心理素质，在护理实践中表现出护士所必需的专业素质。 2、叙述医院的组织结构、急诊室、手术室、重症监护室、病房的布局特点。 3、熟练地应用规范的基础护理的各项基本操作。 4、对常见病、多发病病人进行评估，表现出一定的观察能力和身心整体护理能力。 5、具有对急、重、危病人初步应急处理能力，能配合抢救工作。 6、对入院新病人和出院病人熟练地进行卫生宣教，健康指导，预防保健。以热情、负责的态度和病人及家属进行沟通，满足病人对健康的需要。 基础护理实习大纲 that balances the sensitivity associated with the following factors: (1) the long arm of the scale, higher sensitivity, and (2) the beam of the scale is heavier, lower sensitivity, (3) pivot and the shorter the distance between the center of gravity, high sensitivity. But the sensitivity of the balance are not only associated with these three factors, while carrying heavy loads and balance beam deformation, agate cutters of the fulcrum and the load point of the contact point (that is, agate and knife blades sharp and smooth). So, balance beam made of triangular-ovate, hollowed out in the Middle, triangular-the sensitivity adjustment screw located on the top of a vertical, set two zero point adjusting screw in the horizontal direction, Fulcrum Onyx blade slightly below contains key Onyx blade's "Alice beams" type, and balance beam made of aluminium alloys or titanium alloys light metal alloy. V-shaped, "Alice beams" in order to reduce the impact deformation, knock out heavy and light metal materials to relieve beam measures sensitivity adjustment screw is to use the height to adjust the quality of the nut itself d the length of the horizontal zero-point adjustment screw is the distance from the fulcrum nut quality adjustment nut to adjust the size of the moment change the zero point. Balance of sensitivity General to signs of grid number to measure, that sensitivity = grid/mg but in actually often with "sense volume" to said: sense volume = mg/grid electro-optic balance of sense volume General adjustable into 1mg/grid, and 0.1mg/grid, and 0.01mg/grid, will signs made transparent film, loaded in pointer Shang, then, through optical zoom 10 times"illumination", "welding". 3, electricity lines: (1) electric line, required for overhead installation of resilient rubber sheathed cable or plastic. Adopted at the lane or road protection pipe buried underground, set up signs, connectors must be overhead or located connector box. (2) rubber cable portable power tools, lead length not more than 5 m from the switch box, without joints. (3) use mobile power tools and lighting are soft rubber cord, do not use plastic resin line instead. (4) temporary wiring installations, use a rubber or plastic insulated wires must be knob cables set up, switch set. 4, grounding and zeroing device: (1) grounding electrode available angles, steel of not less than two, depth of not less than 2 m and not less than 2.5 metres in distance between two grounding, grounding resistance is less than 4 ohm. (2) ground (neutral) wires using insulated copper wire, do not use aluminium wire for grounding (neutral) wire joints by welding, crimping a reliable electrical connection. (3) rubber cable core in the "black" or "green/Huang Shuang-color" line as the ground wire. 5, high voltage line protection: (1) in the vicinity of overhead power transmission line construction, erection of bamboo protection frame. (2) in the vicinity of high voltage cable erection Derrick (gantry), scaffolding outside power lines above the water, all safety nets (Booth). 6, handheld or mobile motor: switch box must have leakage protection devices, leakage current 30ma/0.1s, 15mA/0.1s wet job (includes the following equipment: vibration machine, polishing machine, ramming machines, submersible pumps, electric hand Planer, hand drills, grinders, cutters, 一、总目标 基础护理是各科护理的基础，通过各临床科室的实习，能说明、叙述或阐述有关基础护理知识，进行各项基础护理操作，运用所学知识和技能对病员进行整体护理。 二、具体目标 (—)态度目标: l、在各项护理工作中表现出护士的良好素质及行为规范，仪表端庄、举止稳重、态度和蔼、语言亲切、工作认真、努力学习、动作敏捷、忠诚老实、遵章守规、谦虚谨慎、团结协作。 2、在各项操作前对病员作好解释，操作中关心、爱护、尊重病员、操作后妥善安置病员和处理用物。 (二)知识目标: 1、解释护理学及护理学宗旨的四个概念及相关关系。区别传统护理和现代护理的不同本质，阐述护士的职责及素质要求。 2、阐述护理操作原则:无菌操作原则、隔离消毒原则、给药原则、注射原则、检验样品采集原则。 3、阐述对高热、体温过低、呼吸困难、呕吐及排泄、排尿异常、重危、濒死病员及留置导尿病员的护理要点。 4、进行护理操作时，能说明操作注意点。 5、阐述对医院常用物品的消毒、灭菌方法。 6、叙述护理程序的步骤，阐述对病员观察的方法、内容及注意点。 7、列出医院膳食的种类及适应症。 8、根据影响生命体征变化的因素，能区分正常、异常生命体征。 9、阐述冷、热疗法的作用，列出影响冷、热疗效的因素及禁忌证。 10、说出药物保管要求。 11、列举需作药物敏感试验的药物，阐明其皮试液的浓度、稀释方法及皮试结果的判断，阐述过敏性休克的表现、处理及破伤风抗毒素脱敏注射法。 12、列举输液故障的原因及处理，叙述调节滴速的原则及进行速率计算，阐述各种输液、输血反应的原因及防治。 13、说出常用洗胃溶液及浓度、适应症。 14、叙述病区护理管理内容，阐述查对交接班制度的内容及分级护理的内容。 (三)技能目标: 1、运用所学知识对护理对象进行健康教育，能选择措施帮助病人适应压力源，满足其一般身心需要。 2、运用通俗易懂的语言与病人进行沟通，建立良好的护患关系。 3、正确进行基护操作， 独立完成操作项目: ?铺备用床、暂空床、麻醉床、有人床整理及更换床单法，床单的清洁整理。 ?晨晚间护理项目。 ?穿、脱隔离衣，无菌技术基本操作。 ?给病员安置各种卧位及扶助病员翻身。 ?正确使用保护具、床垫、支架。 ?测量T、P、R、BP及绘制法。 ?热水袋、冰袋使用法:酒精或温水擦浴。 ?口服给药法。 that balances the sensitivity associated with the following factors: (1) the long arm of the scale, higher sensitivity, and (2) the beam of the scale is heavier, lower sensitivity, (3) pivot and the shorter the distance between the center of gravity, high sensitivity. But the sensitivity of the balance are not only associated with these three factors, while carrying heavy loads and balance beam deformation, agate cutters of the fulcrum and the load point of the contact point (that is, agate and knife blades sharp and smooth). So, balance beam made of triangular-ovate, hollowed out in the Middle, triangular-the sensitivity adjustment screw located on the top of a vertical, set two zero point adjusting screw in the horizontal direction, Fulcrum Onyx blade slightly below contains key Onyx blade's "Alice beams" type, and balance beam made of aluminium alloys or titanium alloys light metal alloy. V-shaped, "Alice beams" in order to reduce the impact deformation, knock out heavy and light metal materials to relieve beam measures sensitivity adjustment screw is to use the height to adjust the quality of the nut itself d the length of the horizontal zero-point adjustment screw is the distance from the fulcrum nut quality adjustment nut to adjust the size of the moment change the zero point. Balance of sensitivity General to signs of grid number to measure, that sensitivity = grid/mg but in actually often with "sense volume" to said: sense volume = mg/grid electro-optic balance of sense volume General adjustable into 1mg/grid, and 0.1mg/grid, and 0.01mg/grid, will signs made transparent film, loaded in pointer Shang, then, through optical zoom 10 times"illumination", "welding". 3, electricity lines: (1) electric line, required for overhead installation of resilient rubber sheathed cable or plastic. Adopted at the lane or road protection pipe buried underground, set up signs, connectors must be overhead or located connector box. (2) rubber cable portable power tools, lead length not more than 5 m from the switch box, without joints. (3) use mobile power tools and lighting are soft rubber cord, do not use plastic resin line instead. (4) temporary wiring installations, use a rubber or plastic insulated wires must be knob cables set up, switch set. 4, grounding and zeroing device: (1) grounding electrode available angles, steel of not less than two, depth of not less than 2 m and not less than 2.5 metres in distance between two grounding, grounding resistance is less than 4 ohm. (2) ground (neutral) wires using insulated copper wire, do not use aluminium wire for grounding (neutral) wire joints by welding, crimping a reliable electrical connection. (3) rubber cable core in the "black" or "green/Huang Shuang-color" line as the ground wire. 5, high voltage line protection: (1) in the vicinity of overhead power transmission line construction, erection of bamboo protection frame. (2) in the vicinity of high voltage cable erection Derrick (gantry), scaffolding outside power lines above the water, all safety nets (Booth). 6, handheld or mobile motor: switch box must have leakage protection devices, leakage current 30ma/0.1s, 15mA/0.1s wet job (includes the following equipment: vibration machine, polishing machine, ramming machines, submersible pumps, electric hand Planer, hand drills, grinders, cutters, ?超声雾化吸入法。 ?皮内注射。 ?肌肉注射。 ?静脉注射。 ?周围静脉输液。 ?鼻导管或鼻塞氧气吸入法。 ?医嘱处理。 ?常用检验样品的采集。 ?病人出入院护理。 ?大量不保留灌肠法及肛管排气法。 在老师指导下进行操作项目: ?输血。 ?女病员导尿术。 ?吸痰法。 ?临终病员护理。 ?书写护理入院录、护理记录单及计划护理单。 ?安全搬运病员法。 ?空气消毒 见习操作项目: ?洗胃法。 ?头皮静脉注射。 ?股静脉及颈外静脉注射。 ?动脉采血。 ?人工呼吸器的使用。 内科护理实习大纲 一、总目标 通过内科病房实习，进一步培养学生全心全意为人民服务的思想、能独立完成内科护理常用的技能操作，能收集资料对内科常见病人进行评估，归纳主要护理问题，确定护理目标，制定护理计划，进行整体护理。能对内科危重病人进行病情观察及护理，并能书写1,2份完整的护理个案。 二、具体目标 (一)态度目标 1、热爱护理专业，在护理病人中表现出认真热情的态度。 2、进病房主动向病人打招呼，各种操作前均应向病人解释目的，操作过程动作轻柔、态度和蔼。 3、尊重带教老师、尊重病人，认真倾听病人的陈述，与老师和病人充分合作。 4、具有严谨的工作作风，没有事故发生，一旦发生差错及时报告老师不隐瞒。 (二)知识目标 l、学生能结合临床实践，应用护理程序，对各系统主要疾病病人进行整体护理。 ?呼吸系统:慢支肺气肿、哮喘持续状态，支扩咯血、呼吸衰竭、肺炎及休克型肺炎、肺心病。 that balances the sensitivity associated with the following factors: (1) the long arm of the scale, higher sensitivity, and (2) the beam of the scale is heavier, lower sensitivity, (3) pivot and the shorter the distance between the center of gravity, high sensitivity. But the sensitivity of the balance are not only associated with these three factors, while carrying heavy loads and balance beam deformation, agate cutters of the fulcrum and the load point of the contact point (that is, agate and knife blades sharp and smooth). So, balance beam made of triangular-ovate, hollowed out in the Middle, triangular-the sensitivity adjustment screw located on the top of a vertical, set two zero point adjusting screw in the horizontal direction, Fulcrum Onyx blade slightly below contains key Onyx blade's "Alice beams" type, and balance beam made of aluminium alloys or titanium alloys light metal alloy. V-shaped, "Alice beams" in order to reduce the impact deformation, knock out heavy and light metal materials to relieve beam measures sensitivity adjustment screw is to use the height to adjust the quality of the nut itself d the length of the horizontal zero-point adjustment screw is the distance from the fulcrum nut quality adjustment nut to adjust the size of the moment change the zero point. Balance of sensitivity General to signs of grid number to measure, that sensitivity = grid/mg but in actually often with "sense volume" to said: sense volume = mg/grid electro-optic balance of sense volume General adjustable into 1mg/grid, and 0.1mg/grid, and 0.01mg/grid, will signs made transparent film, loaded in pointer Shang, then, through optical zoom 10 times"illumination", "welding". 3, electricity lines: (1) electric line, required for overhead installation of resilient rubber sheathed cable or plastic. Adopted at the lane or road protection pipe buried underground, set up signs, connectors must be overhead or located connector box. (2) rubber cable portable power tools, lead length not more than 5 m from the switch box, without joints. (3) use mobile power tools and lighting are soft rubber cord, do not use plastic resin line instead. (4) temporary wiring installations, use a rubber or plastic insulated wires must be knob cables set up, switch set. 4, grounding and zeroing device: (1) grounding electrode available angles, steel of not less than two, depth of not less than 2 m and not less than 2.5 metres in distance between two grounding, grounding resistance is less than 4 ohm. (2) ground (neutral) wires using insulated copper wire, do not use aluminium wire for grounding (neutral) wire joints by welding, crimping a reliable electrical connection. (3) rubber cable core in the "black" or "green/Huang Shuang-color" line as the ground wire. 5, high voltage line protection: (1) in the vicinity of overhead power transmission line construction, erection of bamboo protection frame. (2) in the vicinity of high voltage cable erection Derrick (gantry), scaffolding outside power lines above the water, all safety nets (Booth). 6, handheld or mobile motor: switch box must have leakage protection devices, leakage current 30ma/0.1s, 15mA/0.1s wet job (includes the following equipment: vibration machine, polishing machine, ramming machines, submersible pumps, electric hand Planer, hand drills, grinders, cutters, ?循环系统:慢性充血性心力衰竭、风温热、风心病、心肌梗塞、病毒性心肌炎、高血压病。 ?消化系统:消化性溃疡并发上消化道出血，肝硬化，急性胰腺炎，肝性脑病。 ?泌尿系统:肾盂肾炎、慢性肾炎、尿毒症。 ?内分泌系统:甲亢、糖尿病。 ?血液系统:再障、白血病。 2、能说明内科常用诊断检查的目的和正常值。 3、能叙述内科常用药物的剂量、用法、主要副作用及处理、用药注意点(氨茶碱、垂体后叶素、抗结核药、洋地黄、血管活性药物、激素、抗生素、化疗药物、止血药等)。 4、分析内科常见疾病病人的饮食护理要点。 5、概述医院内科病房的 管理制度 档案管理制度下载食品安全管理制度下载三类维修管理制度下载财务管理制度免费下载安全设施管理制度下载 。 (三)技能目标 1、能独立完成的操作项目: ?护理病史的采集和护理体检。 ?各种标本采集:三大常规、各种血标本、血气分析、痰标本、24小时尿液、中段尿培养等。 ?尿糖定性试验及胰岛素的应用。 ?心电图操作和正常心电图读图。 ?酒精湿化吸氧。 ?各种辅助检查的术前准备:胃肠钡餐造影、肝胆胰脾B超。 2、熟练地配合医生进行下列操作: ?各种穿刺的配合(胸穿、腹穿、骨穿、腰穿) ?三腔管临床应用配合。 3、观察项目: 中心监护、血液透析、腹膜透析、人工呼吸器。 急诊科实习大纲 一、总目标 经过急诊科实习后，学生能够: l、说出急诊工作的操作程序，并独立完成急诊室的一般常规工作。 2、表现出一般危重病人的急救处理能力和抢救配合能力。 3、在急诊工作期间体现出良好的心理素质，在护理过程中对病人表现出关心、爱护和尊重。 二、具体目标 (一)态度目标: l、对病人表现出高度的同情，责任心和救死扶伤的职业道德。 2、在独立进行用物准备和配合抢救的过程中表现出负责精神和忙而不乱的心理素质。 3、在向病人或家属说明操作原因或抢救措施时耐心和蔼。 4、表现出举止稳重、仪表端庄、谦虚好学、忠诚老实、尊师守纪的良好学习态度。 (二)知识目标: l、叙述急诊科的工作制度、布局特点、各班护士的职责和介绍急诊室的规章制度。 that balances the sensitivity associated with the following factors: (1) the long arm of the scale, higher sensitivity, and (2) the beam of the scale is heavier, lower sensitivity, (3) pivot and the shorter the distance between the center of gravity, high sensitivity. But the sensitivity of the balance are not only associated with these three factors, while carrying heavy loads and balance beam deformation, agate cutters of the fulcrum and the load point of the contact point (that is, agate and knife blades sharp and smooth). So, balance beam made of triangular-ovate, hollowed out in the Middle, triangular-the sensitivity adjustment screw located on the top of a vertical, set two zero point adjusting screw in the horizontal direction, Fulcrum Onyx blade slightly below contains key Onyx blade's "Alice beams" type, and balance beam made of aluminium alloys or titanium alloys light metal alloy. V-shaped, "Alice beams" in order to reduce the impact deformation, knock out heavy and light metal materials to relieve beam measures sensitivity adjustment screw is to use the height to adjust the quality of the nut itself d the length of the horizontal zero-point adjustment screw is the distance from the fulcrum nut quality adjustment nut to adjust the size of the moment change the zero point. Balance of sensitivity General to signs of grid number to measure, that sensitivity = grid/mg but in actually often with "sense volume" to said: sense volume = mg/grid electro-optic balance of sense volume General adjustable into 1mg/grid, and 0.1mg/grid, and 0.01mg/grid, will signs made transparent film, loaded in pointer Shang, then, through optical zoom 10 times"illumination", "welding". 3, electricity lines: (1) electric line, required for overhead installation of resilient rubber sheathed cable or plastic. Adopted at the lane or road protection pipe buried underground, set up signs, connectors must be overhead or located connector box. (2) rubber cable portable power tools, lead length not more than 5 m from the switch box, without joints. (3) use mobile power tools and lighting are soft rubber cord, do not use plastic resin line instead. (4) temporary wiring installations, use a rubber or plastic insulated wires must be knob cables set up, switch set. 4, grounding and zeroing device: (1) grounding electrode available angles, steel of not less than two, depth of not less than 2 m and not less than 2.5 metres in distance between two grounding, grounding resistance is less than 4 ohm. (2) ground (neutral) wires using insulated copper wire, do not use aluminium wire for grounding (neutral) wire joints by welding, crimping a reliable electrical connection. (3) rubber cable core in the "black" or "green/Huang Shuang-color" line as the ground wire. 5, high voltage line protection: (1) in the vicinity of overhead power transmission line construction, erection of bamboo protection frame. (2) in the vicinity of high voltage cable erection Derrick (gantry), scaffolding outside power lines above the water, all safety nets (Booth). 6, handheld or mobile motor: switch box must have leakage protection devices, leakage current 30ma/0.1s, 15mA/0.1s wet job (includes the following equipment: vibration machine, polishing machine, ramming machines, submersible pumps, electric hand Planer, hand drills, grinders, cutters, 2、能对急诊病人进行评估，做好预检，识别主要传染病。 3、能简述常见急症的处理原则，并归纳护理目标和措施: ?高热 ?创伤 ?急性中毒 ?昏迷 ?急腹症 ?支气管哮喘 ?上消化道出血 ?脑血管意外 ?心跳骤停 ?休克 (三)技能目标 1、能独立进行: ? T?A?T皮试及脱敏疗法。 ? 青霉素及普鲁卡因皮试。 2、有顺序地进行静脉输液工作。 3、在老师指导下仿做: ?洗胃法 ?止血 ?心肺复苏术。 4、在老师指导下对1,2例急诊病人按护理程序进行整体护理。 外科护理实习大纲 [病房及换药室] 一、总目标 通过外科病房及换药室的实习，理解外科手术患者的不同心理，能初步学会缓解疼痛和解除患者顾忌的方法，能正确地叙述外科常见疾病的护理知识，能说出不同伤口换药的要求，能独立完成外科护理操作，在老师指导下进行换药，拆线及浅表脓肿的切开引流操作，能对外科危重病人进行观察及护理，并能书写1,2份完整护理 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 。 二、具体目标 (一)态度目标: l、热爱护理事业，关心同情病人，能对不同病人进行手术前后的心理护理。 2、各种操作前均应向病人解释目的，操作过程无菌观念强、动作轻柔，在 操作后，妥善安置病人和处理用药。 (二)知识目标: 1、说出外科病房的规章制度及换药室的设备、消毒、灭菌方法、管理制度。 2、能正确地叙述外科常见病的临床表现，处理原则、术前术后护理。 ?常见软组织急性化脓性感染，烧伤病人的护理。 ?胸部损伤，甲状腺疾病、乳癌的护理。 ?腹部损伤、急性腹膜炎、急性阑尾炎、腹外疝的护理。 ?急性胆囊炎，胆石症、胆道蛔虫症的护理。肠梗阻、胃十二指肠急性穿孔 的护理。 ?肛瘘、痔、下肢静脉曲张，大肠癌的护理。 ?泌尿系损伤、尿石症、肾结石、前列腺增生症的护理。 (三)技能目标: l、能独立正确进行下列护理操作。 ?初期复苏。 ?胸腹带包扎法。 ?胸腔闭式引流护理。 ?“T”形管引流护理。 ?胃肠减压护理。 ?皮肤谁备。 ?能正确书写交班报告及口头交接班。 2、在带教老师指导下，进行下列护理: that balances the sensitivity associated with the following factors: (1) the long arm of the scale, higher sensitivity, and (2) the beam of the scale is heavier, lower sensitivity, (3) pivot and the shorter the distance between the center of gravity, high sensitivity. But the sensitivity of the balance are not only associated with these three factors, while carrying heavy loads and balance beam deformation, agate cutters of the fulcrum and the load point of the contact point (that is, agate and knife blades sharp and smooth). So, balance beam made of triangular-ovate, hollowed out in the Middle, triangular-the sensitivity adjustment screw located on the top of a vertical, set two zero point adjusting screw in the horizontal direction, Fulcrum Onyx blade slightly below contains key Onyx blade's "Alice beams" type, and balance beam made of aluminium alloys or titanium alloys light metal alloy. V-shaped, "Alice beams" in order to reduce the impact deformation, knock out heavy and light metal materials to relieve beam measures sensitivity adjustment screw is to use the height to adjust the quality of the nut itself d the length of the horizontal zero-point adjustment screw is the distance from the fulcrum nut quality adjustment nut to adjust the size of the moment change the zero point. Balance of sensitivity General to signs of grid number to measure, that sensitivity = grid/mg but in actually often with "sense volume" to said: sense volume = mg/grid electro-optic balance of sense volume General adjustable into 1mg/grid, and 0.1mg/grid, and 0.01mg/grid, will signs made transparent film, loaded in pointer Shang, then, through optical zoom 10 times"illumination", "welding". 3, electricity lines: (1) electric line, required for overhead installation of resilient rubber sheathed cable or plastic. Adopted at the lane or road protection pipe buried underground, set up signs, connectors must be overhead or located connector box. (2) rubber cable portable power tools, lead length not more than 5 m from the switch box, without joints. (3) use mobile power tools and lighting are soft rubber cord, do not use plastic resin line instead. (4) temporary wiring installations, use a rubber or plastic insulated wires must be knob cables set up, switch set. 4, grounding and zeroing device: (1) grounding electrode available angles, steel of not less than two, depth of not less than 2 m and not less than 2.5 metres in distance between two grounding, grounding resistance is less than 4 ohm. (2) ground (neutral) wires using insulated copper wire, do not use aluminium wire for grounding (neutral) wire joints by welding, crimping a reliable electrical connection. (3) rubber cable core in the "black" or "green/Huang Shuang-color" line as the ground wire. 5, high voltage line protection: (1) in the vicinity of overhead power transmission line construction, erection of bamboo protection frame. (2) in the vicinity of high voltage cable erection Derrick (gantry), scaffolding outside power lines above the water, all safety nets (Booth). 6, handheld or mobile motor: switch box must have leakage protection devices, leakage current 30ma/0.1s, 15mA/0.1s wet job (includes the following equipment: vibration machine, polishing machine, ramming machines, submersible pumps, electric hand Planer, hand drills, grinders, cutters, ?了解病人手术前后的心理反应，采取相应的心理护理措施。 ?对外科常见疾病提出护理诊断，实施整体护理。每名学生书写l,2份 完整的个案护理。 ?整理术前医嘱，做好术前常规护理。 ?能对手术后返回病房的病人进行即刻护理(了解手术情况与手术室护士 交班、搬运、测生命体征，安置正确的体位，按好导管、整理术后医嘱):观察 或处理术后不适，常见并发症及各病种特有的并发症。 ?对出院病人进行康复指导。 ?正确进行拆线换药的操作，并正确处理换药后的器械和物品。 3、见习以下护理项目，应根据各医院具体情况进行。 ?外科垂危病人的病情观察、护理、抢救时的配合及各项记录。 ?休克病人的抢救护理。 ?颅脑损伤的病情观察与护理。 ?胸部损伤的急救与护理。 ?食管癌手术前后护理。 ?呼吸、心跳骤停的急救。 ?泌尿外科各种引流导管的护理，以及膀胱冲洗护理。 ?石膏绷带固定、小夹板固定、牵引、截瘫病人的护理。 [手 术 室] 一、总目标 通过手术室实习，更进一步加强无菌概念，能说出手术室布局特点和设备要求，能完成简单手术中器械护士、巡回护理的职责，能说出常用的麻醉方法及协助麻醉的要求。 二、具体目标 (一)态度目标: 热情接待病人，态度和蔼，关心体贴病人，对待产妇要做好心理护理。工作认真，遵守手术室的规章制度，培养护士的良好素质。 (二)知识目标: l、说出手术室各项规章制度及手术室护士的工作职责。 2、叙述手术室的无菌原则，消毒与隔离及手术过程的无菌原则。 3、简述常用的麻醉方法，注意事项及麻醉后并发症的防治。 4、说出常用手术器械的名称、用途、各种器械、敷料及布类物品的清洁灭菌及保管方法。 (三)技能目标: l、能独立正确进行洗手、穿手术衣、戴无菌手套。 2、在老师指导下，安置各种手术体位、基本能按洗手护士、巡回护士的职责进行护理工作。其中能独立进行下列操作:铺器械台，正确传递器械，打手术包。 3、协助麻醉医师做好麻醉前准备及麻醉过程中的配合。 妇产科护理实习大纲 一、总目标 that balances the sensitivity associated with the following factors: (1) the long arm of the scale, higher sensitivity, and (2) the beam of the scale is heavier, lower sensitivity, (3) pivot and the shorter the distance between the center of gravity, high sensitivity. But the sensitivity of the balance are not only associated with these three factors, while carrying heavy loads and balance beam deformation, agate cutters of the fulcrum and the load point of the contact point (that is, agate and knife blades sharp and smooth). So, balance beam made of triangular-ovate, hollowed out in the Middle, triangular-the sensitivity adjustment screw located on the top of a vertical, set two zero point adjusting screw in the horizontal direction, Fulcrum Onyx blade slightly below contains key Onyx blade's "Alice beams" type, and balance beam made of aluminium alloys or titanium alloys light metal alloy. V-shaped, "Alice beams" in order to reduce the impact deformation, knock out heavy and light metal materials to relieve beam measures sensitivity adjustment screw is to use the height to adjust the quality of the nut itself d the length of the horizontal zero-point adjustment screw is the distance from the fulcrum nut quality adjustment nut to adjust the size of the moment change the zero point. Balance of sensitivity General to signs of grid number to measure, that sensitivity = grid/mg but in actually often with "sense volume" to said: sense volume = mg/grid electro-optic balance of sense volume General adjustable into 1mg/grid, and 0.1mg/grid, and 0.01mg/grid, will signs made transparent film, loaded in pointer Shang, then, through optical zoom 10 times"illumination", "welding". 3, electricity lines: (1) electric line, required for overhead installation of resilient rubber sheathed cable or plastic. Adopted at the lane or road protection pipe buried underground, set up signs, connectors must be overhead or located connector box. (2) rubber cable portable power tools, lead length not more than 5 m from the switch box, without joints. (3) use mobile power tools and lighting are soft rubber cord, do not use plastic resin line instead. (4) temporary wiring installations, use a rubber or plastic insulated wires must be knob cables set up, switch set. 4, grounding and zeroing device: (1) grounding electrode available angles, steel of not less than two, depth of not less than 2 m and not less than 2.5 metres in distance between two grounding, grounding resistance is less than 4 ohm. (2) ground (neutral) wires using insulated copper wire, do not use aluminium wire for grounding (neutral) wire joints by welding, crimping a reliable electrical connection. (3) rubber cable core in the "black" or "green/Huang Shuang-color" line as the ground wire. 5, high voltage line protection: (1) in the vicinity of overhead power transmission line construction, erection of bamboo protection frame. (2) in the vicinity of high voltage cable erection Derrick (gantry), scaffolding outside power lines above the water, all safety nets (Booth). 6, handheld or mobile motor: switch box must have leakage protection devices, leakage current 30ma/0.1s, 15mA/0.1s wet job (includes the following equipment: vibration machine, polishing machine, ramming machines, submersible pumps, electric hand Planer, hand drills, grinders, cutters, 通过妇产科的实习，能初步进行产前检查、初步学会正常分娩前后的护理，见习正常分娩。初步学会新生儿沐浴、喂奶、脐部护理、换尿布、预防接种。能进行计划主育的一般指导。 二、具体目标 (一)态度目标: 热情接待，态度和蔼，关心体贴病人，对待产妇要做好心理护理、生活护理。工作认真，遵守病房、产房及婴儿室的管理制度，培养护士的良好素质。 (二)知识及技能目标: [产妇科门诊]: 产科门诊: l、能进行腹部四步触诊的操作，并说出胎方位，简述骨盆外测量方法及正常值。 2、说出产前检查时间、内容，能进行产前记录单的填写。 3、能筛选出高危妊娠的病例，送高危门诊。 妇科门诊: l、说出妇产科门诊的常用外用消毒药和器械及器械的清洁和消毒方法。 2、能叙述妇科检查方法、步骤。体会正常子宫大小、质地。能鉴别正常与异常白带以及基本处理方法。能协助、配合医生进行妇科检查。 3、能做人流术、放环术、取环术的术前准备，为术后病人做卫生宣教，并说出人流、放环、取环的器械及主要适应症。 [病房] 1、简述分娩各产程的临床表现及护理要点。 2、简述产后观察的内容及产褥期的生理变化。 3、说出正常产褥期的子宫底高度及阴道出血量和性质。 4、说出产后宣教内容(如卧位、小便、饮食等)。 5、能进行会阴护理，说出常用的消毒液。 6、说出硫酸镁使用的注意事项及中毒后的急救。 7、学会会阴擦洗和冲洗。 8、说出妇科手术病人的术前和术后护理。 [母婴同室病房或婴儿室] 1、说出病室的温度及消毒方法。 2、说出母乳喂养的重要性，指导产妇正确的进行哺乳。 3、为新生儿做晨间护理(沐浴、脐部护理、换尿布、磅体重)，预防接 种。 4、进行乳房按摩及乳汁的收集(1,2例产妇)。 5、指导出院产妇继续母乳喂养。 [产房] 1、进行产前常规护理(做1例产妇)。 2、说出产房的常用外用液，缩宫剂应用，并陈述产包的内容及打包的顺 序。 3、能协助医生、助产护士完成接生及观察产程。 4、说出产后二小时观察的内容。 5、说出产后出血的原因及急救方法。 6、协助新生儿窒息的抢救。 that balances the sensitivity associated with the following factors: (1) the long arm of the scale, higher sensitivity, and (2) the beam of the scale is heavier, lower sensitivity, (3) pivot and the shorter the distance between the center of gravity, high sensitivity. But the sensitivity of the balance are not only associated with these three factors, while carrying heavy loads and balance beam deformation, agate cutters of the fulcrum and the load point of the contact point (that is, agate and knife blades sharp and smooth). So, balance beam made of triangular-ovate, hollowed out in the Middle, triangular-the sensitivity adjustment screw located on the top of a vertical, set two zero point adjusting screw in the horizontal direction, Fulcrum Onyx blade slightly below contains key Onyx blade's "Alice beams" type, and balance beam made of aluminium alloys or titanium alloys light metal alloy. V-shaped, "Alice beams" in order to reduce the impact deformation, knock out heavy and light metal materials to relieve beam measures sensitivity adjustment screw is to use the height to adjust the quality of the nut itself d the length of the horizontal zero-point adjustment screw is the distance from the fulcrum nut quality adjustment nut to adjust the size of the moment change the zero point. Balance of sensitivity General to signs of grid number to measure, that sensitivity = grid/mg but in actually often with "sense volume" to said: sense volume = mg/grid electro-optic balance of sense volume General adjustable into 1mg/grid, and 0.1mg/grid, and 0.01mg/grid, will signs made transparent film, loaded in pointer Shang, then, through optical zoom 10 times"illumination", "welding". 3, electricity lines: (1) electric line, required for overhead installation of resilient rubber sheathed cable or plastic. Adopted at the lane or road protection pipe buried underground, set up signs, connectors must be overhead or located connector box. (2) rubber cable portable power tools, lead length not more than 5 m from the switch box, without joints. (3) use mobile power tools and lighting are soft rubber cord, do not use plastic resin line instead. (4) temporary wiring installations, use a rubber or plastic insulated wires must be knob cables set up, switch set. 4, grounding and zeroing device: (1) grounding electrode available angles, steel of not less than two, depth of not less than 2 m and not less than 2.5 metres in distance between two grounding, grounding resistance is less than 4 ohm. (2) ground (neutral) wires using insulated copper wire, do not use aluminium wire for grounding (neutral) wire joints by welding, crimping a reliable electrical connection. (3) rubber cable core in the "black" or "green/Huang Shuang-color" line as the ground wire. 5, high voltage line protection: (1) in the vicinity of overhead power transmission line construction, erection of bamboo protection frame. (2) in the vicinity of high voltage cable erection Derrick (gantry), scaffolding outside power lines above the water, all safety nets (Booth). 6, handheld or mobile motor: switch box must have leakage protection devices, leakage current 30ma/0.1s, 15mA/0.1s wet job (includes the following equipment: vibration machine, polishing machine, ramming machines, submersible pumps, electric hand Planer, hand drills, grinders, cutters, 儿科护理实习大纲 一、总目标: 通过儿科实习，能初步与儿童进行沟通并说出儿科病区的布局特点。能进行 儿科常用的护理技能操作，能对儿科常见病进行观察和护理评估。 二、具体目标: (一)态度目标: l、能与不同年龄的患儿进行有效的沟通，取得家长的信赖、合作，并对家 长进行卫生宣教。 2、在护理过程中表现出对儿童的关心、尊重、爱护。 3、在提供护理时表现出儿科护士所必需的专业素质和职业道德。 (二)知识与技能目标: 第一周 l、亲切、热情接待病人，主动关心病人，与病儿进行沟通，解除其恐惧心 情。 2、叙述正规儿科病房的设置特点。 3、详述儿科的安全护理，并列出具体措施。 4、结合临床实际，详述儿科护理常规。 、叙述小儿体格发育的正常指标。 5 6、叙述小儿血象特点(二个交叉)。 7、叙述小儿不同年龄心率、呼吸、血压的正常值。 8、正确测量体温、脉搏、呼吸、血压。 第二周 l、能正确计算小儿常用药物的剂量:阿斯匹林、鲁米那、安乃近、安定、非那更、西地兰、毒K、氨茶碱。 2、掌握儿科常用药物的规格及换算。 3、能进行各种液体的配制(2?l液、3?2?l液、4?3?2液等)合理安排补液先后顺序及抗菌素应用的顺序。 4、根据不同的药物、病情掌握输液滴速。 5、正确进行小儿约束法，协助督促小儿喂药。 6、能独立进行肌肉注射，皮内、皮下注射。 7、能进行面罩吸氧。 第三周 、详细叙述急性心衰的诱发因素及临床表现。 l 2、掌握高热惊厥急性心衰的急救处理( 3、详细叙述合理喂养原则，婴幼儿腹泻的饮食指导: 4、叙述儿科常见疾病的临床表现，治疗原则，护理措施:支气管肺炎、婴幼儿腹泻、急性肾炎、肾病综合症、VD缺乏性佝偻病，缺铁性贫血。 第四周 l、在教师指导下，能独立进行静脉注射。 2、正确进行超声雾化吸入、微量输液的使用。 3、能熟练进行小儿口腔护理、皮肤护理、臀部护理、喂奶、吃药、换尿布操作，能进行蓝光治疗仪、保暖箱的操作。 4、能进行小儿吸痰、鼻饲法的操作。 that balances the sensitivity associated with the following factors: (1) the long arm of the scale, higher sensitivity, and (2) the beam of the scale is heavier, lower sensitivity, (3) pivot and the shorter the distance between the center of gravity, high sensitivity. But the sensitivity of the balance are not only associated with these three factors, while carrying heavy loads and balance beam deformation, agate cutters of the fulcrum and the load point of the contact point (that is, agate and knife blades sharp and smooth). So, balance beam made of triangular-ovate, hollowed out in the Middle, triangular-the sensitivity adjustment screw located on the top of a vertical, set two zero point adjusting screw in the horizontal direction, Fulcrum Onyx blade slightly below contains key Onyx blade's "Alice beams" type, and balance beam made of aluminium alloys or titanium alloys light metal alloy. V-shaped, "Alice beams" in order to reduce the impact deformation, knock out heavy and light metal materials to relieve beam measures sensitivity adjustment screw is to use the height to adjust the quality of the nut itself d the length of the horizontal zero-point adjustment screw is the distance from the fulcrum nut quality adjustment nut to adjust the size of the moment change the zero point. Balance of sensitivity General to signs of grid number to measure, that sensitivity = grid/mg but in actually often with "sense volume" to said: sense volume = mg/grid electro-optic balance of sense volume General adjustable into 1mg/grid, and 0.1mg/grid, and 0.01mg/grid, will signs made transparent film, loaded in pointer Shang, then, through optical zoom 10 times"illumination", "welding". 3, electricity lines: (1) electric line, required for overhead installation of resilient rubber sheathed cable or plastic. Adopted at the lane or road protection pipe buried underground, set up signs, connectors must be overhead or located connector box. (2) rubber cable portable power tools, lead length not more than 5 m from the switch box, without joints. (3) use mobile power tools and lighting are soft rubber cord, do not use plastic resin line instead. (4) temporary wiring installations, use a rubber or plastic insulated wires must be knob cables set up, switch set. 4, grounding and zeroing device: (1) grounding electrode available angles, steel of not less than two, depth of not less than 2 m and not less than 2.5 metres in distance between two grounding, grounding resistance is less than 4 ohm. (2) ground (neutral) wires using insulated copper wire, do not use aluminium wire for grounding (neutral) wire joints by welding, crimping a reliable electrical connection. (3) rubber cable core in the "black" or "green/Huang Shuang-color" line as the ground wire. 5, high voltage line protection: (1) in the vicinity of overhead power transmission line construction, erection of bamboo protection frame. (2) in the vicinity of high voltage cable erection Derrick (gantry), scaffolding outside power lines above the water, all safety nets (Booth). 6, handheld or mobile motor: switch box must have leakage protection devices, leakage current 30ma/0.1s, 15mA/0.1s wet job (includes the following equipment: vibration machine, polishing machine, ramming machines, submersible pumps, electric hand Planer, hand drills, grinders, cutters,