物联网英文翻译作业

物联网英文翻译作业 The Internet of Things Preface In the last few years, a stimulating idea is fast emerging in the wireless scenario: the pervasive presence around us of a variety of "things"or "objects",such as RFID,sensors,actuators,mobile phones ,which,through unique addressing schemes,areable to interact with each other and cooperate with their neighboring "smart"components to reach common goals. This novel paradigm, named “The Internet of Things” (IoT) continues on the path set by the concept of smart environments and paves the way to the deployment of numerous applications with a significant impact on many fields of future every-day life. In this context, logistics, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), business/process management, assisted living, and e-health are only a few examples of possible application fields in which this novel paradigm will play a leading role in the next future. Actually, many challenging issues still need to be addressed and both technological and social nodes untied before the IoT idea being widely accepted. Central issues are making a full interoperability of such devices possible,enabling their adaptation and autonomous behavior, as well as guaranteeing trust, privacy, and security. Also, the IoT idea poses several new problems concerning the networking aspects. In fact, the “things” composing the IoT will be characterized by low resources in terms of both computation and energy capacity. Accordingly, the proposed solutions need to pay special attentiion to resource efficiency besides the obvious scalability problems. The papers included in this volume present a picture of the current state of the art on the above issues; more specifically, concepts and ideas are discussed on networking, middleware, security and privacy, RFID and sensor networks, as well as electromagnetic aspects. 1 Networking Issues in the IoT Networking issues are of great relevance in the IoT scenario, especially when sensed data and control commands need to be routed through different networks of objects or have to be delivered to servers in the Internet. Routing and addressing are two of the main issues, which need to be addressed taking into account the fact that the network topologies (physical and logical) vary over the time so that different gateways and clusters of mobile nodes are used to transmit from one network to another. A common scenario analyzed by Bernardo Leal and Luigi Atzori in “Objects Communication Behavior on Multi-Homed Hybrid Ad Hoc Networks ” is one of the Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) interconnected to the fixed networks。Such multi-homed MANETs can be seen as an extension to the existing infrastructure. Accordingly, MANET nodes may seamlessly communicate with those on the fixed network forwarding packets through appropriate gateways. Two of the aspects that may affect the performance are node address allocation and dynamic gateway changes. When objects in MANETs move around, they may find themselves on a different sub network from the one they have registered in and got their address from. For that reason, their IP address must be changed accordingly while ongoing connections must be maintained and the packets belonging to these connections must be delivered continuously. A crucial role in this context is that of the routing protocols, which may be either proactive, such as the OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing Protocol), or reactive, like the AODV (Adhoc On-Demand Distance Vector). The selection of one of these two approaches and the configuration of the adopted protocol is a big issue that needs to be evaluated depending on the type of communications and the main performance issues. Another emerging solution proposed in the paper entitled “Traffic Classification in the Presence of Routing Asymmetry”, authored by Manuel Crotti, Francesco Gringoli, and Luca Salgarelli, is that based on the adoption of asymmetric routing, which is a practice already common in the Internet core and is going to affect parts of the network that are closer and closer to the edges, such as the IoT networks. In order to maintain their effectiveness in this environment, appropriate traffic analysis techniques need to be made robust to the effects of asymmetric routing。Performance evaluation of routing protocols in WSNs is presented by L. Bergesio, M. Franceschinis, M. Spirito, and R. Tomasi in their paper. They specifically focus on a multi-hop routing solution, called Hopefully Longest Jump First, specifically proposed for WSNs arranged in a linear topology. This solution is compared with two simple approaches, named Single Hop and Limited Flooder. At the application level, a Master Node has been implemented at one side of the WSN, which progressively queries each of the N Slave Nodes. On its turn, when queried, a Slave Node replies to the Master Node. The analysis is based on performance metrics like end-to-end delay and end-to-end packet delivery success rate, also considering the impact of the distance between two adjacent nodes and thus the expected number of neighbors within a node radio coverage. Medium access control and management continues to be a subject extensively investigated within the IoT arena, since it heavily affects the communication performance in terms of delays, losses, throughput, and reliability. When devising new strategies, it is important to focus on the self-managing, self-configuring, and self regulating features, especially if the resulting network has to operate in emergency areas as in the case of the management of catastrophes. In this context, an important issue addressed by Emanuele Cipollone, Francesca Cuomo, and Anna Abbagnale in the paper “A Distributed Procedure for IEEE 802.15.4 PAN Coordinator Election in Emergency Scenarios” is the selection of the network coordinator which has to be performed by also taking into account energy saving during data delivery, thus increasing the network lifetime in case of battery supplied devices (e.g. in case of Wireless Sensor Networks – WSNs) and delivery delay reduction. In particular, a novel architecture, namely Cellular Controlled Peer-to-Peer (CCP2P), has been introduced in the last years. According to it, cellular devices can create cooperative clusters with neighboring devices in their proximity using a short range technology. Each terminal is then contributing to the cooperative cluster by sharing its cellular link. The grouped members acting in a cooperative manner can achieve better performance than a standalone device, in different scenarios. This is the context studied by Emanuele Scuderi, Rocco Parrinello, David Izal, Gian Paolo Perrucci, Frank Fitzek, Sergio Palazzo, and Antonella Molinaro in “A Mobile Platform for Measurements in Dynamic Topology Wireless Networks”. However, still great efforts are needed to make the cooperation effective and reliable in realistic scenarios where the peers are continuously moving and the channel is disturbed by concurrent communications in the same geographical area. Whereas cooperation can improve the performance in terms of energy consumption, broadcast techniques allow for reaching the widest area in the shortest possible time which is a feature highly demanded in case of emergency transmission. which is a feature highly demanded in case of emergency transmission. This is the case of safety-related applications in self-organizing Vehicular Ad-hoc NETwork (VANET), where vehicles share and distribute information by rebroadcasting a re-ceived information packet to their neighbors. An efficient broadcast technique can offer a high reactivity without sacrificing the communication reliability. In this context, Cluster-based Irresponsible Forwarding (CIF) is a novel broadcast multi-hop forwarding protocol introduced in “Cluster-based Irresponsible Forwarding” by Stefano Busanelli, Gianluigi Ferrari, and Sooksan Panichpapiboon. CIF integrates the recently proposed IF probabilistic forwarding approach with a loosely structured clustered architecture. The clusters of vehicles that naturally form in VANET are typically “ephemeral” and tend to be a source of network congestion, that penalize the performance of “pure” probabilistic approaches. CIF attempts to recognize the presence of ephemeral clusters and adapts its forwarding strategy to the underlaying instantaneous network topology. Also the paper “Dynamic Spectrum Access Communications: Wavelet Modulation with Unequal Power Allocation”, by Marco Lixia and Maurizio Murroni, addresses network access layer issues by proposing an optimization in the power allocation when using the available spectrum in a dynamic way. An adaptive Wavelet Modulation (WM) scheme is proposed to exploit available resources of the channel while avoiding interferences with the primary users of the spectrum. The power is distributed according to both the sensitivity to channel errors and channel availability. Genetic Algorithms are used to optimize weights with the constraint of average energy per bit remaining unaffected. Flow control is another crucial issue in heterogonous wireless networks used in the IoT scenario, especially when dealing with multimedia communications. The paper authored by Enzo Baccarelli, Mauro Biagi, Nicola Cordeschi, Tatiana Patriarca, and Valentina Polli, “Optimal Cross-Layer Flow-Control for Wireless Maximum-Throughput Delivery of VBR Media Contents”, focuses on the design of control policies and proposes an approach based on the maximization of the average throughput over the wireless last-hop, under constraints on the maximum connection bandwidth allowed at the Application (APP) layer, the queue-capacity available at the Data-Link (DL) layer, and the average and peak transmit energies sustained by the Physical (PHY) layer. The resulting controller is rate-based and operates in a cross-layer fashion that involves the APP, DL, and PHY layers of the underlying protocol stack. Finally, the paper “A Secure MPLS VPN Infrastructure for Complex Geodata Sensor Network”, by Mirko Luca Lobina and Tatiana Onali, studies the issues of interconnecting geodata sensor networks when deployed to monitor environmental factor in an extended geographical area. The use of the MPLS protocol is considered in this context, with a keen attention to issues related to the bandwidth management and security, when short messages are transmitted through the backbone network. The use of the MPLS protocol is considered in this context, with a keen attention to issues related to the bandwidth management security and, when short messages are transmitted through the backbone network. 2 Middleware for the Internet of Thin The availability of a middleware layer hiding the details of different technologies is fundamental to exempt the programmer from details that are not directly pertinent to her/his focus, which is the development of the specific application enabled by the IoT infrastructures. The IoT may benefit a lot from the existence of such a middleware, since new services will be easily developed and objects interaction will be strongly enhanced. This is a software layer interposed between the technological and the application sub-levels. Several solutions are under study. The WhereX solution, introduced by Antonio Puliafito, Angelo Cucinotta, Antonino Longo Minnolo, and Angelo Zaia in “Making the Internet of Things a Reality: The WhereX Solution” has been developed responding to SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) and Multichannel Communication technologies. The use of the SOA principles provides the highest level of flexibility and scalability to the system in the organization of both the external integration processes and the exchange processes within the middleware, by favoring the addition/modification of func- tions and services (scalability). The use of the XMPP communication model is very important because, since this is a real-time communication protocol, it can provide a high level of interactivity and can simplify the integration with enterprise applications. The SAI (Service Application Integration) middleware solution described in “A Scalable Grid and Service-Oriented Middleware for Distributed Heterogeneous Data and System Integration in Context-Awareness Oriented Domains” by David Parlanti, Federica Paganelli, and Dino Giuli, is also based on the adoption of a SOA approach for easing the integration of heterogeneous resources for the development of context-aware applications in enterprise domains. The SOA approach interprets distributed systems mainly as a problem of service specification, implementation, and composition. A “service” may be defined as a computational entity endowed with an open and addressable specification of its expected behavior. The definition of the “computation entity” is then extended to include software components encapsulating sensors/actuators functionalities. Integration of such real-world devices and business systems usually requires decoupling between service consumers and providers, thus demanding support also for oneway, notification-response, and solicit-response interaction patterns. To address such invocation requirements, SOA’s implementation solutions should also be correlated with “message-oriented” approaches. Message orientation gives new insights on service provision/consumption as well as on the overall SOA architectural style. The InterDataNet architecture is another middleware solution proposed by Franco Pirri, Maria Chiara Pettenati, Samuele Innocenti, Davide Chini, and Lucia Ciofi in “InterDataNet: A Scalable Middleware Infrastructure for Smart Data Integration”: InterDataNet is based on the SOA principles too. It is designed to enable heterogeneous objects networks to expose and integrate their smart data. At the core of the system sits the InterDataNet middleware that defines an object Information Model and the related Service Architecture operating on it in order to provide: a scalable and open service to support a consistent reuse of objects identifiers, that is a global reference and addressing mechanism for locating and retrieving objects in a Webwide scale; a set of transparent application-services functions, namely historic data management and replica management. The management of the Resource Identifiers of the Real World Objects (RWOs) is the main subject of the CONVERGENCE middleware framework proposed by Nicola Blefari Melazzi in “CONVERGENCE: Extending the Media Concept to Include Representations of Real World Objects”:CONVERGENCE is aimed at enhancing current media handling with new functionality and extend the traditional concept of media to include digital representations of RWOs. The Convergence framework is based on the concept of Versatile Digital Item (VDI), a structured package of digital content and meta-information, inspired by the MPEG-21 standard, but designed to address a broader range of application domains, including the management of RWOs in the Internet of Things. The VDI is supported by an in-novative middleware and by tools and applications. This framework incorporates six innovations: (1) VDIs provide uniform mechanisms to handle different classes of information, including Real World Objects; (2) VDIs are intrinsically dynamic, allowing both providers and consumers to update content; (3) VDIs support “digital forgetting” (automatic “un-publishing”, automated garbage collection of VDIs after a user-defined expiry date); (4) VDIs meet security and privacy needs of both professional and non-professional consumers and providers; (5) VDIs support new modes of semantic search; (6) VDIs allow easy sharing of information across multiple, heterogeneous devices. Particular attention has to be devoted to the middleware solutions that specifically deal with the management of emergency situations. In this scenario, addressed by Fabrizio Ronci and Marco Listanti in “Service Oriented Middleware Solutions for Emergency Communication Networks”, a number of operators, decisionmakers, and institutional and commercial service providers are usually supposed to cooperate in order to assist involved population and environment, to overcome the crisis and to start reconstruction. As far as conventional, and possibly inade- quate, communication services, basically relying on radio voice calls, yield to a wide gamut of real time, interactive and multimedia data oriented information flows, new viewpoints on network architectures arise from integrating available information, communication and media technologies. All these network resources and components, including today’s mobile devices that, as for performance, are a lot more powerful than those of the early days, are able to host very sophisticated and versatile software. This fact enables the usage and exploitation of middleware solutions to integrate knowledge, but also to enhance reliability, to provide transparency, and to guarantee scalability in respect of physical, link, routing and transport technologies, and schemes. 物联网 前言 在过去的几年里，一个刺激的想法是在无线情况下迅速崛起的: 我们周围普遍存在的各种“东西”或“对象”，如RFID，传感器，驱动器，移动手机，它通过独特的解决计划，互相交流和合作，与其周边的“智能”组件来达到共同的目标。 这种新颖的范式，命名为“物联网”(IOT)继续在智能环境的概念设置路径和众多的应用程序的部署铺平了道路，对未来的每一天的生活的许多领域产生重大影响的方式。在此背景下，物流，智能交通系统(ITS)，业务/流程管理，辅助生活，以及电子医疗只是一个可能的应用领域的几个例子，在未来这本小说范式将发挥主导作用。 事实上，许多具有挑战性的问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 仍然需要加以解决，科技和社会节点解开之前的物联网的想法被广泛接受。核心问题是一个可能的此类设备的全面的互操作性，用他们的适应和自主行为，来保证信任，隐私和安全。此外，物联网的想法提出了几个有关网络方面的新问题。事实上，“事物”组成的物联网的特点将是在计算和能源的能力方面的资源不足。因此，除了明显的可扩展性问题提出的解决方案需要付出特殊资源利用效率。 本卷中所包含的文件提出了对上述问题的艺术性的当前状态的图片; 更具体地说，理念和思路进行了讨论，网络，中间件，安全和隐私，RFID和传感器网络，以及电磁方面。 1 物联网的联网问题 网络问题存在很大的关联性，在物联网方案，尤其是当遥感数据和控制命令需要通过不同的网络对象路由或交付在互联网服务器。路由和寻址的两个主要问题，考虑到这一事实，需要加以解决。使不同的网关和移动节点的集群是随时间来传输从一个网络到另一个网络拓扑结构(物理和逻辑)。贝尔纳莱亚尔和Luigi Atzori分析“对象多宿主混合Ad Hoc网络传播行为”是一种常见的情况之一的移动Ad hoc网络(MANET的)，通过不同的网关固定网络互连。这种多宿主MANET的，可以被看作是在现有的基础设施的扩展。因此，MANET中的节点可能与固定网络转发数据包的无缝通信，通过适当的网关。两个方面，可能会影响性能的节点地址的分配和动态网关的变化。MANET中的对象时，左右移动，他们可能会发现自己已登记，并得到了他们的地址在不同的子网络。出于这个原因，必须相应改变其IP地址，保持持续连接，这些连接的数据包属于必须交付不断。在这方面的一个关键作用是路由 协议 离婚协议模板下载合伙人协议 下载渠道分销协议免费下载敬业协议下载授课协议下载 决定的，这可能是积极的，如优化链路状态路由协议OLSR()，或反应像AODV(即席按需距离矢量)。选择这两种方法，并通过协议的配置之一，是一个很大的的问题，因为它需要根据通信和主要的性能问题的类型进行评估。 另切斯科撰写Gringoli，和卢卡Salgarelli的基础上，采用非对称路由，这是一个已经很普遍的做法，并在互联网核心，是会影响网络的部分，是密切边缘，如物联网网络，为了在这种环境下保持其有效性，需要强大的非对称路由的影响作出适当的交通分析技术。对于无线传感器网络中路由选择的性能评估是由 贝尔杰西奥、弗兰切斯基尼斯和托马西在他们的 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 中提出的。他们特别集中在一个被称为多跳路由解决方案，所谓希望最长的跳转，首先专门安排在一个线性拓扑的无线传感器网络的建议。这种解决方案相比，有两个简单的方法，名为“单跳和有限公司Flooder。在应用层，一个主节点已实施在无线传感器网络，逐步查询的N每个从节点的一侧。反过来，查询时，从节点回复到主节点。该分析是基于像终端到端到端延迟和年底到终端的数据包传输成功率的性能指标，同时考虑两个相邻节点之间的距离的影响，并因此预期数邻居节点广播的覆盖范围内。一个新兴的解决方案提出的文件题为“流量分类的路由不对称”，由Manuel Crotti，弗朗 介质访问控制和管理仍然是物联网领域内广泛调查的主题，因为它严重影响，延误，损失，以及吞吐量和可靠性方面的通信性能。在制定新的战略时，特别是在紧急情况地区的灾害管理的情况下运作而产生的网络中，最重要的是把重点放在自我管理，自我配置和自我调节的功能上。在这种情况下，埃马努埃莱西波隆，弗朗西斯科莫和安娜阿巴尼亚莱解决的一个重要问题的论文“分布式程序为IEEE 802.15.4潘在紧急情况协调员选举”是选择网络协调员进行也正在考虑节能在数据传输，从而提高网络的寿命，在电池供电设备的情况下(如无线传感器网络-无线传感器网络的情况下)，增加网络的生存时间和减少延迟交货。无线网络之间的合作也迅速赢得了许多研究者的兴趣，因为一些研究表明，如何可以通过合作原则的表现加以改善。尤其是，一种新的架构，即细胞控制对同行(CCP2P)，已在过去几年中推出。据判决书称，蜂窝设备可以创建在其邻近的周边设备，使用短程技术合作集群。然后每个终端是促进合作分享其蜂窝连接的集群。分组的成员，在不同的场景下，以合作的方式可以比一个独立的设备达到更好的性能，这是在“动态拓扑无线网络测量的移动平台”上研究埃马努埃莱斯库代里，罗科帕里内洛，大卫爱洒，吉安保罗佩鲁奇，弗兰克非策克，塞尔吉奥宫，和安东内拉莫利纳罗的背景。 然而，在现实情况下随着同行的不断进步以及在同一地理区域的并发通信受到干扰，为了建立有效的和可靠的合作关系仍需作出很大的努力。在非常紧急的情况下广播技术的传输功能可以在最短的时间内到达最广的区域。这是在安全相关的应用程序的情况下，自我组织媒介临时网络(VANET)，媒介共享和分配来转播他们的邻居再接收的信息包的信息。一个有效的广播技术，可以提供不牺牲通信的可靠性高反应性。在此背景下，基于集群的不负责任的推进(CIF)是一种新型的广播多跳转发协议，在“集群不负责任推进”斯特凡诺布萨内利，布冯法拉利，Sooksan Panichpapiboon下引进的。最近提出的CIF集成了一个结构松散的IF概率转发的方法聚群架构。自然形式在VANET的车辆集群通常是“短暂的”，而且往往是一个源网络阻塞，这对“纯粹”的概率方法的实现是很不利的。CIF试图承认短暂集群的存在，并适应其转发策略的下一层瞬时网络拓扑。纸“动态频谱接入通信:不平等的权力分配的微波调节”被马可波罗丽霞和Maurizio Murroni，同时提出在权力分配的优化时，在一个动态的方式使用可用频谱的网络接入层的问题。自适应小波调制(WM)计划建议的渠道利用现有的资源，同时避免干扰频谱的主要用户。这个通道是根据双方的敏感性通道的错误和渠道的可用性别分布的。遗传算法用于优化不受影响的平均每比特能量约束的权重。 流量控制是另一个heterogonous在物联网方案中使用的无线网络的关键问题，尤其是在处理与多媒体通信方面。恩佐Baccarelli，莫罗比亚吉，尼古拉 Cordeschi，塔蒂亚娜Patriarca，瓦伦蒂娜Polli，在“跨层的无线吞吐量最大的VBR媒体内容交付的优化流量控制”中，撰写的论文侧重于调控政策的设计，并提出了在应用程序(APP)层，在数据链路层(DL)，队列容量允许的最大连接带宽的限制下，通过无线的最后一跳的平均吞吐量的最大化为基础的方法，通过在物理层(PHY)的持续使平均和峰值发射能量。由此产生的控制器是基于速率和工作涉及到的应用程序，DL和PHY层的底层协议栈跨层时装。 最后，MPLS协议被认为是在这一背景下，可以通过短消息传输骨干网的带宽管理和安全，文中“一个安全的MPLS VPN复杂的地理数据传感器网络的基础设施”米尔科卢卡Lobina和Tatiana Onali，在研究互连地理传感器网络部署时，以监测环境因素的问题来扩展的地理区域。这一问题被热切关注。 2 互联网的中间设备 一个中间件层可以利用不同的技术细节，这是发展具体功能的应用程序的物联网的基础设施。物联网的优势一部分原因是来自于这种中间件技术，因为新的服务将很容易地开发并且与对象之间的互动也会加强。这是一个软件层与技术层之间的应用程序。几种解决方案正处在研究过程中。WhereX解决方案，介绍，Antonio Puliafito, Angelo Cucinotta, Antonino“使物联网成为一个现实: (面向服务的架构)多通道通信技术。SOAWhereX解决”解决已制定应对的SOA 的使用原则是提供高水平的灵活性和可扩展性的系统在双方的外部一体化进程的组织和交流内中间件的进程，有利于功能的添加/修改和服务。使用XMPP通信模型非常重要，因为这是一个实时的通信，它可以提供一个高层次交互，并可以简化与企业的融合应用。SAI(服务应用集成)中间件解决方案“可伸缩的网络和分布式面向服务的中间件描述异构数据和系统集成在面向域上下文感知” David Parlanti, Federica Paganelli, and Dino Giuli,，也是基于通过宽松的异构资源的整合，SOA的方法在企业域的上下文感知应用的发展。SOA方法解释分布式系统，主要是作为一个服务的问题前言IX规范，实施和组成。可能被定义为“服务”赋予它的开发和寻址规范的计算实体预期的行为。“计算实体“定义，然后扩展到包括软件组件，封装传感器/执行器的功能。集成这种现实世界的设备和业务系统通常需要使用退耦服务消费者和提供者之间，因此要求的支持，也为单向，通知响应，要求响应的互动模式。为了解决这些调用的要求，实施SOA的解决方案也应相关“以信息为导向”的办法。消息方向提供了新的见解提供的服务/消费以及对SOA的整体建筑风格。The InterDataNet架构是另一个由佛朗哥提出的中间件解决方案，一个可扩展的智能数据集成中间件基础设施InterDataNet是基于SOA原则。它的目的是使异构揭露和集成其智能数据对象网络。在核心系统主要InterDataNet中间件定义对象的信息模型以及相关的服务架构运作，以提供一个可伸缩的和开放式服务，以支持对象的标识符一致的重用，这是一个全球参考和解决机制，查找和检索对象在一个webwide规模;一套透明应用程序服务功能，即历史数据管理和副本管理。 在对现实世界的对象的资源标识符(RWOs)的管理是主体的融合中间件提出的框架尼古拉在“融合，扩展媒体的概念包括现实世界对象的陈述”:融合的目的是加强目前的媒体处理功用 扩展传统媒体的概念，包括数字表示RWOs。收敛多功能数字项目的概念(VDI)，结构化的框架是基于数字内容和元信息的包，MPEG—21 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 的启发，但旨在解决范围更广的应用领域，包括管理的联网RWOs。VDI 是一个创新的支持中间件和工具的应用程序。这个框架包含六个创新:(1)VDI提供统一的机制来处理不同类别信息;(2)信息，包括真实世界的对象;(3)VDI的支持“数字忘记了”(自动“联合国出版VDI的自动垃圾收集在一个用户定义的到期日”);(4)VDI同时满足安全性和保密性的需要专业和非专业的消费者和提供者的需要;(5)VDI支持新语义搜索模式;(6)VDI允许跨多个轻松共享信息异构设备。 特别注意专门的中国间件解决方案，专门处理紧急情况的管理。在这种情况下，解决法布里奥和马科在“面向服务的中间件解决方案应急通信网络”，数量的经营者，决策者，机构和商业服务供应商通常应该合作，以协助参与的人口和环境，克服危机，并开始重建。至于传统，并有可能不足，通信服务，基本上是依靠无线电语音通话，产量宽域的实时，交互式和多媒体数据化的信息流，新网络架构上的观点出现整合现有的信息，通信和媒体技术。所有这些网络资源和组件，包括今天的移动国，性能，更大量比初期的强大，能够非常先进的，多功能主机软件。这一事实使中间件解决方案析使用和肃削整合知识，而且增强了可靠性，提供透明度，并保证尊重物理，链接，路由和传输技术的可扩展性和计划。