GPG Climate Change Strategy-Draft for comments - ：GPG的气候变化战略征求意见稿—

GPG Climate Change Strategy-Draft for comments - ：GPG的气候变化战略征求意见稿— Gauteng Climate Change Response Strategy and Action Plan Updated 28 September 2012 FOREWORD It is an honour to present the Gauteng Climate Change Response Strategy (GCCRS) and Action Plan. The South African government ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in August 1997 and acceded to the Kyoto Protocol in July 2002. South Africa is currently finalizing the White Paper on the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS). The GCCRS and Action Plan has been aligned to the NCCRS in terms of mitigation and adaptation focus areas and the Green Strategic Programme for Gauteng. The GCCRS and Action Plan also takes its lead from the Gauteng provincial policies and strategies, namely, the Gauteng Employment Growth and Development Strategy (GEGDS), the Gauteng Integrated Energy Strategy (GIES) and relevant provincial and municipal policies and strategies. Gauteng province is the economic hub of South Africa and hence a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It is therefore important that the province contributes to the reduction of GHG emissions and also adapts to the effects of climate change. Since addressing climate change is one of the platforms that contributes to sustainable development, the development of the GCCRS and Action Plan has adopted a two-pronged approach. Firstly, the proposed mitigation interventions are designed to ameliorate the concentration of GHG emissions into the atmosphere. Secondly, the implementation of mitigation measures will require adaptation actions that integrate climate change responses with socio-economic development. The GCCRS and Action Plan has developed practical actions that address sustainable energy supply, transportation, industrial and agricultural activities, and urban development and infrastructure that build on the economic gains and development trajectory in Gauteng province. The implementation of climate change interventions also introduces opportunities to augment our research and education capacity and develop new ideas for socio-economic development. This is the basis for Gauteng to become a globally competitive city-region as outlined in the Vision 2055. In conclusion, I would like to extend my appreciation to the Head of Department, Ms. Simangele Sekgobela and the GDARD staff for the successful completion of this strategy. A special thanks goes to the project team at the University of Johannesburg for the assistance in developing the strategy. …………………………………….. Ms. Nandi Mayathula-Khoza MEC: Gauteng Department of Agriculture & Rural Development (GDARD) Page | 1 CONTENTS Foreword 1 Contents 2 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 3 Executive Summary 4 1. Introduction 7 2. Governance 9 2.1 Strategic Leadership 9 2.2 Financial Mechanisms 10 2.3 Regulatory Reform 11 3. Strategic Focus and Approach 12 4. Gauteng Climate Change Mitigation Strategy and Action Plan 14 4.1 Industry, Commerce and Mining 15 4.2 Transport 23 4.3 Energy supply 30 4.4 Residential and public buildings 36 4.5 Waste Management 47 4.6 Agriculture, Natural Resources and Other land-uses 50 4 Gauteng Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan 55 5.1 Water 55 5.2 Agriculture and food security 58 5.3 Urban Development and Infrastructure 59 5.4 Natural Resources and Biodiversity 62 5.5 Health 64 5.6 Disaster Risk Management 65 6. Cross Cutting Issues 68 6.1 Governance 68 6.2 Research 70 6.3 Public Awareness, Education and Training 72 6.4 Monitoring and Evaluation 74 7. Way Forward 78 Acknowledgements 79 Page | 2 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ARC - Agricultural Research Council CDM - Clean Development Mechanism CIDB - Construction Industry Development Board CNG - Compressed Natural Gas CSIR - Council for Science and Industrial Research DBSA - Development Bank of Southern Africa DEA - Department of Environmental Affairs DEFRA - (United Kingdom) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs DM - District Municipality DiMP - Disaster Mitigation for Sustainable Livelihoods Programme (UCT) DoH - Department of Health DoT - Department of Transport DST - Department of Science and Technology Dti - Department of Trade and Industry DWA - Department of Water Affairs EnerKey - Energy as a Key element for Climate Protection FEDHASA - Federated Hospitality Association of South Africa FET - Further Education and Training (College) GCCRS - Gauteng Climate Change Response Strategy GCRO - Gauteng City Region Observatory GDARD - Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development GDED - Gauteng Department of Economic Development GDF - Gauteng Department of Finance GDID - Gauteng Department of Infrastructure Development GDLG&H - Gauteng Department of Local Government and Housing GDP - Gross Domestic Product GDR&T - Gauteng Department of Roads and Transport GEDA - Gauteng Economic Development Agency GHG - Greenhouse Gas GIES - Gauteng Integrated Energy Strategy GIS - Geographic Information System HOD - Head of Department HSRC - Human Sciences Research Council IDC - Industrial Development Corporation LFG - Land Fill Gas MEC - Member of the Executive Committee MOE - Municipal Owned Enterprise MRC - Medical Research Council MTEF - Medium Term Expenditure Framework M&V - Monitoring and Verification NCCRS - National Climate Change Response Strategy NCPC - National Clean Production Centre NYDA - National Youth Development Agency PPP - Public-Private Partnership PASASA - Paraffin Safety Association of Southern Africa R&D - Research and Development SA - South Africa SABS - South African Bureau of Standards SANS - South African National Standards SAPOA - South African Property Owners Association SAWS - South African Weather Services SESSA - Sustainable Energy Society of South Africa SeTAR - Sustainable energy Technology and Research (Centre) SME - Small and Medium Enterprises SWH - Solar Water Heaters UCT - University of Cape Town UJ - University of Johannesburg Wits - University of Witwatersrand Page | 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In response to the threats posed by climate change and as mandated by the Gauteng Provincial Government (GPG), the Department of Agriculture & Rural Development has developed the Gauteng Climate Change Response Strategy (GCCRS) and Action Plan. The strategy addresses the problem of climate change in two ways. Firstly, Gauteng acknowledges that human activities have contributed a great deal in the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere, and that climate change is already evident through the change of weather patterns over the years. This calls for a need to reduce the amount of GHGs released into the atmosphere, through mitigation actions. Gauteng province is the economic hub of South Africa and the economy is based on fossil-fuel energy sources and it is vulnerable to the impacts of climate variability and change. Climate change poses a risk of undermining the sustainable development initiatives in South Africa and Gauteng Province. Secondly, the need to adapt to the impacts of climate change by means of assessing the vulnerability of the Gauteng Province to climate change and subsequently developing adaptation actions is now universally recognised. This is in view of the fact that GHGs have long lifetimes in the atmosphere and their accumulated impacts on local environment require an appropriate response. The Gauteng Climate Change Response Strategy (GCCRS) and Action Plan takes its lead from the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) (DEA, 2011) and the mitigation and adaptation focus areas are adopted and adapted from the NCCRS. The GCCRS and Action Plan has incorporated various long-term planning and development frameworks and policies, that is, the Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF) for 2009-2014, New Growth Path (dti, 2011), the National Strategy for Sustainable Development and Action Plan 2011-2014 (DEA, 2011) and other national policies. There were several stakeholder workshops that were convened to identify the intervention areas for the GCCRS and Action Plan. The GCCRS and Action Plan further builds on commitments in various policies and strategies developed by the GPG to date, such as, the Gauteng Employment, Growth and Development Strategy (GDED, 2011), the Gauteng Integrated Energy Strategy (GDLG&H, 2010), and relevant provincial and municipal documents. The GCCRS and Action Plan has aligned to the Green Strategic Programme for Gauteng (GDED, 2011), which is recognized as the over-arching document that will guide, coordinate and prioritise the shift to a green economy in Gauteng. The Green Strategic Programme for Gauteng covers 9 sectors, that is, air quality, climate change, economic development, energy, food security, land use, transport, water and sanitation and waste. Since climate change is cross-cutting, the response interventions address energy, transport, and waste in terms of mitigation. On adaptation, climate change response is addressing water, food security, spatial planning and land-use, and natural resource and biodiversity management. The GCCRS mitigation and adaptation actions promote development activities to move towards a low carbon (green) economy. Climate change response is one of the areas that contribute to overall sustainable development. In this regard, climate change response requires strong political commitments and administrative actions to effect the bold decisions that will be necessary to implement both mitigation and adaptation interventions that are founded in research and development (R&D). Climate change is an inter-disciplinary and cross-cutting issue, which requires multi-disciplinary action from all stakeholders – national government, provincial departments, municipalities, industry, civil society, the education and training sector and research organizations - in order to achieve results. A high level coordinating committee composed of Heads of Departments (HoDs) of Gauteng Departments of Economic Development, Agriculture and Rural Development, Local Government and Housing, Roads and Transport, and Infrastructure Development has been established. A green economy programme management office (PMO) that acts as the secretariat has been established in the Department of Economic Development. Municipalities will play a key role in implementing the green economy. It is important that municipal 5-year Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) for the 2011-2016 term have to prioritise commitments towards the green economy and climate protection. Financial resources are imperative in order to achieve the desired results of the green economy programme and climate change response. The GCCRS and Action Plan has focussed on climate change responses that have strong contributions to either mitigation or adaptation, as distinct from implementation of plans that are part of “business-as-usual” sustainable development imperatives. The result has been selective prioritisation of directly implementable actions, with emphasis on those leading to significant greenhouse gas reductions. Accordingly, many strongly valued interventions introduced at the various stakeholder workshops that are of a more developmental nature will not be found among the listed priorities. The GCCRS actions include research on climate change, to ensure that the scientific knowledge of this phenomenon is well developed and understood, and that appropriate interventions are implemented. The mitigation actions follow the information requirements that are outlined in the Greenhouse gas inventory for South Africa: 2000 (DEA, 2009) and the results from the EnerKey research programme at the University of Johannesburg which focuses on energy and climate protection for Gauteng province. The proposed adaptation interventions are to ensure the protection of society and ecosystems against the unavoidable impacts of climate change that are already taking place. Climate change mitigation and adaptation interventions need to be addressed in the context of the political, economic and social realities of Gauteng and South Africa. The following provides a summary of the interventions in the GCCRS and Action Plan. Mitigation interventions: Page | 4 Economic sector Intervention Industry, commerce and , Energy efficiency mining , Cleaner production initiatives Transport , Compressed natural gas (CNG) fuel for vehicles , Mass transit system (buses and rail) development , Inter-provincial railway services for people and goods Energy supply , Renewable energy, e.g. solar (for electricity), biofuel-to- energy (for vehicle fuel) Residential and Public , Energy efficiency in all buildings Buildings , Clean and safe domestic energy appliances for low- income households Waste Management , Reduction, Recycling and Reuse of waste material Agriculture, Natural Resources , Agricultural practices that reduce methane emissions and Other land uses , Protection of biodiversity Adaptation interventions: Economic sector Intervention Water , Efficient and secure water demand management Agriculture and food security , Climate resilient agriculture and agro-processing in Gauteng , Food gardens in residential areas for subsistence consumption Urban development and , Enforce land-use planning and spatial development infrastructure , Densification of housing development Natural resources and , Conservation of natural resources and biodiversity areas biodiversity , Conservation corridors Related adaptation areas: Issue Action Health , Monitor human health risk and vulnerability from climate change Disaster management , Disaster risk planning and reduction Cross-cutting issues: Issue Action Governance , Inter-organizational and governance cooperation Monitoring and evaluation , Develop a Gauteng GHG inventory structure and monitor emissions , Conduct energy modelling and monitoring for Gauteng Public Awareness, Education , Public awareness campaigns on climate change and Training , Establish an energy science and demonstration centre , Gauteng Climate Protection website (GDARD) , Incorporate climate change as a subject in school and tertiary education curriculum Research and Development , Partnerships between provincial and municipal government (R&D) and research organizations to conduct on-going research in climate change and interventions To begin the process of implementing green economy and climate protection activities, the following actions have been identified. These actions are to be implemented by provincial and/or municipal government in sectors that it has the captive market and it is important that government leads by example. This is in line with the R300 billion infrastructure development programme that national government wants to implement to push-start further economic development in South Africa. These are: , Residential buildings: construction of energy efficient low-cost housing that is furnished with basic equipment for cooking and heating. The government is currently implementing a massive programme of low-cost housing construction which are not energy efficient (GDLG&H and municipalities). , Energy efficiency in public buildings, street lighting and public areas: installation of energy efficiency equipment in all provincial and municipal buildings and facilities (GDID and municipalities). , Biowaste-to-energy for transport vehicles: Utilise biogenic gases from Gauteng waste landfill sites and waste water treatment plants for fuel for public sector motor vehicles. The long-term objective is waste management in Gauteng, where untreated waste will not be disposed in landfills. Waste streams deposited into managed landfills in South Africa (and Gauteng) comprise waste from households, commercial businesses, institutions, industry and from clearing of gardens and park (GDARD, GDR&T, GDED and municipalities). Page | 5 , Develop a Gauteng GHG inventory structure: a harmonized framework for the GHG emission inventory that complies with international guidelines and national policies (GDARD). , Establish Conservation Corridors (GDARD and municipalities). The above-mentioned interventions present opportunities for the creation of new manufacturing industries and SMEs, and requisite service sectors. Page | 6 1. Introduction South Africa ratified the UNFCCC in August 1997 and acceded to the Kyoto Protocol in July 2002. The UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty produced at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) (or “Earth Summit”), held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The objective of the treaty is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The parties to the convention have met annually in Conferences of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change. South Africa acknowledges that addressing climate change issues is an integral part of achieving sustainable development (Figure 1). Figure 1: GCCRS and Action Plan links to international, regional and national commitments on climate change (Source: R Taviv, GDARD, 2011). In response to the threats posed by climate change and as mandated by the Gauteng Provincial Government (GPG), the Department of Agriculture & Rural Development has developed the Gauteng Climate Change Response Strategy (GCCRS) and Action Plan. The strategy addresses the problem of climate change in two ways. Firstly, Gauteng acknowledges that human activities have contributed a great deal in the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere, and that climate change is already evident through the change of weather patterns over the years. This calls for a need to reduce the amount of GHGs released into the atmosphere, through mitigation actions. Gauteng province is the economic hub of South Africa and the province is a major contributor and victim of global climate change given that it has a fossil-fuel based energy-intensive economy and is also highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate variability and change. Hence, climate change poses a risk of undermining the sustainable development initiatives in Gauteng and South Africa. Progress in managing GHG emissions has been slow (Figure 2). Figure 2: LTMS for South Africa: National GHG emissions peak, plateau and decline targets (DEA, 2011) Gauteng has set targets for reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions (Table 1). Page | 7 Table 1: Interim Gauteng Minimum Targets Action 2014 2025 2055 Overall provincial energy efficiency against business as usual 7% 15% scenario – Electricity Electricity and other fuels 8% 18% Transport energy efficiency 7% 15% Residential energy efficiency – Electricity 13% 37% Other 8% 17% Industry energy efficiency – Electricity 10% 15% Other 8% 15% Commercial energy efficiency – Electricity 13% 25% Government energy efficiency – Electricity 13% 25% Renewable energy consumption (electricity only) 7% 16% 47% 13% 27% 49% Carbon dioxide (CO?) emissions reduction (against business as usual scenario) Carbon dioxide emissions reduction required to meet LTMS 13% 27% 73% Renewable energy generation required to achieve LTMS carbon 7% 16% 83% reductions Electrification targets (proclaimed stands) 100% Efficient water heaters installations: Mid-hi income 20% 95% Low income (solar water heaters) 20% 50% 80% Free Basic Alternative Energy Access in informal households 20% 80% Source: GIES, 2010 Secondly, the need to adapt to the impacts of climate change, by means of assessing the vulnerability of the Gauteng Province to climate change and subsequently developing adaptation actions is now universally recognised. This is in view of the fact that GHGs have long lifetimes in the atmosphere and their accumulated impacts on local environment require an appropriate response. Developing the GCCRS and Action Plan was an iterative process emanating from the following: , The Gauteng Climate Change Response Status Quo Report, encompassing the following: a desktop research study; the EnerKey Climate Protection (Mitigation) Workshops, held 2 and 3 November 2010 (organized by EnerKey Research Programme of UJ-University of Stuttgart); the Gauteng Climate Change Adaptation Workshop, held 27 January 2011 (organized by GDARD and UJ) , The Gauteng Province Consultation Workshop on the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) Green Paper, held 4 February 2011 (organized by DEA) , The Gauteng Department of Economic Development (GDED) Green Strategic Programme – Local and Provincial Government Workshops, held 17 February 2011 and 20 May 2011 (organized by GDED and GCRO) , The Gauteng Climate Change Response Indaba, held 15 March 2011 (organized by GDARD and UJ) , Communications and interactions with various personnel from the Gauteng provincial and municipal governments and other stakeholders, inter alia, PMC and PSC meetings , Internal UJ climate change response project team workshops/meetings. The GCCRS and Action Plan has adopted and adapted the mitigation and adaptation focus areas the NCCRS (DEA, 2011). Climate change response is one of the areas that contribute to overall sustainable development. In this regard, climate change response requires strong political commitments and administrative actions to effect the bold decisions that will be necessary to implement both mitigation and adaptation interventions that are founded in research and development (R&D). Some of the proposed interventions already exist in current strategies and plans and these require regulation, implementation, monitoring. The GCCRS Action Plan outlined herein addresses key actions that need to be implemented for climate change mitigation and adaptation. The plan requires support through an appropriate investment plan, research, and periodic monitoring and reporting to ensure that progress is being achieved and challenges are addressed accordingly. Page | 8 2. Governance 2.1 Strategic Leadership GDARD is the provincial department that has the mandate for the administration and coordinating the natural environment as per Section 24 and Schedules 4 and 5 of the South African Constitution (Act 108 of 1996), that is, environment, agriculture, nature conservation (excluding national parks and national botanical gardens), pollution control, soil conservation, animal control and diseases, abattoirs and veterinary services (excluding regulation of the profession). As climate change is a natural occurring phenomenon, GDARD has the responsibility of monitoring, coordinating and promoting awareness on the risks of climate change through coordinating with other provincial departments, municipalities and civil society. Climate change is an inter-disciplinary and cross-cutting issue, which will require multi-disciplinary action from all stakeholders – national government, provincial departments, municipalities, industry, civil society, the education and training sector, and research organizations - in order to achieve an optimally beneficial outcome. The provincial departments and municipalities and other stakeholders in Gauteng have a direct and indirect responsibility to implement climate change response actions. Climate change response will require strong political commitments, financial investments and administrative actions to effect the bold decisions that will be necessary. Human and financial resources are necessary to achieve the desired outcome of climate change response. Green economy development and climate protection are closely interlinked. The Green Strategic Programme for Gauteng (GDED, 2011) has been developed to consolidate all the actions that must be undertaken in the province. An interdepartmental coordinating committee has been established and comprises the Heads of Departments (HoDs) (Figure 3). A green economy technical committee has been established comprising of the Green Economy Programme Management Office (PMO) (Figure 4) that has 5 key focus areas: energy office (regulatory); clean development mechanism office; strategy and regulatory office; projects management office; and resource mobilization office. The PMO is the secretariat of the interdepartmental coordinating committee. As climate change response interventions will take place in the municipal space, it is recommended that the mayors of the municipalities adhere to the principle of the Gauteng City Region (GCR) which they established in 2006. A city region facilitates close collaboration amongst municipalities on strategic issues. The targets of a City Region include improved cooperation and alignment in transport infrastructure, sustainable human settlements, environmental management, tourism promotion, and safety and security. •GEPMO custodian •Leads development of green technologies sector•identifying and initialising economic opportunities•Lead resource mobilisation drive •drives municipal role players ito alignment•leads implementation of energy mix •leads drive to implement green building standards and standardization of green by-laws •Leads climate change mitigation and environmental sector, •leads promotion and implementation of sustainable development practices •Leads implementation of required green infrastructure•Leads implementation of energy efficiency programmes for GPG buildings and social housing •leads implementation of required transport infrastructure configurations•leads implementation of sustainable mobility programmes Figure 3: Gauteng interdepartmental coordination for implementing the Green Economy (Source: GDED, 2011) Page | 9 Figure 4: Green Economy Programme Management Office (Source: GDED, 2011) 2.2 Financial Mechanisms Climate change response requires finance for research, education and skills development, communication and awareness-building, technology development and deployment, and scaled implementation. This also entails identifying a new financial regime that incentivizes climate change response and green economy development. The following identifies and proposes some possible funding mechanisms for climate change response. This is not an exhaustive list and some of the concepts require further investigation: a. Municipal revenue sources Municipal governments generate a large share of revenue from the sale of electricity, that is, they buy from Eskom and on-sell to municipal communities. This revenue contributes to the provision of municipal services. It is recommended that the Gauteng provincial government together with the National Treasury, begin to investigate the „decoupling? of revenue generation from coal-powered electricity consumption as part of climate change response and green economy development and identify other sources of revenue generation. b. Green bonds Institutions that finance residential housing and/or other types of developments, e.g. offices and office parks, industrial parks, will need to incorporate climate change response into bond applications. This will entail collaboration between government and financial institutions. New buildings should incorporate energy saving measures to firstly, qualify for a bond, and secondly, there should be an incentive applied. There should be an incentive to retrofit existing buildings. The EnerKey Research Project of the University of Johannesburg has developed the EnerKey Advisor Tool which evaluates energy use in existing buildings. It is recommended that this tool is introduced in all buildings and facilities and certificates, e.g. the EnerKey Performance Certificate, can be awarded to guide selection of appropriate remedial measures. The green bonds should consider not only low carbon issues, but sustainability measures. Other incentives can be applied to water demand management, e.g. on-site recycling, rainwater harvesting, and so on. c. Increase subsidy for low-income housing to include electricity from renewables The current subsidy for low-income housing development should incorporate the SANS 204 standards, as well as providing basic energy equipment, e.g. SWH, solar panels, water harvesting equipment. Free Basic Electricity grants for low income households use fossil-fuel electricity and are unsustainable in the long-term. If free basic alternative electricity is provided as an investment in renewable technology equipment in a subsidised house, it can be installed at the equivalent cost of the Free Basic Electricity grant with longer lasting benefits and savings. Introducing renewable energy technology in the development of low income houses will create economies of scale and result in the reduction of prices due to increased demand. d. Increased budget for air pollution and GHG emissions monitoring GDARD and municipalities should collaborate in conducting GHG inventories and measure air pollution and GHG emissions in the province. The gathering and collating of this information should follow the IPCC guidelines outlined in the Greenhouse gas inventory for South Africa: 2000 (DEA, 2009). e. Other financial mechanisms Financial mechanisms that are currently being considered for implementation or are already being implemented are: , REFIT/REBID - undergoing a review of its regulations - Progress? , Carbon Tax – A carbon tax is being prepared to price carbon dioxide emissions so that the external costs resulting from such emissions start to be incorporated into production costs and consumer prices. This will create incentives for changes in behaviour and encourage the uptake of cleaner-energy technologies, energy-efficiency measures, and research and development of low-carbon options. The proposed carbon tax will include: Page | 10 o Phased approach to the implementation of the carbon tax where the first phase of the carbon tax is likely to be effective from late 2014 to 2019 followed by Phase 2 extending from 2020 to 2025 during which the tax free thresholds will be reduced. Follow up phases will be explored at a later stage. o Percentage tax free thresholds based on actual emissions, below which the tax will not be payable. o Additional relief for process emissions (due to technical or structural limitations for emissions reduction in certain sectors. o Due consideration will be given to the risk of carbon leakage and competitiveness concerns. Additional relief will be provided for emissions intensive and trade intensive sectors. o Due to practical difficulties, emissions from the agricultural and waste sectors will be exempted during the first phase. This complete exemption will be reviewed during the second phase. o Offsets could be used by firms to reduce their carbon tax liability up to a limit; variable offset limits are proposed based on the mitigation potential of the sector. o During the first phase, a carbon tax starting at R120.00 per tonne of CO increasing by 10 percent per annum. 2e (Source: National Treasury, 2012 Budget Review). , Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) - Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is an instrument that allows UNFCCC Annex 1 Parties to invest in projects that reduce GHG emissions and contribute to sustainable development in Non-Annex 1 countries. These projects are geared to reduce GHG emissions and generate credits called Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs). South Africa benefitted negligibly from CDM projects. As of April 2011, there were only twenty projects approved. The slow uptake of CDM projects in South Africa is attributed to a number of barriers - technological, financial, institutional, legislative and lack of skills (i.e. in terms of CDM developers). There are opportunities for CDM project development in industrial energy efficiency, green buildings, renewable energy and waste management projects. There are uncertainties of whether the CDM process will continue to issue new contracts after the Kyoto Protocols expire at the end of 2012 in the absence of any new protocol by the IPCC. f. Organizations providing funding There are also a number of agencies both locally and internationally that provide funding for climate change response and project implementation. The following should be considered: , Some national government departments such as DEA, DWA, DST, DoE , Some international agencies are European Union, DEFRA, GEF, UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank , Development banks/institutions, e.g. DBSA, IDC , Private sector banks and „venture capital? organizations. g. Increase research funding It has been noted that climate change science is still evolving and hence, there should be an increase in research funding to Universities and research organizations. Furthermore, implementing agencies should have a budget line for “research” that allows the application and refinement of the research. 2.3 Regulatory Reform Climate change response and green economy development will necessitate regulatory reform and development of new standards. These are articulated in the various actions of mitigation and adaptation response in the GCCRS and Action Plan document. Page | 11 3. Strategic Focus and Approach The Gauteng Climate Change Response Strategy (GCCRS) and Action Plan takes its lead from the National Climate Change Response Strategy (DEA, 2011) and its mitigation and adaptation focus areas are adopted and adapted from the NCCRS. The GCCRS and Action Plan has incorporated various long-term planning and development frameworks and policies, that is, the Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF) for 2009-2014, New Growth Path (dti, 2011), the National Strategy for Sustainable Development and Action Plan 2011-2014 (DEA, 2011) and other national policies. The GCCRS and Action Plan further builds on commitments in various policies and strategies developed by the GPG to date, such as, the Gauteng Employment, Growth and Development Strategy (GDED, 2011), the Gauteng Integrated Energy Strategy (GIES) (GDLG&H, 2010), and relevant provincial and municipal documents. The GCCRS and Action Plan has aligned to the Green Strategic Programme for Gauteng (GDED, 2011), which is recognized as the over-arching document that will guide, coordinate and prioritise the shift to a green economy in Gauteng. The Green Strategic Programme for Gauteng covers 9 sectors, that is, air quality, climate change, economic development, energy, food security, land use, transport, water and sanitation and waste. South Africa and Gauteng?s development trajectory is founded on sustainable development principles (Figure 5). Climate change is one of several platforms that support sustainable development. Due to the complex interconnectivity and interdependency of climate change risks and impacts on various sectors, it is acknowledged that climate change mitigation and adaptation response in low- to middle-income countries such as South Africa will be based on the local sustainable development framework that incorporates political, social and economic issues, rather than just specific environmental measures (Laukkonen et al., 2009). The GCCRS and Action Plan recognizes the need to prioritise climate change responses distinct from implementation of plans that are part of “business-as-usual” sustainable development imperatives. The projected risk areas are: high GHG emissions; increasing temperatures; increasing evaporation rates; variable rainy rain season to include autumn and winter; and more frequent extreme weather events and floods; and these have strong contributions to either mitigation or adaptation. The focus on climate change, per se, is to ensure that this developing phenomenon is adequately researched and understood in the evolving science and knowledge systems, so that proper interventions are implemented to address the impacts and other multiplier effects. Climate change mitigation and adaptation interventions have to be addressed in the context of the political economic and social realities of Gauteng and South Africa. Figure 5: GCCRS Framework (Source: Adapted from Green Economy Strategy for Gauteng [GEGDS, 2011] and R Taviv (GDARD, 2011]) The proposed mitigation interventions are bounded by the need to measure and to ameliorate the concentration of GHG in the atmosphere, and their impact on climate. Climate change mitigation response will require adaptive measures with regard to economic activities and human behaviour. In developing countries, climate change by itself will not be a primary motivator for adaptation action. Within the framework of addressing basic needs and livelihoods, there is need for innovative thinking and adopting measures that address and integrate climate change responses with socio-economic development. For example, defective housing development (informal settlements) and use of defective energy appliances will continue if housing development is not keeping pace with population growth and the rising number of people in the low income group; or that economic growth is not keeping pace with the increasing labour market so that people can buy houses in zoned areas. The overall aim of climate change response is to contribute to the multi-lateral international action to limit average global temperature increase to below 2?. To achieve this, Gauteng and South Africa should aim to leapfrog from energy intensive and extractive economy to a sustainable low carbon economy. The identified climate change response interventions should be mainstreamed in the provincial departmental plans and municipal Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) (i.e. annual and five-year strategic plans). Page | 12 The proposed actions for the mitigation and adaptation interventions are structured as follows. For each section, the broad objectives of the sector in a climate change context are given, followed by a table of actions for each sector. For each action, the tables detail what is to be achieved; why it is needed as a mitigation or adaptation measure; how the actions are to be achieved, and finally the agents/organizations who will implement various actions. The climate change response interventions have been categorized as follows: Number of No. Category Description Abbreviation actions per category – to be finalized 1. Regulatory Reform RR 2. Resource Mobilisation RM 3. Research and Development R&D 4. Capacity Building CB 5. Public Awareness and Education PA+Ed 6. Partnership Building and Collaboration PB+C 7. Data Collection, Research, and Monitoring & D+R+M&E Evaluation 8. Infrastructure Development, Roll-out and Upgrade Inf D 9. Socio-economic and Market Interventions SE+M Int Source: Adopted from the Green Strategic Programme for Gauteng (GDED, 2011). The measures selected are presented as positive actions that will make significant contributions to greenhouse gas mitigations. Many ideas and possibilities were proposed and discussed during various stakeholder engagements and the actions contained herein have been prioritised from the list of contributions. Actions which are desirable for a range of other developmental or social reasons but have low GHG mitigation potential have been assigned a lower priority in favour of actions that directly address climate protection. Page | 13 4. Gauteng Climate Change Mitigation Strategy and Action Plan The inventory of energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions for Gauteng (Figure 6) provides a starting point for prioritising greenhouse gas mitigation measures. This inventory was based primarily on energy-related emissions. A further inventory of emissions from non-energy sources needs to be developed and compiled. The non-energy mitigation interventions - and these fall within the mandate of GDARD - are in industrial processes and product use , waste management, agriculture and natural resources and land-use, and actions are proposed herein to address these. The following mitigation interventions have been identified to “push-start” a coordinated and scaled process of climate change mitigation in the short- to medium-term in Gauteng. It is recommended that GDARD will take the lead and collaborate with GDLG&H, GDR&T, GDID, GDR&T and municipalities in monitoring air pollution and GHG emissions reduction, and setting the standards, methodology and reporting. Figure 6: A regional energy and CO2 emission balance for Gauteng for the year 2007. (Source: Tomaschek et al., 2011) 4.1 Industry, Commerce and Mining Objectives , Promote and monitor the implementation of mitigation and energy efficiency interventions in the industrial, commercial and mining sectors. 1, Monitor air pollution and GHG emissions reduction targets from industrial, commercial and mining sectors as stipulated in the GIES (2010): 13% CO? reduction by 2014; 27% CO? reduction by 2025 and 49% CO? reduction by 2050; and GDARD has to set targets for non- energy GHG emissions. Overview 2According to the EnerKey Research Programme, industrial sectors in Gauteng consume 48.7% of electricity and emit 53.7% of CO?, whilst commercial sectors in Gauteng consume 9% respectively and emit 12.6% of carbon dioxide (CO?) (Year 2007) respectively (Tomaschek et al., 2011). Emissions from mining activities and manufacturing processes – process emissions in the manufacturing of mineral products, metal production and cement – comprising CO?, nitrous oxide, methane and perfluorocarbons have not been captured and this is an area for further investigation. 1 Ref. GIES (2010) – These carbon targets are derived using LEAP from the efficiency and renewable energy targets. 2 The EnerKey Research Programme is a collaborative applied research programme between the University of Johannesburg and Stuttgart University (Germany) in energy development and climate protection in Gauteng. Page | 15 34.1.1 Energy efficiency retrofitting of industrial, commercial and mining operations What? Why? How? Category Role of Government: Implement energy efficiency Gauteng is the economic and industrial measures in existing and future powerhouse of South Africa. Existing , Promote and regulate the conducting of RR industrial, commercial and mining industry and commercial buildings regular energy audits in the industrial, operations and buildings through represent a large investment and need to commercial and mining sectors to monitor monitoring, regulation, incentives be upgraded to modern energy efficiency and verify energy use, e.g. use the EnerKey and technology demonstration. standards if the overall provincial energy Advisor Tool and building Green Star demand and GHG emissions are to be Identify and acknowledge already certification. curtailed. implemented energy efficiency , Conduct periodic province-wide energy D+R+M&E projects. Retrofitting in this sector will create audits to verify whether GIES (2010) targets economic activity within the green are being met. economic sector. , Promote and incentivise cleaner production InF D technologies in manufacturing industries. , Promote and regulate new building standards RR that require all buildings (existing and new) to incorporate energy efficiency measures. , Create a Gauteng Energy Information PA+Ed, Centre as knowledge clearing house for InF D commerce, industry and communities. Role of industry, commerce & mining: , Commission routine energy audits. D+R+M&E , Retrofit insulation and solar shielding of InF D buildings. 3 It should be acknowledged that some industrial, commercial and mining companies have taken the lead in retrofitting or are in the process of retrofitting their operations and this can serve as case studies for lessons learnt and best practices. Page | 16 34.1.1 Energy efficiency retrofitting of industrial, commercial and mining operations What? Why? How? Category , Retrofit to enhance use of daylight. , Procure energy efficient office equipment, e.g. computers, photocopiers. , Implement cleaner production technologies. Who? – GDARD; Gauteng Energy Office; GDED; municipalities; industrial, commercial and mining companies; Eskom; electricity MOEs; SANEDI; dti; NCPC; NHBRC; Universities; SESSA. 4.1.2 Combined heat and power promotion What? Why? How? Category Combined Heat and Power CHP systems offer considerable , Create a regulatory framework that will facilitate the implementation of cogeneration (CHP), also known as environmental benefits when compared to RR plants. cogeneration, is a traditionally purchased electricity and onsite- simultaneous production of generated thermal energy. CHP is a form of , Cooperate with NERSA to create regulations RR electricity and heat from a distributed generation in which less fuel is of trading CHP-generated electricity into the single fuel source such as combusted. By capturing and utilising heat national grid. natural coal, gas or biogas. that is normally wasted, it offers a number of environmental and economic benefits: CHP systems can achieve , Provide financial incentives to promote InF D system energy efficiencies of , Overall reduced emissions of all air installation of cogeneration plants. up to 80% if both heat and pollutants electrical power are required in , Reduced GHG emissions an industrial operation. , Reduced grid congestion and avoided distribution losses Promote, incentivise and , Increased reliability and power quality create regulatory frameworks Page | 17 4.1.2 Combined heat and power promotion What? Why? How? Category for increased installation of , Survey the potential and create a database , Lower energy costs. R&D CHP plants in Gauteng or cogeneration opportunities across the industries. Gauteng industrial sector. Who? – GDARD; NERSA; GDED; GEDA; Gauteng Energy Office; Electricity MOEs; industrial, commercial and mining companies; Eskom; SANEDI. 4.1.3 Energy efficient lighting What? Why? How? Category Role of government: Enhance use of day-lighting Day-lighting avoids the use of electricity or where appropriate. other fossil fuel lighting. , Regulate and promote implementation of Retrofit energy efficient lighting Older commercial and industrial building new building standards that require all RR technologies. stock was not designed with energy cost of buildings to incorporate energy efficiency lighting as a design criterion. lighting, and regulate phasing out of older Implement smart controls to inefficient technologies. automate light use. Energy efficient lighting technologies produce the same functional service for lower overall , Promote establishment of energy efficient SE+M Int Incentivise setting up of local GHG emissions and environmental cost. lighting manufacturing industries as a production facilities for energy contribution to the green economy. efficient lighting products. Positive actions are required to phase out old technologies that are cheaper to purchase, , Implement energy efficient lighting and smart InF D Phase out inefficient lighting but have higher lifetime monetary and energy controls in all government owned or rented technologies. costs. properties. , Finance and install automated lighting control devices in offices, corridors and public spaces of all government buildings and institutions (administrative buildings, Page | 18 4.1.3 Energy efficient lighting What? Why? How? Category hospitals, clinics, schools and universities). , Provide information and demonstration PA+Ed exhibits through the Gauteng Energy Information Centre. Role of industry, commerce and mining: , Install energy efficient lighting technologies in InF D interior and public spaces, including street lighting. , Install automated lighting control devices in offices, corridors and public spaces. , Install smart metering devices to measure energy consumption. , Renovate building facades to capture natural lighting from the sun. , Design, manufacture and market innovative SE+M Int energy efficient lighting and smart control products. , Implement user information campaigns to PA+Ed modify user behaviour of manually controlled lighting and appliances. Who? – Who? – GDARD; GDED; GEDA; Gauteng Energy Office; Electricity MOES; industrial, commercial and mining companies; Eskom; SANEDI (Working for Energy programme). Page | 19 4.1.4 Energy efficient transformers and motors What? Why? How? Category Role of government: Check and correct power factor Electric motors use and transformer losses on all large three phase represent a large fraction of the electricity , Set standards and regulations for RR electrical supplies. consumption in the industry and commerce implementing energy efficient electric (including air conditioning machinery, lifts Retrofit energy efficient and transformers and electric motors for the etc.). appropriately sized following: transformers and motors when Improved designs for optimized energy use o New installations or of equipment renewing or upgrading have placed energy efficient motors and packages that contain electric motors; machinery. transformers on the market. Innovative smart o Major modifications to existing facilities or technologies can be used to optimise motor, Conduct audits of technologies processes transformer and uninterruptible power supply and energy consumption of , Offer tax incentives for replacing old SE+M Int performance. existing stock of electric motors. inefficient transformers and electric motors Switching to energy efficient and Install automated power factor with new efficient ones. appropriately sized motors can save South optimisation control equipment. , GDARD collaborates with NCPC, Gauteng InF D, Africa significant electricity consumption and Phase in medium voltage drives Innovation Centre and SANEDI and provide consequent reduction of CO emissions. PB+C, 2for heavy and high power information and demonstration calculations, Industry and commerce can benefit through PA+Ed applications. through the Gauteng Energy Centre to improvement of quality of energy supply and Provide information and support appropriate replacement of inefficient life-cycle reduction of costs. demonstration calculations technologies and motivate for more through the Gauteng Energy expensive new technologies on a life-cycle Information Centre on energy benefit basis. efficient transformer and electric Role of industry, commerce and mining: motor applications. , Audit stock of age, technology and energy D+R+M&E Create and distribute a consumption of existing transformers and template to calculate whether motors to identify opportunities for energy replacing existing electric optimisation. motors is justified on a (remaining) life cycle cost Page | 20 4.1.4 Energy efficient transformers and motors What? Why? How? Category basis. , Evaluate the life-cycle economic benefits of D+R+M&E replacing over- or under-sized motors, or motors requiring rewinding. , Take advantage of government subsidies SE+M Int and rebates to upgrade inefficient equipment. Who? – GDARD; GDED; GEDA; Gauteng Energy Office; Electricity MOEs; industrial, commercial and mining companies; Eskom; SANEDI (Working for Energy programme); dti. 4.1.5 Smart energy controls What? Why? How? Category Role of government: Introduce or enhance smart Smart energy controls use digital technology energy controls at several to manage integrated systems such as , Promote research and development in smart R&D levels: buildings, equipment and appliances. Smart grid technology development. energy controls are designed to include , Commercial buildings – air , Promote and regulate the adoption and RR, various functions, inter alia: load adjustments; conditioning, office decentralization of power generation; mitigate adaptation of smart grid technologies. machinery, lifts, water PA+Ed natural or man-made disruptions; and price pumping and heating, , Promote and regulate the establishment of RR, signalling in real-time. lighting, mechanical shading, requisite manufacturing industries. SE+M Int security access and The introduction of smart energy controls on systems. an urban scale will require the development of , Provide information and demonstration PA+Ed a “smart grid” – this entails overlaying the , Industrial operations, exhibits of smart energy controls through the existing electrical grid with a digital electricity including manufacturing Gauteng Energy Information Centre/Gauteng information network. machinery, material flow Innovation Centre. control and distribution The use of smart energy controls allows , Implement smart energy controls in InF D logistics. optimal use of energy and of infrastructure. government owned or rented buildings. These efficiencies result in overall increased , Power optimization and time benefit to green house gas emissions ratios, of use load control. Page | 21 4.1.5 Smart energy controls What? Why? How? Category thus promoting economic efficiency and , Power phase adjustment , Install smart metering devices and public InF D climate protection. and optimization. display consoles to monitor energy consumption. , Integration of bulk supply with stand-by and emergency generation Role of commerce and industry: capacity. , Install smart metering devices for time-InF D , Control of UPS control of air conditioning, lighting and (uninterruptible power switchable building systems and supplies) and essential components. functions, and non-critical loads. , Install smart energy controls for load InF D , City-wide smart control of adjustments and phase optimization, within and between building clusters. bulk and distributed energy supply. , Cooperate with city government and utilities PB+C , Dynamic optimisation of in planning time of use management of urban transportation flow. power schemes. , Dynamic optimisation of city , Allow integration into city-wide smart energy InF D utilities (power, bulk water control systems of building control, backup and sewage pumping). and emergency energy supply equipment. , Set up local manufacturing, import, SE+M Int installation and servicing of smart energy control enterprises. Who? – GDARD; GDED; GEDA; Gauteng Energy Office; Electricity MOEs; municipalities; ICT industries; industrial, commercial and mining companies; Eskom; dti; DST; Universities; CSIR. Page | 22 4.1.6 Cleaner production processes in industries What? Why? How? Category Introduce and promote cleaner Cleaner production processes result in , GDARD to liaise with NCPC and identify 3 PB+C, production processes in the optimised resource use, waste minimization companies in industry, commerce and mining InF D manufacture of cement, and ultimately reduction of GHG emissions. in Gauteng to implement cleaner production initiatives. chemical products and metal production in Gauteng. , Develop regulations for cleaner production RR support. , Roll-out and support identified initiatives. InF D Who? – GDARD; NCPC; Universities; industry associations and respective companies. 44.2 Transport Objectives , Monitor GHG and pollutant emissions from all modes of vehicular transport. , Promote, regulate and monitor implementation of energy efficiency interventions in the transport sector. Overview The transport sector is the second highest consumer of energy in Gauteng, responsible for 268 PJ or 33% of energy use (i.e. liquid fuels), while emitting 16 million tonnes or 17% of the total CO? emissions equivalent (Year 2007) (Tomaschek et al., 2011). 4 GDR&T is developing a Green Transport Strategy for Gauteng. The actions proposed herein will need to be eventually assessed and aligned with the Gauteng Green Transport Strategy. Page | 23 4.2.1 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) alternative fuel What? Why? How? Category , Switch public sector vehicles CNG use in automobiles reduces GHG , Construct CNG filling stations at strategic InF D (waste collection, public emissions compared to use of petroleum locations within metro areas transport, city service fuels. , Specify CNG powered vehicles for all new RR, vehicles and ambulances) to CNG reduces local pollution emissions. acquisitions of public sector vehicles SE+M Int CNG. Compressed natural gas (CNG) use in cars, , Promote private sector CNG supply chains SE+M Int taxis and buses is now common globally as through PPP. there is proven technology. , Convert existing public sector vehicles to SE+M Int The government can lead by example by CNG engines when engine replacements are using this green fuel. required. Who? - GDR&T; Provincial departments; Municipalities and MOEs; GP Energy office (GDLG&H); GDARD; Energy (liquid fuels) industry; Transport industry, including manufacturers. 4.2.2 Expand public transport What? Why? How? Category Expand and improve existing Expanding public transport modes and , Conduct a public transport assessment using R&D public transport modes and facilities and ensuring that they are safe and GIS analysis and transport optimization facilities in Gauteng (intra-town efficient is necessary to encourage a shift models to improve, locate and develop public and inter-town). These include from private vehicles. transport facilities in relation to residential, the extension of the Bus Rapid work, shopping and recreational areas. Public transport can reduce GHG emissions Transit (BRT) system (known due to the reduced number of vehicles on the , Provide concise and precise information on RR as Rea Vaya in City of roads and the inherent efficiencies of bulk routes, timetables and tariffs for integrated Johannesburg) to other transport compared to single occupancy transportation. municipalities; the Gautrain; private cars. metro rail system; urban bus Providing public transport to areas that are systems; and the mini-bus taxi Page | 24 4.2.2 Expand public transport What? Why? How? Category industry. currently not serviced will reduce dependence , Ensure public safety for commuters. PA+Ed on private cars for essential journeys. Who? - GDR&T; GDLG&H and Municipalities; GDARD; Universities; CSIR; HSRC; public transport operators; the commuting public. 4.2.3 Integration of Gauteng public transport What? Why? How? Category The public transport system in The development and introduction of an , Create inter-nodal coordination committees PB+C, Gauteng comprises buses, efficient public transport system requires to devise systems for integrating public R&D taxis trains and car-taxis. integration, coordination and regulation in transport systems. These different modes of order to enhance its attractiveness, efficiency , Introduce regulations to promote and allow RR transport operate and effectiveness. Such an integrated public intermodal and inter-city transport independently from one transport system can have multiplier effects coordination. another as there is no inter-among them: reduced costs of public modal feeder system that will transport systems due to higher utilization , Introduce regulations and financial systems RR allow the smooth transition factors; improved urban air quality; increased for the integration of public transport system between the different modes of productivity through reduction of time spent in with intermodal feeder system and better public transport. traffic; reduction in vehicle accidents; transport economy involving trains, buses reduction in vehicle GHG emissions. and taxis. Integrate the Gautrain, metrorail, metrobus, mini-bus Page | 25 4.2.3 Integration of Gauteng public transport What? Why? How? Category taxis and car-taxis. Introduce , Conduct the physical planning to optimise R&D, unified ticketing system to intermodal transportation systems to ensure InF D allow inter-modal transfers. minimization of total cost, energy use and GHG emissions in Gauteng metropolitan and Provide affordable and safe parking areas to promote Park district municipalities. & Ride as an adjunct to public transportation. Who? - GDR&T; GDLG&H and Municipalities; GDARD; Universities; CSIR; HSRC; Public transport operators (Metrobus, Metro-rail, Taxi associations). 4.2.4 Restrict inner city and town vehicle access What? Why? How? Category Restrict vehicle access to inner The restriction of private vehicles into the , Re-design roads to ensure no or limited R&D, city areas on certain days. inner city centers by prohibition or tariffs will vehicle access into the inner city. RR, compel behavioural change to public Introduce tolls for vehicle InF D transport. access to inner city areas. , Increase inner city parking fees. RR There is need to control traffic flow into the Create Park & Ride car parks inner city to reduce congestion and gridlock; , Restrict the construction of vehicle parking RR and transport into the city for environmental benefits such as reduction areas in the inner city. centre to encourage use of of GHG and vehicle emissions public transport. , Design and construct pedestrian R&D, thoroughfares in the inner-city. InF D , Allow only public transport and service RR, vehicles to select precincts of the inner city. InF D , Implement a permit system for private RR vehicles to access only certain areas of the inner city. Page | 26 4.2.4 Restrict inner city and town vehicle access What? Why? How? Category , Introduce fully secure Park & Ride facilities RR, on the fringes of the inner city areas and in InF D, feeder suburbs. SE+M Int PB+C Who? - GDR&T; GDLG&H and Municipalities; GDARD; CSIR; Universities; HSRC; public transport operators; property developers; SAPS and Metro Police 4.2.5 Design for public mobility What? Why? How? Category An integrated public transport The current road network rehabilitation and , Regulate and implement further preferential RR, system, across the expansion programme in Gauteng is designed bus and taxi lanes in municipalities, such as InF D municipalities that facilitates for and encouraging continued and increasing the Rea Vaya bus lanes. mobility of all citizens. private vehicle use which will result in the increase of GHG. The design of mobility , Create financial policies allowing for RR, infrastructure has been Adapting to climate change will place integrated regional transportation ticketing InF D rebalanced to reflect the needs restrictions on use of carbon based fuels. across municipal boundaries and allowing for of the majority of users, rather Public mobility needs to be planned for such a mode switching between various modes than the needs of the lower carbon future, with less reliance on (trains, buses). motorized minority. private vehicles as the major urban transport modality. Infrastructure is in place in , Promote the uptake of public transport PA+Ed, residential and commercial The development of roads and highways is systems though increasing frequency, InF D, spaces that facilities safe and leading to a loss of the natural habitat within reliability and safety of existing public PB+C convenient non-motorised Gauteng and natural resources act as carbon transport networks. mobility (pedestrians and sinks. , Establish pedestrian thoroughfares, RR, cycling). especially in inner-city areas, and restrict InF D vehicular access to allow only public transport. Page | 27 4.2.5 Design for public mobility What? Why? How? Category , Promote and conduct research into social R&D behavioural barriers, market development of public and private transport and incentives to shift from private to public transport modes. Who? - GDR&T; GDLG&H; Municipalities; Universities; CSIR; HSRC; GDARD; SAPS and Metro Police 4.2.6 Smart controls for transportation and logistics What? Why? How? Category Smart controls for Smart controls in transportation and logistics , Promote research and development of smart R&D transportation and logistics are ensure efficiency in fuel consumption and controls technology. integrated digital thereby reduction in GHG emissions, , Promote and regulate the adoption and RR, communications systems that optimization of capital resources, reduced adaptation of smart controls technology. PA+Ed monitor movement and congestion, speed control and increased destination in real time in order safety. , Create PPP to assist Gauteng Government SE+M to improve transportation and Municipalities to be early adopters of Int efficiency and effectiveness. smart controls in the transportation sector. Smart controls of traffic , Promote and regulate the establishment of RR, systems capture information requisite manufacturing industries. on, perform optimization SE+M calculations and provide Int information on traffic densities, traffic jams, best routes, and number and location of vacant Page | 28 4.2.6 Smart controls for transportation and logistics What? Why? How? Category parking spaces. , Support training courses on smart CB Smart vehicle technologies transportation and logistics systems monitor and report to a central control office information on location, fuel efficiency, poor driving, speeding, vehicle load and vehicle condition. Smart logistics systems can monitor fleet characteristics to optimise loads, routes destinations and scheduling of vehicles and drivers. Who? - GDR&T; GDLG&H and Municipalities; GDARD; GDED; CSIR; Universities; public transport & freight operators; vehicle manufacturing industry; ICT industries. 4.2.7 Inter-city and inter-provincial railway services What? Why? How? Category Refurbish existing rolling stock The percentage of Gauteng passenger trips , Introduce more effective public protection RR, and procure new rolling stock by rail has reduced over the years, due to systems throughout the passenger rail PB+C for the inter-city and regional many factors. The public perception is that rail system. railways. travel is unsafe and unreliable. As an , Refurbish and maintain the existing rolling InF D, extensive network of railway tracks already Refurbish railway stations and stock. SE+M Int exists, heavy rail transport can be one of the waiting rooms. , Refurbish and maintain the signaling and InF D, most GHG efficient forms of transport. Ensure safety on trains, at scheduling systems. Optimising this mode of transport would SE+M Int stations and precincts. contribute greatly to the restoration of Page | 29 4.2.7 Inter-city and inter-provincial railway services What? Why? How? Category Integrate passenger train efficiency of inner city life and business, , Refurbish and maintain the stations and InF D, tickets with other transport reduction of GHG, encourage a model switch precincts. SE+M Int modes to allow inter-nodal away from vehicular traffic, and increased transfers on a single ticket. quality of life for urban commuters. , Ensure effective ticketing to ensure revenue SE+M Int Restore efficiency, reliability Similar reasons apply to benefits of inter-city collection. and cost effectiveness of long and inter-provincial rail transport. , Acquire new rolling stock. InF D distance rail freight system. Transport of bulk goods over medium to long Refurbish the signaling and distances by rail is more cost effective and , Conduct inter-nodal planning to ensure R&D control systems. GHG efficient than by road. effective feeder services to stations. , Investigate and promote the resumption of R&D, inter-provincial and inter-city rail transport PB+C (also link to sub-sections 4.2.2. and 4.2.3) to ferry goods and passengers. Who? – DoT & Transnet; GDR&T; GDLG&H and Municipalities; GDARD; SAPS and Metro Police 4.3 Energy supply Objective , Promote the development and implementation of renewable energy supply technologies. , Monitor GHG emissions for the entire Gauteng energy supply chain. Overview GHG emissions from the energy supply chain for Gauteng are primarily from the energy producing industries - electricity producers and petroleum refineries (including emissions from the coal or gas to liquid fuels processes); air pollution from household fuel use for energy; and fugitive emissions from combustion of solid fuels, oil and natural gas; and fugitive emissions from the storage of coal and coal wastes. More than 107 million tons CO equivalent is emitted annually from energy use in Gauteng (Tomaschek et al, 2011). 2 Page | 30 Energy supply takes place via large centralised national systems such as the Eskom power grid, Transnet gas pipelines or the national liquid fuels distribution system, hence planning and decision-making is done at the national level (GIES, 2010). Gauteng imports the bulk of its electricity from power stations located in Mpumalanga (Kendal, Grootvlei and Matla) and the Free State (Lethabo). In Gauteng, there are two municipal power stations in Tshwane and the privately owned power station at Kelvin, Johannesburg that generate and supply electricity. Liquid fuel and gas are imported into the province via the national supply and distribution system. 4.3.1 Solar energy What? Why? How? Category Generate electricity from solar Solar energy technologies are essentially , Promote the development of a “Solar RR, concentrating power stations. zero-carbon emitting during operational Industry Development Programme” with the SE+M Int phases. Deriving thermal and electrical power Department of Trade and Industry (dti) Generate electricity from by solar supply technologies will substitute for (similar to the Motor Industry Development photovoltaic power stations. power generated by fossil fuel sources, Plan -MIDP) to stimulate both solar power Generate on-site small scale thereby reducing overall GHG emissions. plants/parks and a solar technology electricity installations using manufacturing industry – either in or outside Solar concentrating, photovoltaic and solar photovoltaic panels. Gauteng. thermal installations are all proven Capture solar energy for direct technologies, with available commercial , Introduce regulations to acquire a defined RR thermal applications. supply chains. There is the possibility for amount of Gauteng?s electricity supply from partial or complete manufacture in Gauteng or solar renewable technologies. South Africa as part of the GREEN economy. , Promulgate building regulations to require all RR, new buildings over a certain value to install InF D solar (or equivalent green technologies) for the supply of water heating. , Promote research, innovation and R&D manufacture of solar energy technologies as a contribution to the Gauteng GREEN economic strategy. , Promote collaboration between universities, R&D, CSIR and DST on all facets of solar energy PB&C technologies. Page | 31 4.3.1 Solar energy What? Why? How? Category , Promote small scale solar electric systems InF D, for locations not served by the national SE+M Int electricity grid. Who? - Energy Office (GDLG&H); GDLG&H; Municipalities; dti; SESSA; GDARD; SeTAR Centre (UJ); CSIR; DST; manufacturing companies. 4.3.2 Biofuels What? Why? How? Category R&D Generate liquid or gas fuels Technologies exist for conversion of bio-waste , Promote continued research and from biomass for use in the and purpose-grown crops to either liquid development on bio-fuels and bio-waste transport, industrial and biofuels or natural gas. There are commercial conversion. residential sectors. supply chains to design, install and maintain such systems. RR , Introduce policy/regulations to acquire a Currently, much bio-waste is disposed of to defined fraction or quantity of Gauteng landfills, where the energy content is lost government?s liquid fuel requirements in the entirely, or recovered as methane only for form of biofuels. flaring. GHG emission reductions could be effected by converting waste to biofuels. Because biofuels are generated from contemporary biomass, the net contribution to GHG production is zero, and thus is validly Page | 32 4.3.2 Biofuels What? Why? How? Category classified as renewable. Inputs of fertiliser and SE+M Int , Promote industries that manufacture bio-5farming fuels need to be accounted for when fuels within or outside Gauteng. calculating GHG emissions for purpose grown crops. Waste biomass is extensively available from invasive alien plants and bush encroachment. Who? – GDARD; GDR&T; GP Energy office; GDED; GEDA; DoE, DAFF; DEA; dti; Transport industry; Industry; Universities; CSIR, National Treasury. 4.3.3 Waste-to-energy conversion What? Why? How? Category Waste, such as municipal solid Direct conversion of organic waste to energy , Promote R&D in utilisation of methane from R&D waste, agricultural residues, is an inherently more efficient process of anaerobic digesters. garden refuse, woodchips, is recovering energy from waste than storing in converted to energy for power a landfill and reduces the formation of LFG, generation and/or direct heat, reducing GHG emissions. , Investigate and promote large and small R&D, either by private companies or Direct conversion of waste to energy reduces gasification technology. InF D, by PPPs. the bulk of the residual waste, and thereby SE+M Int Volumes of residual waste reduces demand for land for land-fill sites, 5 Because of limited agricultural land within Gauteng province, conversion of land from food production to bio-fuel crops will not be supported within Gauteng (Source, GDARD). Page | 33 4.3.3 Waste-to-energy conversion What? Why? How? Category reaching landfills are freeing land for other urgent requirements, , Promote downstream markets for use of SE+M Int significantly reduced. e.g. residential developments. compressed natural gas from landfills and Organic content of waste Energy generated from waste (electricity, heat bio-waste processing. streams to landfills is or CNG for transportation) displaces fossil fuel , Modify regulations to support or allow RR significantly reduced. produced power and associated GHG incineration of waste to energy conversion emissions. plants, subject to emission regulations being complied with. , Promote the adoption of waste-to-energy InF D, technologies in Gauteng municipalities. SE+M Int , Arrange training programmes on waste-to-CB, power locally and through international PA+Ed exchange programmes, such as those supported by Japan International Cooperation Agent (JICA) the German International Services (GIS). , Provide incentives for power generation from SE+M Int waste. Who? – GDARD; GP Energy office; GDED/GEDA; GDLG&H; Waste management companies; MOEs that collect municipal waste; Eskom; DoE, DEA, dti, DST, CSIR; Universities. Page | 34 4.3.4 Feed-in-tariffs for renewable energy – REFIT/REBID? What? Why? How? Category Payment of feed-in-tariffs for Feed-in-tariffs are a proven method for , Develop and promote policy to support feed-RR, electricity generated by stimulating and maintaining supply of in-tariffs within Gauteng and also investigate RM, renewable resources. renewable energy technologies. provincial subsidies or other economic InF D incentives for installation of smart meters to Such tariffs are the most egalitarian method monitor renewable energy transfers to the for determining where, when, and how much grid. renewable generating capacity will be installed. , Support industry and commerce to InF D, manufacture and supply technology for SE+M Int, smart meters to measuring power transfers D+R+M&E from renewable energy supplies, both large- scale independent power producers and small scale generators. Who? – DoE, NERSA; DoT; Eskom; National Treasury; Industry; GDARD; GDED; GDR&T Page | 35 4.4 Residential and public buildings Objective , Promote and implement energy efficiency interventions in residential and public buildings. , Monitor energy consumption and GHG emissions in residential and public buildings. , Conduct research on smoke emissions (air pollution) and associated health impacts from domestic cooking and heating appliances that use solid (coal, wood) and liquid (paraffin) fuels. , Promote and implement safe and clean domestic energy sources, especially for low-income households. Overview The residential sector consumes 8.5% of energy and emits 15.8% of CO? (Year 2007) (Tomaschek et al., 2011). Government facilities in Gauteng province consume about 0.5% of energy while emitting 1.2% of carbon dioxide (CO) emissions (Year 2007) (Tomaschek et al., 2011). 2 While the figures for public buildings are low, government has an opportunity of leading by example by reducing its contribution of GHG emissions in its facilities. Mitigation interventions in the residential sector should include specifying and enforcing building standards that maximise the benefits of passive heating and cooling, densification, renewable energy technologies and use of efficient energy (electrical and non-electrical) appliances, and investigating “green bonds” (ref. section 2.2 Financial Mechanisms above). 4.4.1 Energy efficiency standards for new buildings What? Why? How? Category Provincial and municipal Incorporating energy efficiency measures in , GDLG&H & municipalities promulgate RR regulations in place for new and existing buildings as retrofits is an regulations that require implementation of energy efficient retrofitting intervention to implement demand-side energy efficiency measures contained in the and new construction of all management and reduce overall GHG SANS 204 standard, for all new buildings government buildings. emissions. Building comfort and productivity and major structural renovations of existing are improved while lowering overall buildings. Municipal building codes operating costs. modified to require Page | 36 4.4.1 Energy efficiency standards for new buildings What? Why? How? Category compliance with the SANS Numerous technologies and products exist , Gauteng government and municipalities RR 204 energy efficiency on the market and the business case for enforce the new energy efficient standard. building energy efficiency is proven. components of building codes. Regulations are required to ensure that all Contracting procedures for contractors bid to a common energy efficient new build changed from turn-performance specification. key building delivery to building energy performance , Gauteng government and municipalities InF D specifications. require that all new subsidized housing Information on building incorporate basic passive energy features, energy efficiency e.g. north-facing orientation, ceiling technologies, products and insulation, and so on. suppliers available in , Develop contract specifications for new RR, electronic and print media. buildings to incorporate energy performance InF D over a defined period as a key deliverable of the contract. , Assemble information on proven building D+R+M&E, energy efficiency technologies, products PA+Ed and suppliers. Disseminate such information on electronic media, print media and walk-in demonstration centres. Who? - GDLG&H; Municipalities; GP Energy office (GDLG&H); GDARD; GDID, GCRO; Construction industry; Agrémont (CSIR); Universities. 4.4.2 Energy efficient and safe cook stoves What? Why? How? Category Safe and affordable paraffin A large section of the population does not , Promote safe and energy efficient stoves that R&D, and gel stoves are widely have access to electricity, albeit the use fuels such as coal, wood, paraffin and SE+M Int agricultural waste for cooking and heating. available through commercial government has made significant Page | 37 4.4.2 Energy efficient and safe cook stoves What? Why? How? Category outlets. achievements in providing electricity post-, Enforce minimum product specifications on RR 1994. The recent increases in the price of Improved sold fuel stoves that imported and locally manufactured paraffin electricity will result in continued or increased are more energy efficient and and liquid gel stoves, in collaboration with dti. use of primary combustion fuels for home with low smoke emissions are cooking and heating. designed, manufactured and distributed within Gauteng. Many low-income households depend on domestic stoves that use coal, wood and An improved stove is supplied , Promote and conduct research in the design, R&D paraffin fuels for cooking and heating. as standard equipment as part thermal efficiency and emission performance Informal stoves (imbaulas) and certain of every new subsidised of domestic stoves. commercially available paraffin stoves have house. poor combustion performance or are unsafe, , Stimulate local manufacture of improved SE+M resulting in high smoke emissions that are the energy efficient stoves as a contribution to Int cause of elevated in-door and out-door air the GREEN economy. pollution. , Include specifications for installation of an RR, Poorly designed and constructed paraffin improved stove as part of the design of all InF D stoves, and candles are the cause of the new subsidised houses in Gauteng. majority of the frequent shack fires in informal settlements. Fire caused injuries, mortality and property damage are extreme symptoms of energy poverty. , Disseminate information on the economic PA+Ed There are various initiatives by government, and health benefits of improved and safer e.g. Low-smoke Fuels Programme, Integrated stoves to targeted communities through Clean Household Energy Strategy, that are demonstrations, print and electronic media. aimed at promoting and implementing clean and safe cook stoves but the progress to-date has achieved limited success. Who? - GDARD; GDLG&H; Municipalities; GDED; SeTAR Centre (UJ); SABS; PASASA; dti; Manufacturing industry. Page | 38 4.4.3 Heat pumps for water heating What? Why? How? Category A major campaign targeted at Heat pumps for water heating are a proven D+R+M&E , Establish provincial and municipal task the provincial, municipal and technology for energy efficiency. On the teams to conduct audits of hot water use private sectors to install heat Gauteng Highveld, coefficients of and geyser capacities in all public buildings, pumps for hot water provision performance of ~3 can be achieved owned and on long term leases. in institutional and commercial (equivalent to electricity saving of 75% RM, , Devise a financial and technical plan to buildings. compared to electrical resistance heating). install heat pumps in all public buildings, R&D Institutions and larger buildings have large where appropriate. demand for water heating, and need an assured hot water supply for commercial and PA+Ed , Engage with SAPOA and FEDHASA to hygienic reasons. Often the space for large encourage similar campaigns in private solar water arrays and storage tanks is not sector buildings. available. Security of hot water supply necessitates that thermal electric backup will PA+Ed , Participate with relevant bodies in a public in any case be required. Heat pumps can information campaign on the economic and provide an assured supply of hot water, climate protection advantages of heat irrespective of time of day or cloud conditions. pumps. Subsidies are available through Eskom for InF D , Engage with the small and medium demand side management of electricity by hospitality establishments to encourage use of heat pumps. group participation in heat pump procurements. CB , Actively support training institutions and the private sector to establish training courses for the installation and servicing of heat pumps. Who? – GDID; GDLG&H; Municipalities; GP Energy office; GDARD, SAPOA, FEDHASA, SESSA, Construction industry; Universities, FET colleges. Page | 39 4.4.4 Energy efficiency in public buildings What? Why? How? Category Protocol established for Government should lead by example and , Draw up a protocol for building energy audits R&D, energy audits in all major implement energy efficiency measures in all of owned and leased properties. RR government buildings, owned its facilities. and leased. , Examine the provincial register of immovable D+R+M&E Government facilities in Gauteng are required assets to identify priority buildings for energy A guideline value for a to implement energy efficiency measures in retrofitting. generally applicable return on terms of the provincial energy strategy (GIES, investment for government 2010). , Establish a joint task team comprising RM and municipalities as a GDLG&H Energy Office, GDED, GDF,GDID criterion for accepting or and GDARD to develop a return-on-rejecting energy saving investment criterion for evaluating energy measures. efficiency projects, taking into account the An economic plan approved by estimated GHG savings as a material factor. Gauteng Government to fund energy efficiency retrofits in , Same task team to draw up a budget plan for RM government buildings. energy efficiency interventions, and an A financial structure to allow implementation strategy. energy retrofits to be financed through monitored and verified , Implement changes in financial procedures RR, energy savings. and controls to allow financing of building RM, Technical guidelines on retrofits through monitored and verified D+R+M&E technologies and measures to energy savings on utility expenditure. achieve energy retrofits and savings. , Draw up and disseminate technical RR An information campaign to guidelines on proven and economical energy educate government saving technologies and measures. employees on how to , Prioritise a list of 100 government buildings InF D, participate in operation of an and allocate a budget for energy retrofits and D+R+M&E energy efficient working implement energy retrofits. Page | 40 4.4.4 Energy efficiency in public buildings What? Why? How? Category environment. , Implement awareness campaigns to PA+Ed Smart technologies introduced sensitise users of government buildings in building energy control (employees and members of the public) on how to maintain the optimum energy efficient systems (see Section 4.4.6 on Smart Controls). operation of retrofitted buildings. , Conduct periodic energy audits in all D+R+M&E government facilities to monitor energy use and also to verify whether GIES (2010) targets are being met. , Issue and display certificates indicating RR, building energy efficiency and climate SE+M Int protection status, e.g. the EnerKey Performance Certificate. Who? – GDID; GDARD; Energy Office (GDLG&H); municipalities; Universities; GCRO; GDF; GDED; Eskom; MOEs that provide electricity; SAPOA; SESSA. 4.4.5 Energy efficient lighting of streets and public areas What? Why? How? Category Energy efficient lighting The maximum energy saving from upgrading , Initiate a study to determine the optimum life R&D systematically rolled out of lighting fixtures is obtained from retrofitting cycle costing of available lighting across the province and firstly luminaires required to be on technologies for street and public spaces, municipalities for all street continuously night and day (security lighting and for security lighting, taking into account lighting and public areas within buildings and access ways); followed procurement, operating and maintenance requiring continuous by lighting required to be on for the entire costs, and assigning a value to GHG night. Street lighting and public area lighting, externalities. Page | 41 4.4.5 Energy efficient lighting of streets and public areas What? Why? How? Category illumination. security and emergency lighting fall within , Establish priority lists of areas and D+R+M&E, these categories. installations for a systematic programme of InF D replacement of highest consuming existing fittings. , Promulgate new tender specifications RR requiring best available technology on all new public lighting contracts. , Survey buildings to ensure that safety and D+R+M&E, security illumination levels meet but do not SE+M Int exceed by large amounts the specified standards. Design fixtures and spacing accordingly. , Use motion sensors in areas that are not InF D, continuously occupied. SE+M Int , Install energy saving lights fixtures on high InF D, illumination trunk roads in municipalities and SE+M Int along provincial highways. , Install energy saving light bulbs in public InF D, areas, e.g. parks. SE+M Int , Install energy saving light bulbs in traffic InF D, lights. SE+M Int , Conduct training sessions for provincial and CB municipal facilities management staff to inform them of the benefits and features (installation, maintenance) of new technologies. Who? – GDID; GP Energy Office (GDLG&H); Municipalities; Eskom; Electricity MOEs; FETs and Universities; GDARD. Page | 42 4.4.6 Smart controls for buildings What? Why? How? Category Role of government: Smart controls are Smart controls enable loads and consumption systematically integrated into to be managed in a dynamic manner to meet , Promote R&D in overall smart grid R&D building management systems the needs of users, and to reduce loads technology development. of all large provincial and during idle times. Through automatic or user , In collaboration with the dti, establish RR municipal buildings, to triggered actions, peak loads can be performance standards in interconnectivity of automatically manage managed downwards. all new plant and equipment for building maximum demand by load Visual feedback to users encourages further services, and for office appliances. switching and on demand positive behaviour to reduce peak loads and switching, and to reduce , Conduct audits of provincial and municipal D+R+M&E consumption. overall consumption. immovable assets, to establish priorities and Smart energy control technologies are timelines when larger buildings become due All new appliances for offices already widely applied and commercially to major refurbishments. and building services are available in South Africa from several specified to be energy efficient suppliers. It is a growing industry, with further , Integrate the introduction of smart controls InF D, and compliant with smart improvements in performance and savings into this overall government infrastructure SE+M Int system switching. anticipated. maintenance planning. Buildings are equipped with The procedures for monitoring and verification prominent live displays in the of baseline conditions and subsequent energy , Establish best practice codes for the RR foyers to indicate and GHG emissions reductions are well incorporation of smart controls in new instantaneous and cumulative established, thus making the GHG benefits of buildings. energy consumption, providing this module relatively easy to quantify and consumption/price signaling in communicate. real-time. , GDID makes it a requirement of all new build RR, Industry offers a range of or refurbishments that buildings incorporate InF D locally designed, manufactured the best practice codes for smart controls of and serviced smart energy utility systems. controls for: , Smart metering. , Promote and regulate the establishment of SE+M Int , Motion detector switches. requisite manufacturing industries. Page | 43 4.4.6 Smart controls for buildings What? Why? How? Category Role of manufacturing sector: , Programmed start-up and turn off times for lights and , Work with government agencies to establish InF D, air conditioning systems. the optimum markets for smart controls SE+M Int within the public sector building stock. , Install smart energy controls for heating and InF D, ventilation control, load adjustments, SE+M Int dynamic lighting management, load leveling. , Work with international technology suppliers SE+M Int to source the most reliable and cost effective equipment. , Support training institutions to develop CB courses that will produce the required human resources to design, manufacture, install and service the entire smart control supply chain. Who? – GDID; GDED/GEDA; dti; Universities; CSIR; DST; Eskom; ICT industries; GDLG&H; Construction industry; GDARD. 4.4.7 Energy efficient low cost housing What? Why? How? Category All new contracts for Although the absolute energy saved in the , Incorporate provision of SANS 204 energy RR government subsidised and lowest economic layers of the residential efficient building codes into the standard low-income housing to have market is small, these communities spend a tender offers for government supported compulsory requirements for proportionately larger fraction of disposable housing. incorporation of passive energy income on meeting basic energy needs and , Hold information sessions for building PA+Ed saving features such as bear a disproportionately high exposure to contractors on the new requirements and orientation, window placement, pollution from coal and wood fires. In the technologies. north overhang and ceiling interest of social equity, the Gauteng Climate Page | 44 4.4.7 Energy efficient low cost housing What? Why? How? Category insulation. mitigation plan should deliver energy efficient , Provincial government and municipalities RR, services also to the bottom end of the market. Every new subsidised house to require that all new subsidised housing InF D, be standardly equipped with an The basic technologies to ensure improved incorporate basic passive energy features, SE+M Int such as north-facing house orientation, efficient, low pollution emitting comfort, health and economy have been combustion stove, and energy demonstrated to be practical and socially ceiling insulation, etc. saving lamps. acceptable. , Hold artisan training courses to train the CB labour force on the procedures for the safe and effective installation of insulation, overhangs. Who? – GDLG&H; municipalities; Universities ; FETs; CSIR; construction industry; GDARD; GDED; DoE; DEA; DHS 4.4.8 Energy efficient appliances What? Why? How? Category Only certified energy efficient User installed and operated appliances are , Procure office equipment - computers, InF D, appliances are manufactured among the largest energy consumers in the photocopiers etc. that have certified energy SE+M Int and supplied to the market. built environment. There is a large potential conservation performance. for reduced energy consumption through Consumers are aware of the better design, switching off entirely when not advantages of energy efficient , Work with the dti, SABS and manufacturing RR, in use, or allowing smart control to stagger appliances and place energy industries to develop and apply energy loads during peak periods. R&D efficiency as an important efficient rating systems for commercial and criterion in making purchase The technology and manufacturing capability domestic appliances. decisions. exist for energy efficient appliances – the market needs to be developed by improving Manufacturers design and , Create compulsory performance standards R&D, performance and aspirational value to the construct goods to the best for consumer appliances, based on best consumer, and reducing costs through RR available standards of energy available practices and materials, and inter-economies of scale. efficiency. operability with standard electronic control New appliances come with built systems. Page | 45 4.4.8 Energy efficient appliances What? Why? How? Category in capability for attachment to , Introduce public service awareness PA+Ed smart control systems to allow programmes on energy efficient appliances. integrated load optimisation controls. , Encourage innovation in designing smart-SE+M Int compatible appliances. Who? – GP Energy Office (GDLG&H); municipalities; dti; GDED; SABS; Universities; media; CSIR; Eskom; manufacturing industry; commerce; GDARD. Page | 46 4.5 Waste Management Objective , Promote, regulate and implement efficient waste management interventions. , Monitor and report GHG emissions from waste management as per the IPCC guidelines elaborated in the Greenhouse gas inventory for South Africa: 2000 (DEA, 2009) Overview The main categories of GHG emissions from waste are: solid waste disposal (in landfills); biological treatment of solid waste; incineration 6and open burning of waste; and wastewater treatment and discharge (DEA, 2009, pp.56). In 2000, it was estimated that the disposal of solid waste at national level contributed less than 2% of total GHG emissions in South Africa, mainly through emissions of methane from urban landfills. Waste land filling leads to emission of methane gas into the atmosphere as the waste decomposes under anaerobic conditions in the ground. Methane has a GHG global warming potential 25 times greater than CO for equivalent volumes. Waste streams deposited into 2 managed landfills in South Africa comprise waste from households, commercial businesses, institutions, industry and from clearing of gardens and parks (DEA, 2009). The results of an analysis of landfill lifespan for various landfills in Gauteng indicate that many existing landfills will reach their capacity within the next thirty (30) years. Thus any deviation of waste away from landfill will result in an extension of lifespan and this is also a key driver for minimisation (GDARD, 2009). Landfill gases (LFGs) which include methane are produced through natural processes of bacterial decomposition of organic waste under anaerobic conditions. According to the General Waste Minimisation Plan for Gauteng (GDARD, 2009), Gauteng generates 5.7 million tonnes of waste per annum, of which 3.4 million tonnes per annum are available for recycling and recovery from the waste stream. 6 According to the Draft National Waste Management Strategy (DEA, 2010), these can be further broken down as follows: “domestic and commercial general waste; industrial and mining hazardous waste; construction and demolition waste; mining waste; health care risk waste; pesticide waste; fly ash and coarse ash waste; tyres; and eWaste (i.e. batteries, fluorescent lamps containing mercury …”). Page | 47 4.5.1 Waste Recycling, Reduction and Reuse What? Why? How? Category Recycle and reduce waste Recycling of waste is generally more , Promote and regulate waste recycling, PA+Ed, through the separation, energy efficient and reduces material treatment, re-use and reduction. RR collection and processing of consumption. , Dispose of waste according to existing RR waste for further use. Disposal of waste into landfill generates policies/regulations. methane, which is x25 more potent than , Promote waste separation at source for RR, the CO that would be generated by 2residential, commercial, industrial and public PA+Ed, combusting the waste. sectors. InF D, Handling of waste generates GHG emissions through transportation – waste SE+M Int reduction reduces such associated , Site waste drop-off zones strategically to InF D emissions. promote waste separation. , Promote and regulate the establishment of SE+M Int recycling manufacturing industries. , Support and develop waste collection CB, cooperatives so that informal waste collectors SE+M Int can integrate, improve and regularize their operations. , Conduct public awareness campaigns on waste PA+Ed sorting at source and domestic composting. , Promote research into secondary use of waste R&D streams from industry and mining. Who? – GDARD; GDED/GEDA; GDLG&H and Municipalities; MOEs that collect municipal waste; Waste management companies; CSIR; Universities; FETs. Page | 48 4.5.2 Waste Avoidance What? Why? How? Category Government, business and Conducting communications and Encourage avoidance of waste production commercial transactions are business processes through electronic through: PA+Ed, dealt with entirely by means avoids the use of paper, transport , The immaterialisation of products and services InF D, electronic means. associated with postal services, avoids through digitalization (creating services that do SE+M Int storage of paper records that often Packaging of consumer not need materials, like electronic transfers). occupies air conditioned office space, and products and foods is , The dematerialization of products and services- SE+M Int, eventually contributes to solid waste on designed for minimal material doing more with less (using less materials and PA+Ed landfills. use compatible with product avoiding waste at unit level - household, protection. The reduction of material usage will industry, commercial sectors). contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions. , Promote and regulate reusable shopping bags, PA+Ed, unpackaged products and packaging reuse. SE+M Int Who? – GDARD; GDED/GEDA; GDLG&H and Municipalities; MOEs that collect municipal waste; packaging companies; CSIR; Universities; ICT industries. Landfill gas (LFG) flaring, or capture and use (also refer to Item 4.3.3 above) What? Why? How? Category Landfill gas (LFG) is flared, or Landfill gases are mostly made up of , Inventory all landfill sites in Gauteng for D+R+M&E captured and used in all methane. Capturing LFG and using it for potential for flaring or capture of land fill gas. feasible Gauteng land fill energy or flaring it produces less potent , Develop LFG gas use from the main landfills RR, sites. carbon dioxide, reducing equivalent GHG through integrated supply chain management of InF D, emissions. Capturing landfill gas for use CNG as a municipal transportation fuel. as compressed natural gas (CNG) as a SE+M Int transportation fuel, or to generate , Support LFG flaring for small landfills where it is SE+M Int electricity offsets use of fossil carbon uneconomic to capture the gas. Page | 49 Landfill gas (LFG) flaring, or capture and use (also refer to Item 4.3.3 above) What? Why? How? Category fuels. , Promote LFG use technologies and required SE+M Int, skills transfer. CB Who? – GDARD; GDED/GEDA; GDLG&H and Municipalities; MOEs that collect municipal waste; Waste management companies; CSIR; Universities; FETs. 74.6 Agriculture, Natural Resources and Other land-uses Objective , Investigate and promote agricultural practices that mitigate GHG emissions. , Monitor GHG emissions in agricultural, natural resources and land-use sectors in Gauteng. Overview According to DEA (2009:34), the IPCC Guidelines stipulate that monitoring of GHG emissions should include emissions from: Livestock; Lands; and Aggregate sources and non-CO emissions on land. Livestock includes enteric fermentation and manure management. The 28category Lands include forest lands, cropland, grasslands, wetlands and settlements. Examples of aggregate sources include emissions from biomass burning, liming, urea application, managed soils, manure management and harvested products. GHG emissions from these categories comprise mainly methane (CH?), nitric oxide (N?O) and carbon dioxide (CO?). The Greenhouse gas inventory for South Africa: 2000 (DEA, 2009) indicates that South Africa?s land use data set is incomplete in both its spatial cover and its coverage of the relevant time period, hence, work needs to be done in this area. 7 The agricultural sector occupies a small land area in Gauteng economy. 8 Gauteng does not have „forest? areas but has woodland cover in the semi-urban areas and planted trees in the urban areas. Page | 50 Information for GHG for agriculture, forestry and other land uses is currently only available at national level. The South African Agricultural GHG Inventory for 2004 (DAFF, 2010) indicates that livestock management (i.e. enteric fermentation and manure management) emits 1183.6 Gg and 156.9 Gg of methane gas (CH?), respectively. Aggregrated sources and Non-CO? emissions (i.e. liming and urea application) are 1021.5 Gg net CO?; direct N?O emissions from managed soils are 51.2 Gg, indirect N?O emissions from managed soils are 15.6 Gg and indirect N?O emissions from manure management are 2.5 Gg (DAFF, 2010). Figures for natural resources are not available. 4.6.1 Generation and use of biogas What? Why? How? Category Methane is an energy source Methane is the primary component of , Encourage and promote the generation of biogas RR, that can be used for heating biogas from decomposition of manure from agricultural residues and purpose grown SE+M Int, purposes, both industrial and and plant residues. Left to escape to crops, and from animal waste in feedlots and R&D domestic uses or to generate the atmosphere, it is a potent GHG ranches. electricity. with a global warming potential (GWP) , Promote biogas (Compressed Natural Gas) for RR, of 25 (i.e. it is 25 times as effective as Methane can be generated in transport fuel, heating, cooking and power InF D, carbon dioxide at trapping heat in the anaerobic digesters, from generation. SE+M Int, atmosphere). This makes capture and either custom grown crops, or R&D use of methane emissions reductions from agricultural residues and particularly effective at mitigating animal waste. The methane , GDARD, DAFF and DEA to develop carbon trading RM, global warming. can be piped for thermal or and other financial mechanisms that promote the D+R+M&E electrical power generators. production, supply and use of gas from all forms of bio-waste from the agricultural sector (ref. Section 2.2 Financial Mechanisms above). Who? – GDARD; DAFF; DEA; DoE; Agri-SA; GP Energy Office (GDLG&H); GDLG&H; MOEs that supply electricity in Gauteng; Farmers; ARC; CSIR; Universities. Page | 51 4.6.2 Soybean production What? Why? How? Category GEDA is proposing a big Soybean provides food protein at a , Commission a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the R&D soybean production project much lower energy and GHG cost than proposed soybean production project. and it can be used as a animal protein. candidate to do a life cycle , Provide LCA training for government officials who CB The GHG emissions from the entire food assessment to assess the prepare EIAs. supply chain are often not considered in complete environmental GHG inventories and mitigation impacts and economic strategies, resulting in a gap. This action benefits of food/fuel in assessing the LCA of soybean production. production is intended to contribute to filling that gap. Life cycle assessment of soybean production can be used as a demonstration of how all GHG throughout the production, use and disposal life cycle of food products can be carried out. Who? – GDARD; DAFF; DEA; GEDA; Gauteng Energy Office; GDLG&H; Municipalities; Agri-SA; Farmers Associations and Farmers; CSIR; ARC; Universities. 4.6.3 Reduction of methane emissions from enteric fermentation What? Why? How? Category Reduce the emissions of Livestock production contributes to , Promote feedlots that are well managed to D+R+M&E, methane from enteric GHG emissions. achieve optimum methane management. InF D fermentation in domestic The increasing demand in meat livestock by reducing overall consumption through population Page | 52 4.6.3 Reduction of methane emissions from enteric fermentation What? Why? How? Category meat consumption (see increase is leading to a high demand for , GDARD and DAFF to promote research into R&D 4.6.2) and by reducing livestock production. If cattle can be genetic modification of cattle that generate less methane production by bred using genetic modification to methane. genetic modification or feed reduce enteric fermentation, then the modifications. increased number of cattle will not , Investigate applicability in Gauteng and promote R&D, increase GHG emissions from this propagation by artificial insemination to reduce SE+M Int source. the number of bulls required for breeding. Who? – GDARD; GDLG&H; Municipalities; Farmers; ARC; Universities. 4.6.4 Protection of agricultural lands What? Why? How? Category Promote and enforce the Gauteng agricultural land is threatened , Encourage farming methods that protect the PA+Ed, protection of agricultural land. by urban sprawl and if no strict laws and land and ensure that the land acts as a carbon D+R+M&E, regulations are imposed, the trend is for sink. RR, Gauteng land area to become totally PB+C urbanized. Agricultural land allows seasonal plants that absorb carbon dioxide and provide climate change mitigation. Who? – GDARD; GDLG&H and Municipalities; Farmers Associations and Farmers; Construction industry. Page | 53 4.6.5 Natural resources, land conservation and woodland management What? Why? How? Category Land conservation involves Areas of natural vegetation and , Enforce laws and legal instruments to increase RR preserving natural areas, also woodlands purify the air and absorb the land area under protection. within urban margins. carbon dioxide. , Reduce the rate of land conversion and PB+C Additional areas of Gauteng Conservation and protection of natural degradation of woodlands. D+R+M&E are designated as protected land promotes biodiversity, plant and , Support tree planting in Gauteng, particularly PA+Ed, areas or conservancies. animal life. It is a natural carbon sink fruit trees for household gardens and high that can ensure a reduction of D+R+M&E Existing urban and natural carbon absorption plants (Spekboom plant) in greenhouse gases. woodlands are protected. public areas and nature reserves. Tree planting in urban areas , Control wild fires and improve fire management. D+R+M&E is promoted. , Enforce the legal instruments that have been RR, promulgated to protect woodlands. PA+Ed PB+C , Identify further land areas for designation as PB+C, protected areas or conservancies. InF D Who? – GDARD; GDLG&H and Municipalities. Page | 54 4 Gauteng Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan Introduction Climate change adaptation necessitates protecting society and ecosystems against the unavoidable impacts of climate change that is already taking place. Like mitigation responses, adaptation interventions require changes in human behaviour, changes to governance and management systems and changes in physical infrastructure and technologies. 5.1 Water Objective , Gauteng to collaborate with national government to monitor rainfall frequency and evaporation from water bodies and built environment surfaces (ref. Section 6.4 Monitoring and Evaluation). , Investigate and implement secure water supply interventions. , Monitor water use and promote the implementation of water conservation. Overview Gauteng is in a water stressed region. Gauteng is situated on the watershed between the Orange/Vaal and the Crocodile/Limpopo river systems, with limited natural water resources within the province. Rainfall is relatively low and highly seasonal and variable. There is sufficient water in the Orange River basin system, through inter-basin transfers, to meet the needs of the province until around 2025/2030, depending on the rate of growth of consumption. Although Gauteng has developed a draft of the provincial Water for Growth and Development Framework (GWfGDF, 2010), it did not cover climate change issues which will be addressed in the review of the National Water Resources Strategy that is being currently developed by DWA. The province has begun implementing water demand-side management initiatives. Climate modelling studies cannot predict accurately if total rainfall will increase or decrease but project increased intensity of rainfall and more variable rainfall for Gauteng. This may result in increased frequency of flash floods. Moreover, increasing temperatures will result in increasing evaporation from water bodies, causing increased losses from large water dams supplying water to Gauteng. Adaptation measures may necessitate: capping of total water demand; water use efficiency measures that may require radical changes in industrial, agricultural and domestic uses; conservation and reprocessing of water. Specific climate change adaptation interventions could include recycling of grey water; investigating the potential Page | 55 costs and benefits of mine water treatment (particularly in terms of addressing acid mine drainage crisis); reducing total water consumption by 15% (this target was suggested in the GWfGDF through improving efficiencies and public education. The National Water for Growth and Development Framework indicates that groundwater will contribute 10% to water supply by 2025 and 12% by 2040 in South Africa). Pollution prevention is also critical for secure water supply and ecological integrity of national water systems. 5.1.1 Develop and maintain efficient and secure water management systems What? Why? How? Category Water conservation and Gauteng receives 668 mm mean annual , GDARD and SAWS to increase the number D+R+M&E recycling are promoted and rainfall. The projected higher temperatures of rainfall monitoring stations in Gauteng enforced in government and will lead to increased evaporation from and provide periodic reporting. private sectors. water bodies and reduce run-off on the , Investigate, regulate and implement water RR, ground resulting in less water reaching Requirements for rainwater recycling interventions, either at household D+R+M&E, rivers and dams. harvesting from buildings are or company level and/or in bulk-water InF D, part of building codes for new Rainfall scenarios for Gauteng project supply. construction. increased variability of rainfall in terms of SE+M Int amount, rainfall periods and frequency. Major audit of water supply , Conduct an audit of water losses in the D+R+M&E, chain for Gauteng has been Already Gauteng has to import water water supply system to Gauteng and InF D, conducted and major losses through inter-basin transfers, so there are thereafter implement a programme of fixing SE+M Int and leaks identified, with an few opportunities for increasing supply. leaks and other losses from the water ongoing programme of repair Best use needs to be made of existing supply chain. and maintenance to avoid supplies through efficient use, loss , Investigate the long-term costs and benefits R&D these losses. reduction and changed practices. of ground and mine water extraction. Diversified and novel water supply mix are investigated , Continue to promote and implement water PA+Ed, and implemented as an conservation interventions. InF D, ongoing project. SE+M Int , Monitor and verify water quality. D+R+M&E Who? – South African Weather Services (SAWS); DWA; GDARD; Municipalities; Rand Water Board; MOEs that supply water; GCRO; MRC; Universities; CSIR; HSRC; SABS. Page | 56 9 5.1.2 Protect wetlandsand flood-prone areas from development What? Why? How? Category Wetlands of Gauteng are Wetlands are important natural habitat , Implement policies that prevent RR, demarcated and proclaimed as areas that play a critical role in the development on wetlands. PB+C, protected no-build zones. functioning of the ecosystems and are PA+Ed also a source of surface water, and Further development of existing , Cooperate with Department of Water PB+C, zones of purification of surface water. flood prone settlements is restricted Affairs (DWA) initiatives such the Working D+R+M&E and remedial or preventative Increasing urbanization has led to for Wetlands and Working for Water infrastructure installed. encroachment onto wetland and flood-programme. prone areas. For example, the Flood-prone areas are demarcated increasing population and consequent and zoned for restricted new demand for housing is resulting in developments, subject to adequate informal settlements developing on protection against extreme rainfall wetlands and on flood-prone areas, events. thereby posing a threat on water All new urban developments of resources in Gauteng; puts human life communal and private at risk; and the destruction of property infrastructure are required to due to the occurrence of floods. incorporate elements of storm water infiltration rather than channeling is as run-off into storm water drains. Who? – DWA, in conjunction with GDARD; GDLG&H and Municipalities; Construction Industry; Universities; HSRC. 9 South Africa is a member of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and became a Party in 1975. The South African Wetlands Conservation Programme was developed to enable South Africa to meet its obligations as a contracting party and to promote the conservation of wetlands throughout South Africa. Wetlands are defined in the National Water Act (NWA) as “land which is transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems, where the water table is usually at or near the surface, or the land is periodically covered with shallow water and would support vegetation typically adapted to life in saturated soils”. Page | 57 5.2 Agriculture and food security Objective , Promote food gardens as an economic activity. , Promote food gardens in residential areas for subsistence consumption. , Preserve agricultural land within the province to ensure food security. Overview Agriculture is a small component of the provincial economy. Gauteng has some 293 591 ha of high potential agricultural land. There are an estimated 30 000 smallholdings, located in all metropolitan and district municipalities, concentrated mostly on the outskirts of the province. Gauteng consumes more food than it is producing and therefore heavily dependent on imported food from other provinces and even internationally. A total of 618 000 tons of food are produced per annum in Gauteng in comparison with 5 193 260 tons of total food consumed. Food insecurity, due to increasing prices, transport costs and limited supplies, may become a major challenge under adverse climate change scenarios. Local agricultural production, on farms, small holdings and in urban food gardens, can increase resilience against climate change induced shocks. 5.2.1 Urban agriculture – food gardens What? Why? How? Category Food production within the Climate induced changes in global and , GDARD to prepare a framework document D+R+M&E, provincial boundaries provides an regional agricultural may reduce with identified land potential in relation to InF D, essential insurance on food availability of food and increase prices. infrastructure/markets, proposed models, SE+M Int security. Adaptation to this risk should include including cost/benefit analysis and funding maintaining and developing local options and identify locations for pilot projects. Urban food gardens provide food agricultural capacities. Awareness of security, especially for low-, Promote employment through development of InF D, 2 2these factors will assist in balancing income households. food gardens by leasing 100 mto 600 m SE+M Int competing land use needs for plots at minimal cost. development versus food production. Page | 58 5.2.1 Urban agriculture – food gardens What? Why? How? Category Development of urban agriculture , Use offset/infill plots for food gardens in high InF D improves the adaptive capacity of income/estates developments. urban communities. Food production near sources of consumption reduces emissions , Form public-private partnerships with the PB+C, caused by transportation of food. mining industry to use their unused lands for InF D food gardens, especially for mine employees and surrounding communities. , Low income housing development should PA+Ed, incorporate communal food gardens. InF D Who? - GDARD; Agri-SA; Municipalities; GDLG&H; Development banks; NYDA; NGOs; mining companies; Universities. 5.3 Urban Development and Infrastructure Objectives 10, Promote, regulate and implement densification of urban form and land-use planning in order to achieve sustainable spatial development. , Investigate and monitor factors that determine human resilience in urban areas so as to mitigate and adapt to climate change. 10 Densification of urban form and infrastructure entails regulating and enforcing sustainable spatial development (ref. Gauteng Spatial Development Framework (2007). should be accompanied by equitable urban development in Gauteng and not concentrate all development in Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni and Tshwane. Parallel to provincial efforts to implement sustainable and equitable spatial development, national government should promote and regulate the development of economically viable and sparsely populated areas in other provinces in terms of the national spatial development framework in order to alleviate over-population in Gauteng. Page | 59 Overview Urban land use covers 17% of the surface area in the province. Residential areas account for 9% of land use. Overcrowding puts pressure on infrastructure and also negatively affects human health. Gauteng is also characterised by extensive urban sprawl that has put pressure on natural resources and agricultural lands. Urban areas are major generators of air pollution and GHG emissions from various activities (Ref. Sections 4.1 to 4.5) and these also impact on human health. Provincial efforts to implement sustainable and equitable spatial development should be supported by national government to promote the development of economically viable and sparsely populated areas in other provinces in terms of the national spatial development framework in order to ensure equitable distribution of population in South Africa. 5.3.1 Densification of housing development What? Why? How? Category Regulations in place to allow and Current residential settlement planning , Implement policies and regulations to RR promote densification of housing and implementation is contributing to permit and incentivise higher housing developments, including row urban sprawl. densities. housing and multi-story residential Increasing urbanization is leading to , Develop housing, including low-income InF D buildings. encroachment onto natural habitats, housing to incorporate row houses or Provincial and municipal subsidized loss of prime agricultural land. This multiple storey dwelling structures. housing projects specify a higher poses long term climate costs housing density than present (increased costs of transport and , Introduce mitigation interventions in InF D, practice. energy) loss of biodiversity, decreased buildings such as energy efficiency features SE+M Int food security. (ref. Section 4.5) and water adaptation Fiscal incentives or taxes, and measures (ref. 5.1) and waste recycling policies in place to discourage The sustainability, social and (ref. section 4.5). urban sprawl developments. economic advantages of city living are optimised through optimum densities Urban edges defined and enforced. , Rehabilitate and investigate cleared mine InF D than are higher than the majority of Reclaimed mining land within urban tailings areas around east, central and west current town planning developments. margins re-developed for industrial Witwatersrand for developing subsidised development instead of Greenfield and affordable housing close to existing development. infrastructure, jobs and city amenities. Who? - GDLG&H & Municipalities; Construction industry; GDARD, Land development companies. Page | 60 5.3.2 Regulation and implementation of land-use planning and spatial development What? Why? How? Category Land-use planning and Urbanisation, that is industrialization, , Gauteng Planning Commission and GCRO, D+R+M&E in conjunction with relevant provincial development regulations take into housing developments, construction of government departments and account sustainable urban land-use transport infrastructure, is leading to practices, including protection of encroachment onto agricultural lands municipalities, to develop a concise, simple and easy-to-read handbook that agricultural lands and natural and other natural habitat. Resilient areas. cities under climate change scenarios synthesizes and integrates all the various will require a balance between policies and strategies that articulate urban Land use planning regulations are urbanized area, natural spaced, and development, land-use planning, natural strictly enforced, with proximate areas for food production. habitat conservation and protection and harmonization across national, agricultural land conservation. This provincial and municipal Unregulated or poorly regulated land document should serve as a singular and jurisdictions. development for short-term profit leads integrated planning instrument for provincial to unconstrained urban sprawl, an departments and municipalities, instead of urban form poorly adapted to urban the many and varied documents that resilience. currently exist. There are many existing policies and , GDLG&H and municipalities to regulate and RR, strategies that articulate land-use and enforce sustainable land-use planning and spatial planning – the political will and PB+C spatial development. The coordination role mechanisms to enforce the policies of the GDLG&H in this regard to be are currently poorly enforced. strengthened. , GDLG&H and municipalities to collaborate PB+C, with GDARD on every proposed physical InF D development that involves reclassification of existing natural area or agricultural land. Who? - GDLG&H; GDARD; GDR&T; Municipalities; GCRO; Universities; construction industry. Page | 61 5.4 Natural Resources and Biodiversity Objectives , Promote and enforce the protection of natural resources and biodiversity areas. Overview Gauteng?s natural resources and biodiversity is under increasing pressure due to encroachment from urbanization. Between 1996 and 2009, 229 953 ha of natural habitat was lost in Gauteng, which represents a 13% loss within a 15 year period. Over 56% of the natural habitat in Gauteng has been lost, leaving only 798 397 ha of land in natural or semi-natural state that is highly fragmented and subdivided amongst many landowners. Natural resources provide essential facilities for recreation and reducing stress levels of high-density urban and suburban zones. The threat to natural resources due to urban expansion causes degradation of water resources, loss of biodiversity, and loss of open spaces. Nature reserves also serve as benchmarks for biological research and environmental indicators. 5.4.1 Conservation of urban parks and open areas (biodiversity) What? Why? How? Category Small and large parks, open and Urban parks and open areas reduce , Promote the conservation of urban parks PA+Ed, natural areas are located the heat island phenomenon. and open areas. PB+C throughout Gauteng. Urban parks and open spaces provide , Identify and promulgate further parks and D+R+M&E, These areas are protected as spaces for storm water infiltration as protected areas. RR, important aspects of the urban opposed to flooding storm-water infrastructure of Gauteng. drains. INF D Substantial blocks of natural areas Convenient access to open spaces , Use land-use planning provisions to prevent RR are protected to conserve the promotes healthy lifestyles among further fragmentation of protected areas, biodiversity of the region, urban dwellers, an important especially by highway construction. specifically Highveld grasslands, adaptation issue in high density , Identify habitats of significant value for D+R+M&E, and the Witwatersrand montane compact cities. consolidation through purchase or habitats. conservancies. , Promote urban and semi-urban PA+Ed, conservancies. PB+C Page | 62 5.4.1 Conservation of urban parks and open areas (biodiversity) What? Why? How? Category , Enforce the implementation of such policies RR, as the C-Plan and the Gauteng Protection InF D Area Expansion Strategy (2011). Who? – GDARD; Municipalities; Universities and research organizations. 5.4.2 Removal of alien vegetation What? Why? How? Category Invasive alien vegetation species Urbanization has resulted in the , Promote the planting of indigenous plant PA+Ed, are eradicated from the province, introduction of exotic species in home and tree species. InF D specifically from protected natural gardens, public spaces and derelict , GDARD and municipalities to collaborate in PB+C, areas and public spaces. land. municipal park services to conduct alien PA+Ed, Residents are repsonsible for Alien species infestation can disturb eradication campaigns. InF D eradicating alien invasive species local biodiversity and ecosystems on private property. making it difficult for them to adapt to , Conduct information campaigns to sensitise PA+Ed climate change thereby destroying Planting or replanting of trees in residents to classified invasive alien adaptation systems and capabilities. public spaces is restricted to vegetation species. indigenous species. Who? – GDARD; Municipalities, citizens, business and industry, environmental NGOs, such as Trees for Africa. Page | 63 5.4.3 Urban plant and tree waste as an alternative fuel What? Why? How? Category Urban plant and tree waste is Urban parks and urban residential , Engage with waste collection companies PB+C, recovered for alternative fuel use gardens generate significant woody and municipal park services to adapt their InF D (wood fuel or gasification) rather bio-waste. Instead of filling landfills current practices for collecting and disposing of woody biomass from tree than being composted. with plant and tree waste, this waste can be used as a substitute for coal, felling and pruning. and provide energy resilience to the lower economic households. This , Provide facilities for small entrepreneurs to InF D, waste woody biomass provides a collect and package woody bio-waste from SE+M Int resource for SMEs. central depots. Who? – GDARD; Municipalities; Waste collection companies. 5.5 Health Objective , Investigate and monitor the impact of climate-related changes in temperature and precipitation on human health; and on the frequency and emergence of disease out-breaks. Overview Climate change is likely to have several adverse effects on the health of the population. For example, the NCCRS Green Paper (DEA, 2010) indicated that the prevalence of HIV and tuberculosis (TB) is being complicated by waterborne and respiratory diseases due to poor living conditions and overcrowding in some settlements and poor indoor air quality in low-income households. Lack of food security (both quality and quantity) due to climate change (for example variable rainfall; increasing frequency of drought periods) resulting in increasing prices due to shortages will also affect human health. Page | 64 5.5.1 Climate change and health impacts What? Why? How? Category Monitor human health risk and Climate change impacts on health will , Observe and monitor human health D+R+M&E vulnerability from extreme weather not occur in isolation but will increase occurrences due to extreme weather events and climate change. in magnitude and severity with events. corresponding impacts on biophysical, Monitor the incidence and , National and provincial governments to PB+C, economic and social structures distribution of disease vectors such collaborate and promote research into (NCCRS Green Paper [DEA, 2010]). D+R+M&E a malaria-transmitting mosquito climate change impacts on human health. species. Most adverse air quality effects in urban areas arise from combustion of Air quality is improved through , Adapt passive energy measures and non-PA+Ed, fuels. Adapting to low carbon energy efficient combustion of all fuels, and polluting renewable energy sources to InF D, sources will improve respiratory health substitution of cleaner renewable reduce air emissions from fuel combustion. SE+M Int and productivity. fuels and energy in place of fossil fuels. Who? - DoH and GDH&SD; GDARD; DEA; GDLG&H; Municipalities; Universities; MRC; HSRC. 5.6 Disaster Risk Management Objective , To identify and monitor potential disaster risks , To develop early warning and disaster response mechanisms. , To promote the development and maintenance of resilience to possible disasters. Overview The building and maintenance of resilience to disaster risk needs to be prioritised in respect of potential climate change-related extreme events that are likely to occur in Gauteng, such as floods, droughts and heat waves. Page | 65 5.6.1 Disaster risk planning and reduction What? Why? How? Category Potential climate related disaster Climate change is likely to increase the , Gauteng Disaster Management Centre and D+R+M&E GDARD to develop a monitoring tool for hazards and risks are identified and frequency and intensity of hazards climate-related disaster hazards that are monitored on a continuing basis. such as floods, storms, drought, fires and infectious disease outbreaks. benchmarked on best practices. Mechanisms are put in place Additional measures in the emergency mapping of disaster risk areas, for , Gauteng Disaster Management Centre to D+R+M&E response system need to be put in early warnings and disaster collate and report on information on disaster place to monitor and prepare for response. risks. Such information to be included in the additional or accentuated hazards Gauteng State of Climate Protection associated with climate change. The Report. response system includes awareness , Increase the number of comprehensive InF D, among decision makers (politicians) weather monitoring stations in the province. and willingness to fund appropriate D+R+M&E measures from the annual budgets. , Monitor and record occurrence of droughts. D+R+M&E , Conduct a detailed GIS mapping project to D+R+M&E identify flood prone areas. , Communicate early warning of drought PA+Ed, occurrence. PB+C , Integrate drought occurrence information in D+R+M&E development planning, e.g. IDPs. , Promote capacity building of provincial and CB municipal personnel to use the South African Risk and Vulnerability Atlas (SARVA) and disaster risk information in their planning strategies to ensure that there is no settlement on flood prone areas. Page | 66 5.6.1 Disaster risk planning and reduction What? Why? How? Category , Monitor and record changes in temperature D+R+M&E and the “urban heat island” phenomenon and the occurrence, intensity and impact of heat waves. , Investigate human perception on risk and R&D, vulnerability and mitigation and adaptation PA+Ed capacity. , Investigate and implement the use of PA+Ed cellphones to communicate impending InF D disasters. Who? - Gauteng Disaster Management Centre; South African Weather Services (SAWS); GDLG&H and Municipalities; GDARD; GCRO; Universities (e.g. Wits University Office of Disaster Preparedness in Africa; DIMP at UCT); CSIR; HSRC. Page | 67 6. Cross Cutting Issues 6.1 Governance Objective , Promote and implement effective partnerships in all spheres of government and with other stakeholders. , Promote and monitor the implementation of climate change response interventions in Gauteng. 6.1.1 Inter-organizational cooperation on climate change issues What? Why? How? Category Climate change response requires Climate change response interventions , Promote and implement the “GCCRS and PA+Ed, a new form of governance for require collaboration and alignment. Action Plan” and “Green Strategic CB, coordination, collaboration and Currently, responsibility for climate Programme for Gauteng” by all RM integration by all stakeholders. related mitigation and adaptation stakeholders. matters span several departments. , All provincial departments and RM, Well-intended but overlapping policy municipalities to incorporate climate change PB+C and strategic planning are taking place into sectoral plans and IDPs. in several departments, leading to duplication. , Universities/research organization, R&D government and industry should collaborate and coordinate in conducting priority research that is required to generate information on climate change response so as to utilise resources optimally and avoid duplication. The GCRO is a vehicle to facilitate such cooperation between Gauteng government and universities. Who? - Premier?s Office; Gauteng Green Inter-Ministerial Committee; GCRO; All provincial departments; All municipalities; Industry, commerce, mining and agricultural representative bodies ; Labour organizations; Civil society groups; Universities; SALGA GP. Page | 68 6.1.2 Climate change champions What? Why? How? Category Every provincial department and Project champions will facilitate the , Designate a climate change response PB+C, municipality identifies a climate mainstreaming and implementation of champion in each provincial HODs office. CB change response project champion. climate change response strategies. , Designate a climate change response PB+C, An individual made responsible for the champion in each municipal manager?s CB task is more likely to succeed than office. leaving the responsibility to committees. Who? - Premier?s office; Gauteng Green Inter-Ministerial Committee; All provincial departments (HODs office); all municipalities (municipal manager?s office); SALGA GP. 6.1.3 Integrate and implement climate protection policies What? Why? How? Category An integrated climate protection There are policies and strategies that , GDED/GDARD to coordinate an PB+C, policy and strategy is in place, have been developed in Gauteng that interdepartmental task team to harmonise D+R+M&E endorsed by all relevant and begin to address climate change or integrate the various climate response affected departments of the response. However, these policies actions. Climate change response Gauteng Government, and and strategies have been developed in interventions, once finalised and coordinated with the national policy an incremental manner. They now promulgated, should be consolidated, and strategy. need to be integrated and consolidated incorporated and budgeted for in the into cohesive documents. municipal IDPs. Integrated climate protection policies and strategies are in place Climate change response requires , Climate change response interventions, PB+C, in every municipality, endorsed by collaboration, integration and once finalised and promulgated, should be CB, all relevant and affected alignment in the respective consolidated, incorporated and budgeted RM departments, and coordinated with interventions as there are linkages in for in the municipal IDPs. the provincial policies and the various sectors. strategies. Page | 69 6.1.3 Integrate and implement climate protection policies What? Why? How? Category , Municipalities, when preparing their climate PB+C, change responses, should be required to D+R+M&E refer to and harmonise with the provincial climate change responses. Who? – GDED and GCRO; All provincial departments; All municipalities; Universities and research organizations; SALGA GP. 6.2 Research Objective , Promote research and development for climate change response. Overview It is recognized that there is emerging evidence from research that indicates that climate change is taking place and response interventions should be implemented. However, there is still need for the development of further information through continued robust monitoring and analysing of climate change phenomenon and what will be required in terms of technology development, and human capacity and capability to adapt and become resilient. Hence, the GCCRS emphasises activities supported by on-going research. This research needs to be jointly conducted between implementing agencies and research organizations (applied research) as mitigation and adaptation interventions will require real world testing and application. Many of the climate change interventions proposed in this document and the following R&D actions are applied research activities that will be carried out in partnerships comprising government-industry-universities-research organizations. Page | 70 116.2.1 Research and development for climate change response What? Why? How? Category All the universities and other major The implications for governance, civil , Create partnerships between province and PB+C research organisations in Gauteng society, infrastructure build and municipalities on the one hand, and engaged in aspects of climate operating costs of a comprehensive research organisations on the other, to conduct research relevant to the provincial change mitigation and adaptation. climate change response are profound. The intended and climate response strategy. unintended consequences of these environmental, societal and fiscal , Create funding mechanisms to support RM such research and skills development. changes need to be studied in advance, and critically evaluated , Conduct research in the following, inter alia: R&D during implementation so that appropriate actions can be maintained, , Energy technologies that assist in and undesirable outcomes terminated mitigation. or mitigated. This is the proper role of , Smart energy systems and controls. universities and research , Carbon reduction strategies and organisations. technologies. , Zero net energy buildings and settlements. , Establish benchmarking and pilot demonstration projects. Who? – Universities; CSIR; HSRC, GCRO; SANEDI. 11 Include the R&D activities identified in the various mitigation and adaptation actions. Page | 71 6.3 Public Awareness, Education and Training Objective , Promote public awareness, education and skills development on all aspects of climate change. 6.3.1 Awareness raising campaign on climate change What? Why? How? Category The citizens of Gauteng are aware Public awareness of climate change is , Augment the development and promotion PA+Ed of the nature, causes and critical to achieve the goals of informational programmes and adverts on consequences of climate change, mitigation and adaptation responses. radio and television. both on a global scale and more This also assists the citizenry to begin , Investigate use of cellphones for periodic D+R+M&E, directly how their local a process of transition in their social “Tweets” or SMS on climate change and environments are affected. and economic behaviour. InF D climate change related hazards. The citizens are aware of their own All citizens need to be involved in roles and contributions, and implementing interventions for climate , Develop a climate change website (see PA+Ed, supportive of responses initiated by change response. Section 6.3.4). InF D provincial and local government to , Integrate climate change awareness PA+Ed respond to climate change. building with sustainable development events, e.g. annual international Earth Hour. Who? - GDARD; various media; telecommunications companies; SALGA GP; the public. 6.3.3 Energy science and demonstration centre What? Why? How? Category Establish and build an Energy The Energy Institute will pursue the , Create an Energy Institute to promote InF D, Centre or Energy Institute with following: leading, challenging, public awareness and entrepreneurship PB+C requisite modern energy efficient creating and exploring knowledge on with respect to South Africa?s and the building physics and smart energy energy; supporting academic, SADC energy economy. Page | 72 6.3.3 Energy science and demonstration centre What? Why? How? Category controls that will serve as a vocational and technological teaching; , Mandate the Energy Institute to act as a SE+M Int research, demonstration and learning and research; partnerships business incubation centre for outputs from learning centre for all aspects of with communities; and contributing to research. energy development in South Africa national objectives regarding skills and SADC/Africa region. development and economic growth. , Conduct research on energy planning, R&D modelling and technical interventions for sustainable town and regional planning and development. , The Energy Institute will promote public PA+Ed, awareness, through establishing an Energy PB+C, Exploratorium – a hands-on, interactive D+R+M&E display of energy-related phenomena, technologies, solutions and information. Who? – Premier?s Office/Gauteng Planning Commission; Gauteng Energy Office (GDLG&H); Universities; private sector. 6.3.4 Gauteng Climate Protection Website What? Why? How? Category A GDARD-hosted climate change A climate change website is needed as , Establish a Climate Response Website D+R+M&E website that has links to other a central portal for coordination InF D provincial departments and between provincial departments, , Maintain a tracking system of climate D+R+M&E municipalities. between the province and indicators relevant to Gauteng. municipalities; and for public . awareness and information. , Maintain a register and progress tracking of D+R+M&E all provincial climate change initiatives. PB+C Page | 73 6.3.4 Gauteng Climate Protection Website What? Why? How? Category , Maintain a register of climate change D+R+M&E research and other information. Who? - GDARD, Universities; CSIR; HSRC, MRC; GCRO. 6.3.5 Climate change and sustainable development in the school and tertiary education curriculam What? Why? How? Category Climate change and sustainable The transition to a society that is , Design and incorporate climate change and CB development incorporated as part aware and understands all aspects of sustainable development into the school of the school curriculum. climate change should be treated as a and tertiary education curricula. human development imperative. Climate change and sustainable development included in undergraduate and graduate courses at tertiary institutions. Who? - National Departments of Education; Gauteng Department of Education (GDE); Universities; GDARD. 6.4 Monitoring and Evaluation Objective , To define monitoring and evaluation procedures to track progress of the climate protection interventions. , To implement the monitoring and evaluation procedures, and provide means for reporting. Page | 74 6.4.1 Gauteng GHG inventory What? Why? How? Category A GHG inventory structure The implementation of an inventory on , The EnerKey Programme has generated D+R+M&E developed and implemented. GHG emissions will assist with data on GHG inventories for the energy measuring progress in reducing GHG sector for Gauteng. This should be GHG inventory updated at regular augmented to include additional sources as gases brought about by the intervals based on research and implemented mitigation measures. specified in the IPCC guidelines stipulated survey information. in the Greenhouse gas inventory for South Without the means of monitoring GHG Africa: 2000 (DEA, 2009). emissions reductions, it will not be possible to make a business case for , Develop a GHG inventory system for non-D+R+M&E maintaining or implementing additional energy emissions in accordance with IPCC climate mitigation measures. guidelines stipulated in the Greenhouse gas inventory for South Africa: 2000 (DEA, 2009). Who? - GDARD; Universities; GCRO; GDLG&H Energy office; Municipalities; Municipal MOEs that supply electricity; Eskom; Energy industry. 6.4.2 Energy modeling and monitoring for Gauteng What? Why? How? Category An inventory on primary energy Information on energy supply and , The EnerKey Programme has generated D+R+M&E supply, transport, transformation consumption will assist in designing baseline information on energy modelling and end use category is maintained and developing secure energy sources and monitoring (2011). This needs to be for Gauteng. and technologies for the economy and augmented, and the populated model population of Gauteng and ensure transferred to province. An inventory of alternative energy sustainable development. supply for Gauteng is established Page | 75 6.4.2 Energy modeling and monitoring for Gauteng What? Why? How? Category and updated annually. Such information is required to , Implement capacity building for the GP CB, implement cost-optimised mitigation A techno-economic energy model Energy office, i.e. human, financial and RM interventions and alternative energy (TIMES-MARKEL) is populated and technological resources to implement and supply technologies. maintain energy modelling and monitoring. maintained as a decision support tool for Gauteng energy planning. Who? - Energy Office (GDLG&H); Municipalities; Universities; GDARD; Eskom; MOEs that distribute electricity; energy industry companies. 126.4.3 State of Gauteng Climate Protection Report What? Why? How? Category A Provincial Climate Protection Indicators are used to provide robust , Gauteng Disaster Management Centre and D+R+M&E, chapter is included in the (annual) metrics to indicate progress against GDARD and universities assume the PB+C, Gauteng State of Environment defined objectives, in a uniform and responsibility of producing this report and PA+Ed Report. Gauteng should include. easily communicable format. The identify the reporting strategy. development of such climate indicators Develop indicators for climate will assist GDARD in measuring and mitigation and climate adaptation reporting progress against Gauteng?s are developed, and are included in climate protection objectives. the above report. The report will be a comprehensive 12 The GP Energy office intends to publish a periodic Gauteng State of Energy Report, an activity described in the Gauteng Integrated Energy Strategy that will provide information on energy mitigation responses. Page | 76 126.4.3 State of Gauteng Climate Protection Report What? Why? How? Category source document on environmental management and climate protection interventions that will inform and engage the public in climate protection issues. The report will provide information to policy makers on, inter alia, climate risks, vulnerabilities propose adaptation interventions. Who? –GDARD; GCRO; Gauteng Disaster Management Centre; Universities; Municipalities. Page | 77 7. Way Forward The GCCRS and Action Plan has identified a number of actions to achieve climate protection. However, priority actions required to synergise the implementation of climate protection interventions in Gauteng will need to be determined by the committee comprising GDED, GDLG&H, GDARD, GDID, and GDR&T and including SALGA GP. The actions prioritised will provide the impetus to integrate with the Green Economy Strategy and cascade the implementation of various interventions. It should be noted that the responsible departments, municipalities and organizations will need to develop comprehensive projects and plans with requisite budgets and coordinate with GDARD. Page | 78 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was prepared for the Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (GDARD) by the following team from the University of Johannesburg: Principal Investigators: Prof. Charles Mbohwa (Faculty of Management) and Prof. Harold Annegarn (SeTAR Centre and Faculty of Science) Principal Writers: Lynda Mujakachi (SeTAR Centre, Faculty of Science); Prof. Harold Annegarn (SeTAR Centre and Faculty of Science); Ntombifuthi Ntuli (DANIDA and MSc. student in GEMES, Faculty of Science); and Prof. Charles Mbohwa (Faculty of Management) Contributing Writers: Nonhlanhla Myaka (Consultant); Junior Mabiza, Janet Duma, Takalani Musundwa Nemarumane and Havashnee Naidoo (all from Faculty of Management) Project Manager: Dr. Pule Kholopane (Faculty of Management). GDARD staff are also acknowledged for providing valuable information and comments towards the production of this report, namely: Ms. Rina Taviv, Mr. Gershon Nethavani, Mr. Eric Mulibana from the Sustainable Use of Environment Branch; Ms. Melinda Swift from the Sustainable Resource Management Branch; Dr Deryn Petty, Dr. Peter Geertsma and Mr. Reuben Govender from the Veterinary Services and Sustainable Resource Management Branch; Dr. Nico Grobler from the Directorate of Nature Conservation; Pieta Compaan from the Nature Conservation: Technological Services. Acknowledgements are extended to the various participants and presenters who attended the following workshops and offered valuable inputs: (i) the EnerKey Programme Climate Protection (Mitigation) Workshops held 2-3 November 2010 at UJ and Liliesleaf Farm respectively, in Johannesburg; (ii) Adaptation Workshop held 27 January 2011 at UJ; (iii) CSIR-EnerKey Programme workshop on “Spatial Planning in the transition to low carbon city and city region economies” held 10 March 2011 at CSIR; and (iv) the Gauteng Climate Change Indaba held 15 March 2011 at Life Hotel in Kempton Park, Ekurhuleni Municipality. The GCRO/GDED team that developed Green Strategic Programme for Gauteng (2011) is acknowledged for making valuable comments towards the production of this report. The UJ team members attended various workshops at national, provincial and municipal levels that are related to climate protection and sustainable development during the course of the project and have gained information which has been incorporated in the production of this document. Other sources of information and data are acknowledged and referenced where they appear in the document.