fortran产生随机数方法介绍

fortran产生随机数 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 介绍 fortran产生随机数方法介绍(附代码) 注意:现在计算机产生的随机数都是伪随机数。 1.0-1之间均匀分布的随机数 random_number(x) 产生一个0到1之间的随机数(x可以是向量)，但是每次总是那几个数。 用了random_seed ()后，系统根据日期和时间随机地提供种子，使得随机数更随机了。 program random implicit none real :: x call random_seed () ! 系统根据日期和时间随机地提供种子 call random_number (x) ! 每次的随机数就都不一样了 write(*,*) x stop end program random 2(产生1-100的随机整数 subroutine my_random(abound,ubound) integer::abound,ubound,len,random real::t len=ubound-abound call random_number(t) random=abound+floor(t*(len+1)) return end subroutine 2.任意区间均匀分布的随机数 function my_random (lbound,ubound) implicit none real :: lbound,ubound real :: len real :: my_random real :: t len=ubound-lbound !计算范围大小 call random_number(t) !t是0-1之间的随机数 my_random=lbound+len*t return end 注意:在循环外call random_seed() 3.产生一个随机数数组，只需加一个循环即可 function my_random (lbound,ubound) implicit none real :: lbound,ubound real :: len integer size real :: my_random(size) !size代表数组元素的个数 real :: t integer i len=ubound-lbound !计算范围大小 do i=1,10 call random_number(t) !t是0-1之间的随机数 my_random(i)=lbound+len*t !把t转换成lbound-ubound间的随机数 end do return end 注意:同理在循环外call random_seed() 4. 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 正态分布随机数/高斯分布随机数 (1)徐士良的那本程序集里介绍了正态分布随机数产生的原理，不过他的方法只能产 生较为简 单的随机数，随机数的质量并不高，特别是随机数的数目较多时。 (2)Box 和 Muller 在 1958 年给出了由均匀分布的随机变量生成正态分布的随机变量的算法。 设 U1, U2 是区间 (0, 1) 上均匀分布的随机变量，且相互独立。令 X1 = sqrt(-2*log(U1)) * cos(2*PI*U2); X2 = sqrt(-2*log(U1)) * sin(2*PI*U2); 那么 X1, X2 服从 N(0,1) 分布，且相互独立。等于说我们用两个独立的 U(0,1) 随机数得到了 两个独立的 N(0,1)随机数。 值得说明的是，该方法产生的随机数质量很高。嘻嘻，本人亲自验证过。 SAS和蒙特卡罗模拟_随机数 一、为什么选择SAS做蒙特卡罗模拟, 为什么要用SAS做蒙卡,首先，对我来说，我只会用SAS，而且打算用SAS完成我所有的工作。当然，其他一些通用的理由有(Fan, etc.,2002): 1. 蒙卡是个计算密集的活，而SAS Base、SAS Macro、SAS/IML强大而灵活 的编程能力能满足这一要求; 2. 做蒙卡时要用到大量的统计/数学技术，而SAS就内置了大量的统计/数 在 SAS/Stat和SAS/ETS);用Fortran或C++当然也是非常好的学函数( 主意，只是他们缺少内置的统计函数，代码就要冗长复杂很多。 二、什么是蒙卡,一个启发性例子 好，开始，什么是蒙卡,了解它背景知识的最好办法当然是 wiki-Monte_Carlo_method。蒙特卡罗是位于摩洛哥的一家赌场，二战时，美国Los Alamos国家实验室把它作为核裂变计算机模拟的代码名称。作为模拟方法，蒙卡以前就叫统计抽样(statistical sampling)，我们感兴趣的结果因为输入变量的不确定而不可知，但如果能依概率产生输入变量的样本，我们就可以估计到结果变量的分布。跟蒙卡对应的，还有一种模拟技术叫系统模拟，包括排队、库存等模型，这些模型都跟随时间推移而出现的事件序列有关。下面举个蒙卡的例子，来自Evans, etc.( 2001)的超级简化版。 假设一家企业，利润是其需求量的函数，需求是随机变量。为了简化讨论，假定利润就是需求的两倍。这里输入变量就是不可控的需求，结果变量就是我们感兴趣的利润。假设需求以相同的概率取10、20、30、40、50、60这六种情况。在这样的简化下，我们就可以投一枚均匀的骰子来产生需求的样本，如果点数为1，对应得需求就是10，点数为2，需求就是20，以下类推。这样，我们的模拟过程就是: 1. 投骰子; 2. 根据骰子的点数确定需求量; 3. 根据需求量，求利润。 掷10次骰子，假设我们的模拟结果如下: 重复次数 骰子点数 需求量 利润 1 5 50 100 2 3 30 60 3 3 30 60 4 6 60 120 5 1 10 20 6 3 30 60 7 4 40 40 8 5 50 100 9 2 20 20 10 5 50 50 这样通过模拟需求的样本，我们对结果利润的分布也就有所知晓，比如平均利润可以算出就是63。蒙卡一个重要的步骤就是生成随机数，这里我们是用投骰子来完成。 三、又一个例子:利用蒙特卡罗模拟方法求圆周率?(pi) 再举个很有名的例子，就是估计圆周率?的值，来自Ross(2006)。 这个试验的思路正好可以帮我们温习一下几何概型的概念。我们知 道概率的古典概型，就是把求概率的问题转化为计数:样本空间由 n个样本点组成，事件A由k个样本点组成，则事件A的概率就是 k/n。考虑到概率和面积在测度上具有某种共性，几何概型的基本想 法是把事件跟几何区域相对应，用面积来计算概率，其要点是: 1. 认为样本空间Ω是平面上的某个区域，其面积记为υ(Ω); 2. 向区域Ω随机投掷一点，该点落入Ω内任何部分区域内的 可能性只与这部分区域的面积成比例，而与这部分区域的位置和形状无 关; 3. 设事件A是Ω的某个区域，面积为υ(A)，则向区域Ω上随机投掷一 点，该点落在区域A的可能性称为事件A的概率，P(A)=υ(A)/υ(Ω)。 扯远了，回到用蒙卡估计圆周率?的实验思路。假设样本空间是一个边长为2面积为4的正方形，我们感兴趣的事件是正方形内的一个半径为1面积为?的圆，所以向正方形内随机投掷一点，落在圆里面的概率为?/4。实验的思路如下: 1. 1)生成随机数——生成n个均匀落在正方形内的点; 2. 2)对落在正方形内的n个点，数一数正好落在圆里面的点的个数，假设 为k(另外n-k个点就落在圆外面的正方形区域内)。 3. 3)k/n就可以大致认为是圆的面积与正方形的面积之比，另其等于?/4， 就可以求出圆周率?的估计值。 又，Forcode提供了利用电子表格Excel求解以上问题的详细过程，有兴趣可以看看。另外，这里也有一个详细的说明，用Mathematica实现。 四、随机数很重要(以及下期预告) 在第一个例子中，我强调了骰子要是均匀的。那里骰子就是我们的随机数生成器，骰子的均匀程度就是我们随机数的“随机”成分。在上面的10次试验中，投出了3次点数“3”和3次点数“5”，然后点数“1”、“2”、“4”、“6”各出现一次——因为只是重复了10次，这样我们对骰子的均匀程度不好评估，但如果重复无数次——假如是十万次，如果还出现类似比例的结果，那么就有理由怀疑这粒骰子的均匀程度了。如果骰子灌了铅，比如投出点数“6”的可能性从六分之一上升到6分之三，那么根据这粒骰子来做模拟，我们就有高估需求以及利润的危险。 下次就讲讲随机数的生成原理，当然结合SAS来讲，或者也会提一下Excel。 五、其他软件包 在商业领域，基于Excel的插件比较兴盛，比如Crystal Ball应用就较为普遍，有试用版可以下载。其他竞争产品有@Risk、Risk Solver等。现在据说Risk Simulator也开始兴盛起来，大有后来居上之势。他的开发者Johnathan Mun还在Wiley Finance系列有一本书，Modeling Risk: Applying Monte Carlo Simulation, Real Options Analysis, Forecasting, and Optimization Techniques。 S语言(R或者S-Plus)由于其面对对象的特性，加之丰富的内置函数和诸多用户提供的库，使得R或者S-Plus也是蒙卡研究的得力工具——或者比SAS更有前景。这个我不熟，略之。 Random Numbers 最简单、最基本、最重要的随机变量是在[0,1]上均匀分布的随机变量。一般地，我们把[0,1]上均匀分布随机变量的抽样值称为随机数，其他分布随机变量的抽样都是借助于随机数来实现的。以下谈的都是所谓“伪随机数”(Pseudo Random Numbers)。产生随机数，可以通过物理方法取得(很久很久以前，兰德公司就曾以随机脉冲源做信息源，利用电子旋转轮来产生随机数表)，但当今最为普遍的乃是在计算机上利用数学方法产生随机数。这种随机数根据特定的迭代 公式 小学单位换算公式大全免费下载公式下载行测公式大全下载excel公式下载逻辑回归公式下载 计算出来，初值确定后，序列就可以预测出来，所以不能算是真正的随机数(就成为“伪随机数”)。不过，在应用中，只要产生的伪随机数列能通过一系列统计检验，就可以把它们当成“真”随机数来用。 现在大多软件包内置的随机数产生程序，都是使用同余法(Congruential Random Numbers Generators)。“同余”是数论中的概念。 0.预备知识:同余 捡回小学一 年级 六年级体育公开课教案九年级家长会课件PPT下载六年级家长会PPT课件一年级上册汉语拼音练习题六年级上册道德与法治课件 的东西:"4/2=2"读作“4除以2等于2”，或者，“2除4等于2”。还有求模的符号mod(number,divisor)，其中，number是被除数(在上式中，为4)，divisor是除数(上式中的2)。这样的约定对SAS和Excel都通用，如mod(4,13)=4，mod(13,4)=1。 现在我们可以开讲“同余”了。设m是正整数，用m去除整数a、b，得到的余数相同，则称“a与b关于模m同余”。上面的定义可以读写成，对整数a、b和正整数m，若mod(a,m)=mod(b,m)，则称“a与b关于模m有相同的余数(同余)”，记做a?b(mod m)(这就是同余式)。举个例子，mod(13,4)=1，mod(1,4)=1，则读成13和1关于模4同余，记做13?1(mod 4)。当然，同余具有对称性，上式还可以写成1=13(mod 4)。 a?b(mod m)的一个充要条件是a=b+mt，t是整数，比如13=1+3*4。a=b+mt可以写成(a-b)/m=t，即m能整除(a-b)。 这些就够了。更多基础性的介绍，可以参考《同余(数据基础)》。1.乘同余法 同余法是一大类方法的统称，包括加同余法、乘同余法等。因为这些方法中的迭代公式都可以写成上面我们见过的同余式形式，故统称同余法。常用的就是下面的乘同余法(Multiplicative Congruential Generator.)。符号不好敲，做些约定，如R(i)就是R加一个下标i。 乘同余法随机数生成器的同余形式如下:R(i+1)=a*R(i) (mod m)。这个迭代式可以写成更直观的形式，R(i+1)=mod[a*R(i),m]，其中初值R(0)称为随机数种子。因为mod(x,m)总是等于0到m-1的一个整数，所以最后把R(i+1)这个随机序列都除以m，就可以得到在[0,1]上均匀分布的随机数。下面用电子表格演示一遍，假设随机数种子R(0)=1，a=4，m=13: A B C D E 1 i R(i) a*R(i) mod[a*R(i),m] mod[a*R(i),m]/m 2 0 1 =B2*4 =mod(C2,13) =D2/13 3 1 =D2 =B3*4 =mod(C3,13) =D3/13 4 2 =D3 =B4*4 =mod(C4,13) =D4/13 上面显示的是公式(Excel中，公式与计算结果的转换，用快捷键ctrl+~实现)，结果看起来是这样的，E列就是我们想要的在[0,1]上均匀分布的随机数: A B C D E 1 i R(i) a*R(i) mod[a*R(i),m] mod[a*R(i),m]/m 2 0 1 4 4 0.307692308 3 1 4 16 3 0.230769231 4 2 3 12 12 0.923076923 上表中，a*R(1)=16，R(2)=3，m=13，一个同余式就是R(2)=a*R(1) (mod m)，3=16(mod 13)，或者说，16-3能够被13整除——同余法就是这意思了。说“乘同余法”，要点在于a*R(i)是乘法形式。在SAS系统中，a=397,204,094，m = 2^31-1=2147483647(一个素数)，随机种子R(0)可以取1到m-1之间的任何整数。 2.伪随机数的检验 现在内置于各大软件包的随机数生成器都经过了彻底的检验，我们当然可以安心地使用这个黑箱。或则我们也可以多了解些。一个好的“伪”随机数列，应该看起来就跟从[0,1]上均匀分布的随机数列中随机抽取出来的一样。两个比较直观的检验有: 1. 均匀性检验——所有的数是否均匀地分布在[0,1]区间; 独立性(或不相关)检验——序列中的数不存在序列相关，每个数都跟2. 其前后出现的数独立无关。一个例子是如0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5， 这里每一个相继的数都正好比它前面的一个数大0.1，这样这个数列就 似乎有了某种“格局”。 具体的检验方法就略之了，更多请参见徐钟济(1985)。 3.生成其他概率分布的随机数 前面提到过，我们把[0,1]上均匀分布随机变量的抽样值称为随机数，其他分布随机变量的抽样都是借助于随机数来实现的。对其他连续型分布，(累积)分布函数为F(x)，r是在[0,1]上均匀分布的随机变量，另r=F(x)，解出的x就是该连续型分布的随机抽样。由于x可以写成r的反函数，该变换就称作“逆变换”(Inverse Transformation method)。对离散型分布，思路类似，不过繁琐 些，具体可以见徐钟济(1985)、Ross(2006)和Evans等(2001)。大多数相关软件包都会提供各种分布的随机数生成函数，知道有这回事就可以。最重要的，是我们陈述一类问题时，知道需要用哪种概率分布来描述Evans等(2001): 常用的连续分布 1. 均匀分布(Uniform Distribution)描述在某最小值和最大值之间所有结 果等可能的随机变量的特性。 2. 正态分布(Normal Distribution)是对称的，具有中位数等于均值的性 质，就是我们熟悉的钟形形状。各种类型的误差常常是正态分布的。最 后，作为中心极限定理的推论，大量具有任意分布的随机变量的平均数 也呈正态分布。 3. 三角形分布(Triangular Distribution)由三个参数来定义，最大值、最 小值和最可能值。临近最可能值的结果比那些位于端点的结果有更大的 出现机会。 4. 指数分布(Exponential Distribution)常用来构建在时间上随机重现的 事件的模型，如顾客到达服务系统的时间间隔、机器元件失效前的工作 时间等。它的主要性质是“无记忆性”(Memoryless) ，即当前时间对 未来结果没有影响。例如，不论机器原先已经运转了多长时间，它继续 运转直至出现故障的时间间隔总有同样的分布。 5. 对数正态分布(Lognormal Distribution):若随机变量x的自然对数是 正态的，则x就服从对数正态分布。对数正态分布的常见例子是股票价 格。 常用的离散分布 1. 贝努利分布(Bernoulli Distribution)描述的是只有两个以常数概率出 现的可能结果的随机变量的特性; 2. 二项分布(Binomial Distribution)给出每次试验成功概率为p的n次独 立重复贝努利实验的模型; 3. 泊松分布(Poisson Distribution)用于建立某种度量单位内发生次数的 模型的一种离散分布，如某时段内某事件发生的次数。 其他有用的分布如伽玛分布(Gamma Distribution)、威布尔分布(Weibull Distribution)、贝塔分布(Beta Distribution)略之。 4.下期预告 上次落了些东西。说到蒙卡与C++，在数量金融领域，不能不提的一本书就是Mark Joshi的C++ Design Patterns and Derivatives Pricing (Cambridge Uni. Press, 2004)，面试中一定要说自己读过的，这样人家以为你至少会用C++做一个蒙特卡罗模拟。这个系列只讲SAS，下次先讲如何用SAS生成随机数，然后就是具体的项目。 SAS随机数函数及CALL子程序 ******************************************************************** ****************************************************** 《SAS和蒙特卡罗模拟(1):开篇》——简介，通过例子建立起蒙卡的直观概念;参考软件包及书目 《SAS和蒙特卡罗模拟(2):随机数基础》——随机数入门;参考书目 ********************************************************************* ********************************************************************* ******** 一、SAS随机数函数和CALL子程序 SAS系统产生随机数，两种方式，利用SAS函数(Functions)或者CALL子程序(CALL Routines)，它们的语法格式是(具体的区别容后讨论): 方式 代码 说明 函数 var=name(seed,) var为存储随机数列的变量，name为特 定的分布函数形式，seed为随机数种子， 为特定分布要求的参数(可选) CALL子程序 call 同上,记得seed=0, ?1,?2, , ? name(seed,,var) (2**31-2) SAS可用的随机数函数列表如下(可以参见SAS Help and Documentation-SAS Products-Base SAS-SAS Language Dictionary-Functions and CALL Routines-Functions and CALL Routines by Category): 分布 SAS函数 说明 二项分布(Binomial) ranBin(seed,n,p) n为独立实验的次数， p为成功概率 指数分布ranExp(seed) (Exponential) 正态分布(Normal) ranNor(seed),or ranNor和normal是 normal(seed) 同质的，但normal没 有相对应的CALL子 程序 泊松分布(Poisson) ranPoi(seed,m) m为均值 均匀分布(Uniform) ranUni(seed),or ranUni和uniform是 uniform(seed) 同质的，但uniform 没有相对应的CALL 子程序 柯西分布(Cauchy) ranCau(seed) 伽玛分布(Gamma) ranGam(seed,a) a>0为形状参数 由分布律表格决定的ranTbl(seed,p1,p2,...pn) ?p=1 离散分布(tabled probability distribution) 三角分布ranTri(seed,h) h为斜边(最可能值) (Triangular) 上面的随机函数，除了normal和uniform，都可以由直接相应的CALL子程序调用。 二、SAS随机数函数和CALL子程序:比较 用SAS随机数函数同时创建的多个随机数变量其实都属于同一个随机数列。这话费解，一个例子先，创建两个随机数变量，各包含3个 记录 混凝土 养护记录下载土方回填监理旁站记录免费下载集备记录下载集备记录下载集备记录下载 ，其中x1的种子为123，x2的种子为456: data ranuni(drop=i); retain seed1 123 seed2 456; do i=1 to 3; x1=ranuni(seed1); x2=ranuni(seed2); output; end; run; proc print data=ranuni;run; 结果为: Obs seed1 seed2 x1 x2 1 123 456 0.75040 0.32091 2 123 456 0.17839 0.90603 3 123 456 0.35712 0.22111 好像没什么异样。我们把上面的x1增加为6个记录: data ranuni2(drop=i); retain seed1 123; do i=1 to 6; x1=ranuni(seed1); output; end; run; proc print data=ranuni2;run; 结果如下，把上下用红色标出的数字对照看一看: Obs seed1 x1 1 123 0.75040 2 123 0.32091 3 123 0.17839 4 123 0.90603 5 123 0.35712 6 123 0.22111 什么意思,在第一段代码中，x2的种子根本不起作用，把x2的记录安插到x1里，看起来就是用种子123产生的随机数列加长了而已。x2的第一个值并不是由种子456产生的，而是产生第一个x1后的下一个值，x1、x2其实属于同一个随机数列，尽管x2的种子被指定为456，而x1的被指定为123。现在就可以重复上面的一句话:用SAS随机数函数同时创建的多个随机数变量其实都属于同一个随机数列。 用CALL子程序就能够同时产生独立的随机数列。 data ranuni3(drop=i); retain seed3 123 seed4 456; do i=1 to 3; call ranuni(seed3,x3); call ranuni(seed4,x4); output; end; run; proc print data=ranuni3;run; 结果如下: Obs seed3 seed4 x3 x4 1 1611463328 736440516 0.75040 0.34293 2 689153326 774069794 0.32091 0.36045 3 383088854 686944750 0.17839 0.31988 以上x3就是x1。x1和x3的初始种子都是123，但x3那个结果显示的种子是当前种子值。要在SAS随机数函数语句中显示随机种子的当前值，可以由以下代码给出: data ranuni4(drop=i); retain seed1 123; do i=1 to 3; x1=ranuni(seed1); seed=x1*(2**31-1); output; end; run; proc print data=ranuni4; var seed1 seed x1; run; 结果如下，可以跟上面由CALL子程序得出的结果对照: Obs seed1 seed x1 1 123 1611463328 0.75040 2 123 689153326 0.32091 3 123 383088854 0.17839 ---------参考资料--------- 1. Xitao Fan, etc..Monte Carlo Studies: A Guide for Quantitative Researchers. SAS Institute Inc.,2002 2. 朱世武《SAS编程技术与金融数据处理》，北京:清华大学出版社，2003 Matlab(mathworks.com) 随机数生成方法: 第一种方法是用 random 语句，其一般形式为 y = random('分布的英文名',A1,A2,A3,m,n)， 表示生成 m 行 n 列的 m × n 个参数为 ( A1 , A2 , A3 ) 的该分布的随机数。例如: (1) R = random('Normal',0,1,2,4): 生成期望为 0,标准差为 1 的(2 行 4 列)2× 4 个正态随机数 (2) R = random('Poisson',1:6,1,6): 依次生成参数为 1 到 6 的(1 行 6 列)6 个 Poisson 随机数 第二种方法是针对特殊的分布的语句: 一( 几何分布随机数 (下面的 P，m 都可以是矩阵) R = geornd(P) (生成参数为 P 的几何随机数) R = geornd(P,m) (生成参数为 P 的 × m 个几何随机数) , R = geornd(P,m,n) (生成参数为 P 的 m 行 n 列的 m × n 个几何随机数) 例如 (1) R = geornd(1./ 2.^(1:6)) ( 生成参数依次为 1/2,1/2^2,到 1/2^6 的 6 个几何随机数) (2) R = geornd(0.01,[1 5]) (生成参数为 0.01 的(,行,列)5 个几何随机数). 二(Beta 分布随机数 R = betarnd(A,B) (生成参数为 A,B 的 Beta 随机数) R = betarnd(A,B,m) (生成 × m 个数为 A,B 的 Beta 随机数) , R = betarnd(A,B,m,n) (生成 m 行 n 列的 m × n 个数为 A,B 的 Beta 随机数). 三(正态随机数 R = normrnd(MU，SIGMA) (生成均值为 MU，标准差为 SIGMA 的正态随机数) R = normrnd(MU，SIGMA,m) (生成 × m 个正态随机数) , R = normrnd(MU，SIGMA,m,n) (生成 m 行 n 列的 m × n 个正态随机数) 例如 (1) R = normrnd(0,1,[1 5]) 生成 5 个正态(0,1) 随机数 (2) R = normrnd([1 2 3;4 5 6],0.1,2,3) 生成期望依次为[1,2,3;4,5,6], 方差为 0.1 的 2× 3 个正态 随机数( 四(二项随机数:类似地有 R = binornd(N,P) R = binornd(N,P,m) R = binornd(N,p,m,n) 例如 n = 10:10:60; r1 = binornd(n,1./n) 或 r2 = binornd(n,1./n,[1 6]) (都生成参数分别为 1 1 ), L, ( 60, ) 的,个二项随机数( (10, 10 60 五(自由度为 V 的 χ 2 随机数: R = chi2rnd(V) R = chi2rnd(V R = chi2rnd(V ,m) ,m,n) 六(期望为 MU 的指数随机数(即 Exp 随机数): 1 MU R = exprnd(MU) R = exprnd(MU,m) R = exprnd(MU,m,n) 七(自由度为 V1， V2 的 F 分布随机数: R = frnd(V1，V2) R = frnd(V1， V2,m) R = frnd(V1，V2,m,n) 八( Γ ( A, λ ) 随机数: R = gamrnd(A,lambda) R = gamrnd(A,lambda,m) R = gamrnd(A,lambda,m,n) 九(超几何分布随机数: R = hygernd(N,K,M) R = hygernd(N,K,M,m) R = hygernd(N,K,M,m,n) 十(对数正态分布随机数 R = lognrnd(MU，SIGMA) R = lognrnd(MU，SIGMA,m) R = lognrnd(MU，SIGMA,m,n) 十一(负二项随机数: R = nbinrnd(r,p) R = nbinrnd(r,p,m) R = nbinrnd(r,p,m,n) 十二(Poisson 随机数: R = poissrnd(lambda) R = poissrnd(lambda,m) R = poissrnd(lambda,m,n) 例如，以下 3 种表达有相同的含义:lambda = 2; R = poissrnd(lambda,1,10) (或 R = poissrnd(lambda,[1 10]) 或 R = poissrnd(lambda(ones(1,10))) 十三(Rayleigh 随机数: R = raylrnd(B) R = raylrnd(B,m) R = raylrnd(B,m,n) 十四(V 个自由度的 t 分布的随机数: R = trnd(V) R = trnd(V,m) R = trnd(V,m,n) 42 十五(离散的均匀随机数: R = unidrnd(N) R = unidrnd(N,m) R = unidrnd(N,m,n) 十六([A,B] 上均匀随机数 R = unifrnd(A,B) R = unifrnd(A,B,m) R = unifrnd(A,B,m,n) 例如 unifrnd(0,1:6)与 unifrnd(0,1:6,[1 6]) 都依次生成[0,1] 到[0,6]的,个均匀随机数(: 十七(Weibull 随机数 R = weibrnd(A,B) R = weibrnd(A,B,m) R = weibrnd(A,B,m,n) (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.