大学英语提高课程学生用书

大学英语提高课程学生用书 Unit One A Working Community Preparing to read Before you read the essay, take a few minutes to think about your views on the concept of community: 1. What does community mean to you in China? 2. How do you define community in your life? 3. In what ways are communities important to society? neighborhood vs. community Text A Working Community by Ellen Goodman Ellen Goodman is a nationally syndicated columnist and associate editor of the Boston Globe. Her reputation as a first-rate journalist was confirmed when she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for distinguished commentary in 1980. The following essay A Working Community, originally written for the Washington Post, proposes a new definition of “community”. I have a friend who is a member of the medical community. It does not say that, of course, on the stationery that bears her home address. This membership comes from her hospital work. I have another friend who is a member of the computer community. This is a fairly new subdivision of our economy, and yet he finds his sense of place in it. Other friends and acquaintances of mine are members of the academic community, or the business community, or the journalistic community. Though you cannot find these on any map, we know where we belong. None of us, mind you, was born into these communities. Nor did we move into them, 1U-Hauling our possessions along with us. None has papers to prove we are card-carrying members of one such group or another. Yet it seems that more and more of us are identified by work these days, rather than by street. In the past, most Americans lived in neighborhoods. We were members of precincts or parishes or school districts. My dictionary still defines community, first of all in geographic terms, as “a body of people who live in one place.” But today fewer of us do our living in that one place; more of us just use it for sleeping. Now we call our towns “bedroom suburbs,” and many of us, without small children as icebreakers, would have trouble naming all the people on our street. It?s not that we are more isolated today. It?s that many of us have transferred a chunk of our friendships, a major portion of our everyday social lives, from home to office. As more of our neighbors work away from home, the workplace becomes our neighborhood. 2The kaffeeklatsch of the fifties is the coffee break of the eighties. The water cooler, the hall, the elevator, and the parking lot are the back fences of these neighborhoods. The people 1 we have lunch with day after day are those who know the running saga of our mother?s operations, our child?s math grades, our frozen pipes, and faulty transmissions. We may be strangers at the supermarket that replaced the corner grocer, but we are known at the coffee shop in the lobby. We share with each other a cast of characters from the boss in the corner office to the crazy lady in Shipping, to the lovers in Marketing. It's not surprising that when researchers ask Americans what they like best about work, they say it 3is “the schmoose factor.” When they ask young mothers at home what they miss most about work, it is the people. Not all the neighborhoods are empty, nor is every workplace a friendly playground. Most of us have had mixed experiences in these environments. Yet as one woman told me recently, she knows more about the people she passes on the way to her desk than on her way around the block. Our new sense of community hasn?t just moved from house to office building. The labels that we wear connect us with members from distant companies, cities, and states. We assume that we have something “in common” with other teachers, nurses, city planners. It?s not unlike the experience of our immigrant grandparents. Many who came to this country still identified themselves as members of the Italian community, the Irish community, the Polish community. They sought out and assumed connections with people from the old country. Many of us have updated that experience. We have replaced ethnic identity with professional identity, the way we replaced neighborhoods with the workplace. This whole realignment of community is surely most obvious among the mobile professions. People who move from city to city seem to put roots down into their professions. In an age of specialists, they may have to search harder to find people who speak the same language. I don?t think that there is anything massively disruptive about this shifting sense of community. The continuing search for connection and shared enterprise is very human. But I do feel uncomfortable with our shifting identity. The balance has tipped, and we seem increasingly dependent on work for our sense of self. If our offices are our new neighborhoods, if our professional titles are our new ethnic tags, then how do we separate ourselves from our jobs? Self-worth isn?t just something to measure in the marketplace. But in these new communities, it becomes harder to tell who we are without saying what we do. (756 words) _______________________________________ 1. U-Hauling: carrying something from one place to another with a truck 2. kaffeeklatsch: an afternoon gathering for friends to have a casual conversation and to sip coffee咖啡聚会 3. Schmoose factor: the reason that people can talk casually and friendly悠闲自在谈话的因素 New Words stationery/ 'stei? (?)n?ri /n. special paper for writing letters on信纸，信笺 subdivision/ 's?bdi,vi??n / n. one of the smaller parts into which a part of sth has been divided 分支;分部 2 journalistic/ d3?: n?'listik / adj. connected with the work of a journalist新闻工作者 的，新闻业的 precinct/'pri:si?kt/n. one of the parts into which a town or city is divided in order to organize elections选区 parish/ 'pæri? /n. an area that has its own church and that a priest is responsible for 教区 icebreaker/ 'aisbrek?(r )/n. a strong ship designed to break a way through ice; sth that you say or do to make people less nervous when they first meet 破冰船;打破 僵局的东西 isolated/ 'ais?leitid /adj. (of people) without much contact with other people 孤独的，孤 立的 saga/ 'sɑ:g? /n. a long series of events or adventures and/or a report about them 一连串的事件或经历 transmission/trænz'm?i?n / the system in a motor vehicle by which power is passed from the engine to the wheels 变速器 cast/ kɑ:st / all the people who act in a play or film/movie全体演员 realignment / ri:?'laim?nt/ the change of the position or direction of sth slightly 调整 massively / 'mæsivli / In a large or serious manner巨大地;非常严重地 disruptive /dis'r?ptiv/ causing problems, noise, etc so that sth can not continue normally 引起混乱的 enterprise/'ent?praiz/ the ability to think of new projects and make them successful事业心;进取心;创业精神 tip /tip/ move so that one end or side is higher than the other倾斜;倾 倒 Phrases and Expressions do/earn one?s living provide oneself with what is necessary for life 谋生 a chunk of a fairly large amount of 相当大的量 transfer…to… move sth from one place to another 转移;搬迁 have sth in common with have the same interests, ideas, etc as sb else 相同;有共同点 replace…with… take the place of sth with sth; use sth instead of sth else(用…) 替换;(以…)接替 Exercises I. Reading Comprehension Answer the following questions based on the text. 1. According to the first four paragraphs, what has made people become members of certain communities? 2. According to paragraph 6, how has the sense of community changed in the past few years? 3. Why are the towns called “bedroom suburbs” (Para.7)? 4. What does the author mean when she says, “The kaffeklatsch of the fifties is the coffee 3 break of the eighties” (Para.9)? 5. What does paragraph 11 imply? 6. According to the author, what kind of experience did the immigrant grandparents have? (Para.12) 7. Why is the realignment of community most obvious among the mobile professions? (Para.12) 8. What makes the author feel uncomfortable? (Para.13) II. Structure of the Text Complete the following outline based on the text. 1. Introduction (Paras. 1-4) Everyone of us belongs to a certain community owing to_________________________________. 2.Body(Paras.5-12) 1) Our sense of community has changed from ___________________________(Paras. 5—10) A. In the past, the community to which we belonged was decided by_______________________ _______________________________________________________________. (Para 5) B. At present, a large part of our daily lives are _______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________. (Para6—10) 2) As our sense of community has changed from the neighborhood to the workplace our sense of identity has shifted _____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________. (Paras.11-12) 3. Conclusion (Paras. 13-14) The shifting sense of community and identity makes it hard for us to _____________________ _______________________________________________________________. IV. Reading and Reciting A. Read and recite the following paragraphs from the text. Para. 13 and Para.14 B. Study and recite the following sayings or quotations. 1. No matter how strong you are, how notable your attainments, you have enduring significance only in your relationship to others. ---------- Ziegler Edward 不管你有多么强大、你的成就多么辉煌，只有保持与他人之间的关系，这一切才有持久的意义。 2. Our deeds determine us, much as we determine our deeds. ------------ George Eliot 什么样的人便决定了干什么样的事;同样，干什么样的事也决定了是什么样的人。 3. The brotherly spirit of science, which unites into one family all its votaries of whatever grade, and however widely dispersed throughout the different quarters of the globe. --------- Franklin Roosevelt 科学的博爱精神分散在世界各地、各种热爱科学的让你连接成一个大家庭。 4 V. Vocabulary A. Complete the sentences with words given below, making sure that each word is used in the right form. assume specialist identity isolated disruptive update mobile academic ethnic realignment 1. The company has planned to strengthen its corporate_______________. 2. The results of this survey demonstrate clearly the fact that younger people are the most_________. 3. More than 100 development groups throughout the world are working on the technology, many of them attempting to_________ old designs to work with modern engines. 4. But to ignore the evidence of differences in performance between gender or _______groups can lead to unjust treatment of individuals. 5. I am pleased with the progress to date and I believe that you are not finding the process too _________. 6. The markets are smart enough to guests when a_________ is coming. 7. You simply cannot___________ that because the report has been well received that it will automatically produce action or a decision. 8. _____________qualifications cannot be the only criteria in judging a person. 9. If difficulties do arise during your time abroad, you may feel _________and vulnerable to pressure both from local management and head office. 10. Many museums employ________ to offer teachers sample worksheets. B. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the boldfaced part of the sentence. 1. The country is heavily dependent on its oil exports. A. reliant on B. complaint with C. yielding to D. attached to 2. An alternative approach is to define words according to the sentence contexts in which they occur. A. outline B. explain C. specify D. term 3. A second hospital has been accused of mixing up a baby?s name tag, making the mother fear she had the wrong child. A. code B. paper C. board D. label 4. The director will have to shift his roles and expectations when he?s asked by the rest of the board to answer criticism of company performance. A. move B. stint C. alter D. transit 5. Japanese computer makers are turning to scientists overseas to help them develop software and applications for massively parallel supercomputers. A. heavily B. immensely C. solidly D. ponderously 6. There is also evidence that younger people expect to transfer the source of their main emotional support to their spouse when they marry. A. move ... to B. subtract ... from C. distract ... from D. deflect ... to 7. Psychometric tests which attempt to measure students? ability to use the library have been developed and made use of primarily in the USA. A. arbitrate B. assess C. calculate D. reckon 8. Consequently, the neighborhood they live in, the interests they have, the lifestyle of their 5 friends and colleagues, will necessarily determine what reality is for the child. A. residential path B. residential street C. residential district D. residential part 9. The aim is to help participants identify their own learning needs in this area and then to suggest ways in which they can increase their knowledge. A. affirm B. confirm C. assume D. recognize 10. As we shall see later, they have been one of the factors that have helped to tip the economic balance firmly against the nuclear option. A. tilt B. incline C. slide D. slant VI. Cloze Choose an appropriate word from the following list to fill in each of the following blanks. Each word can be used only ONCE. Change the word form where necessary. adjust derive whole to work think not beyond thus competent less be pride off with human same tend with high I remember viewing half a dozen men in a chair factory whose job was to bend several pieces of steel and attach them so that a folding chair would result. The men knew they 1 good. When I talked with them, each expressed enormous 2 in being a part of the fastest, best team. And this sense of belonging 3 an accomplished work group is one of the distinctive satisfactions of the world of 4 . Unlike many other aspects of life, relationships among people at work 5 to be simpler, less complicated, somewhat less emotional. This is 6 to say there aren't arguments and jealousies, but, on the 7 , behavioral research discloses that 8 relations at work are just easier, perhaps because they are more regular and predictable and 9 simpler to adjust to than the sporadic, the more intense and 10 regular relationships in the community. And the work group also gently pressures its members to learnhowto11to one another so that the “rough edges” are worked 12 because people know they must do certain things 13 and through one another each day. 14 the team and the work group, there is the organization, whether it be company or hospital or university. The 15 pride in being part of a well-coordinated, successful unit is 1 6 from being part of a larger collectivity. Working for a company that is 1 7 of as being part of the best in the community can provide employees 18 both status and self-confidence. They assume, usually with good reasons, that others regard them more 19, even envy them, and that they are more 20 than the average because of this association with a “winner,” a prestigious institution. VIII. Translation A. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. 餐饮行业与电影行业的共同之处在于其小型企业的失败率很高。 (have sth in common) 2. 他的伟大在于她具有非凡的能力把科学家和企业家的品质结合起来了。(connect...with) 3. 像工作单位取代居住地一样，我们的种族身份已被职业身份所取代。这一现象在流动作 业的行业中 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 现地尤为明显。 (replace...with) 4.显然，任何一家大公司的老板都不可能事事亲历亲为，需要找到一些方法把他们的理念传 达给他人。 (transfer...to) 5. 没有任何人愿意再过那种自己无法控制、要别人认可、任人摆布的日子了。(dependent on) 6 6. 人们渴望一种成就感，渴望有能力凭自己的手、自己的脑、自己的意志办成事情。 ( a sense of) 7. 政府希望通过大量出售资产来弥补损失。(a chunk of) 8. 现代社会里人们的身份更多的由他们所从事的职业，而不是他们所生活的社区来决定。 (identify) 9. 职业和工作在使人得到幸福与满足方面所起的作用比我们大多数人所意识到的多得 多。(much more than... ) 10.我们的确对这个事件作了调查，但不会对正在进行的调查作任何评论。(do) B. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese. Para.11 and Para.12 ?. Writing Suppose you are the chairman of your neighborhood community. You are trying to make your community members communicate effectively with one another. Write an essay of no fewer than 200 words to explain your ideas. The suggested title is Suggestions on Improving Communication among the Community Members. Unit Two The Roots of My Ambition Preparing to read Before you read the following essay, take a few minutes to complete the poem, using the rhyming system as clues. Don?t Quit When things go wrong as they sometimes will, When the road you?re trudging seems all uphill, When the funds are low, and the debts are h___. And you want to smile, but you have to sigh, When care is pressing you down a _b____ Rest if you must, but don?t you quit. Success is failure turned inside _o______ They silver tint of the clouds of doubt, And you never can tell how close you are, It may be never when it seems so _a____ So, stick to the fight when you are hardest hit, It?s when things go wrong that you mustn?t q . Text The Roots of My Ambition by RusseU Baker Russell Baker is a noted columnist for the New York Times. He is most famous for 7 turning the daily gossip of most newspapers into the stuff of laugh-out-loud literature. Baker received his first Pulitzer Prize for distinguished commentary in 1979, in recognition of his "Observer" column and received his second Pulitzer Prize in 1983 for his autobiography Growing Up (1983).This text is condensed from his memoir The Good Times (1989). “If there?s one thing I can?t stand, Russell, it?s a quitter.” My mother, dead now to this world but still roaring free in my mind, wakes me some mornings before day-break. “If there?s one thing I can?t stand, Russell, it?s a quitter.” I have heard her say that all my life. Now, lying in bed, coming awake in the dark, I feel the fury of her energy fighting the good-for-nothing idler within me who wants to go back to sleep instead of tackling the brave new day. Silently I protest: I am not a child anymore. I have made something of myself. I am entitled to sleep late. “Russell, you?ve got no more gumption than a bump on a log.” She has hounded me with these battle cries since I was a boy in short pants. “Make something of yourself!” “Don?t be a quitter!” “Have a little ambition, Buddy.” The civilized man of the world within me scoffs at materialism and strives after success. He has read the philosophers and social critics. He thinks it is vulgar and unworthy to spend one's life pursuing money, power, fame, and ... “Sometimes you act like you're not worth the powder and shot it would take to blow you up with.” Life had been hard for my mother ever since her father died, leaving nothing but debts. The family house was lost, the children scattered. My mother?s mother, fatally iii with tubercular infection, fell into a suicide depression and was institutionalized. My mother, who had just started college, had to quit and look for work. Then, after five years of marriage and three babies, her husband died in 1930, leaving my mother so poor that she had to give up her baby Audrey for adoption. Maybe the bravest thing she did was to give up Audrey, only ten months old, to my Uncle Tom and Aunt Goldie. Uncle Tom, one of my father?s brothers, had a good job with the railroad and could give Audrey a comfortable life. My mother headed off to New Jersey with my other sister and me to take shelter with her brother Alen, poor relatives dependent on his goodness. She eventually found work patching grocers? smocks at ten dollars a week in a laundry. Mother would have liked it better if I could have grown up to be President or a rich businessman, but much as she loved me, she did not deceive herself. Before I was out of grade school, she could see I lacked the gifts for either making millions or winning the love of crowds. After that she began nudging me toward working with words. Words ran in her family. There seemed to be a word gene that passed down from her maternal grandfather. He was a school teacher, his daughter Lulie wrote poetry, and his son 1Charlie became New York correspondent for the Baltimore Herald. In the turn-of-the-century South, still impoverished by the Civil War, words were a way out. The most spectacular proof was my mother's first cousin Edwin. He was a managing 8 editor of the New York Times2. He had traveled all over Europe, proving that words could take you to places so glorious and so far from the Virginia sticks that your own kin could only gape in wonder and envy. My mother often used Edwin as an example of how far a man could go without much talent. 3 “Edwin James was no smarter than anybody else, and look where he is today,” my mother said, and said, and said again, so that I finally grew up thinking Edwin James was a dull clod who had a lucky break. Maybe she felt that way about him, but she was saying something deeper. She was telling me I didn?t have to be brilliant to get where Edwin had got to, that the way to get to the top was to work, work, and work. When my mother saw that I might have the word gift, she started trying to make it grow. Though desperately poor, she signed up for a deal that supplied one volume of Worlds Greatest Literature every month at 39 cents a book. I respected those great writers, but what I read with joy were newspapers, I lapped up every word about monstrous crimes, dreadful accidents and hideous butcheries committed in faraway wars. Accounts of murderers dying in the electric chair fascinated me, and I kept close track of fast meals ordered by condemned men. 45 In 1947 I graduated from John Hopkins and learned that the Baltimore Sunneeded a police reporter. Two or three classmates at Hopkins also applied for the job. Why I was picked was a mystery. It paid $30 a week. When I complained that was insulting for a college man, my mother refused to sympathize. “If you work hard at this job,” she said, “maybe you can make something of it. Then they?ll have to give you a raise.” Seven years later I was assigned by the Sun to cover the White House. For most reporters, being White House correspondent was as close to heaven as you could get. I was 29 years old and puffed up with pride. I went to see my mother?s delight while telling her about it. I should have known better. “Well, Russ,” she said, “if you work hard at this White House job, you might be able to make something of yourself.” Onward and upward was the course she set. Small progress was no excuse for feeling satisfied with yourself. People who stopped to pat themselves on the back didn't last long. Even if you got to the top, you'd better not take it easy. “The bigger they come, the harder they fall” was one of her favorite maxims. During my early years in the newspaper business, I began to entertain childish fantasies of revenge against Cousin Edwin. Wouldn?t it be delightful if I became such an outstanding reporter that the Times hired me without knowing I was related to the great Edwin? Wouldn?t it be delicious if Edwin himself invited me into his huge office and said, “Tell me something about yourself, young man?” What exquisite vengeance to reply, “I am the only son of your 6poor cousin Lucy Elizabeth Robinson.” What would one day happen was right out of my wildest childhood fantasy. The TIMES did come knocking at my door, though Cousin Edwin had departed by the time I arrived. Eventually I would be offered one of the gaudiest prizes in American journalism: a column in the New York Times. It was not a column meant to convey news, but a writer's column commenting on the 9 news by using different literary forms: essay devices, satire, burlesque, sometimes even fiction. It was proof that my mother had been absolutely right when she sized me up early in life and steered me toward literature. 7The column won its share of medals, including a Pulitzer Prize in 1979. My mother never knew about that. The circuitry of her brain had collapsed the year before, and she was in a nursing home, out of touch with life forevermore. I can only guess how she?d have responded to news of Pulitzer. I?m pretty sure she would have said, “That?s nice, Buddy. It shows if you buckle down and work hard, you?ll be able to make something of yourself one of these days.” In time there would be an attack on the values my mother preached and I have lived by. When the country began to pull apart in the 1960s and 70s people who admitted to wanting to amount to something were put down as materialists idiotically wasting their lives in the “rat race.” The word “gumption” vanished from the language. I tried at first to roll with the new age. I decided not to drive my children, as my mother had driven me, with those corrupt old demands that they amount to something. The new age exalted love, self-gratification and passive Asian philosophies that aimed at helping people resign themselves to the status quo. Much of this seemed preposterous to me, but I conceded that my mother might have turned me into a coarse materialist (one defect in her code was its emphasis on money and position),so I kept my heretical suspicions to myself. And then, realizing I had failed to fire my own children with ambition. I broke. One evening I heard myself shouting, “Don?t you want to amount to something?” The children looked blank. Amount to something. What a strange expression. I could see their thoughts: 8 That isn't Dad yelling. That was those martinishe had before dinner. It wasn?t the gin that was shouting. It was my mother. The gin only gave me the courage to announce to them that yes, by God, I had always believed in success, had always believed that without hard work and self-discipline you could never amount to anything, and didn?t deserve to. It would turn out that the children's bleak report cards did not forebode failure, but a refusal to march to the drumbeat of the ordinary, which should have made me proud. Now they are grown people with children of their own, and we like one another and have good times when we are together. So it is with a family. We carry the dead generations within us and pass them on to the future abroad our children. This keeps the people of the past alive long after we have taken them to the churchyard. “If there?s one thing I can?t stand, Russell, it?s quitter.” Lord, I can hear her still. (1,600words) _________________________________ 1.Baltimore Herald: The Baltimore Herald began publication in February 1873. It was published monthly. 巴尔的摩先驱报 2. the New York Times: a daily newspaper published in New York City by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. and distributed internationally 纽约时报 3 Edwin Leland James: (1890-1951) managing editor of The New York Times，cousin of Russell Baker. 爱 德文?莱兰德?詹姆斯，本文作者的表兄 10 4 John Hopkins: a world famous research-oriented university located in Maryland USA 约翰?霍普金斯大 学 5 the Baltimore Sun: the newspaper of record for Baltimore, Maryland, USA 巴尔的摩太阳报 6.LucyElizabethRobinson:theaothor'smother 露西?伊丽莎白?罗宾逊，本文作者的母亲 7.Pulitzer Price: established and endowed by Joseph Pulitzer (1847-1911), which honors excellence in American literature, journalism, drama, and music 普利策奖 8. martinis: a kind of alcohol made with gin and vermouth 马提尼酒 New Words roar/ r?:(r)/v. utter or express in a loud tone 大声说出，吼 fury/'fju?ri/n. extreme anger that often includes violent behavior愤怒 tackle/ 'tækl/v. deal with or overcome (an awkward problem, etc)对付，处理 (棘 手的问题等) gumption/ 'g?mp??n /n. courage and determination 勇气，决心 hound/ haund /v. 1) keep following sb and not leave sb alone, esp in order to get sth from them or ask them questions 激励2) harass or persecute (sb) relentlessly 追逼，烦扰 scoff/sk?f/v. speak to someone or about sth in a scornfully derisive or mocking way 嘲弄，嘲笑，讥笑 strive/straiv/v. try very hard to achieve sth or to defeat sth努力，奋斗 vulgar/ 'v?lg?(r)/adj. not having or showing good taste; not polite, elegant or well behavio粗俗的 tubercular/tju:'b3: kju:l?r/adj. 结核病的 institutionalized/,insti'tju:??n?,laizd/adj. (of people) lacking the ability to live and think independently because they have spent so long in an institution (因长期生活在 福利机构)缺乏自理能力的 patch/ pæt? / v. cover a hole or a worn place, especially in clothes, with a piece of cloth or other material 补缀 smock/sm?k/n. a long loose piece of clothing worn over other clothes to protect the from dirt, etc. 工作服，长罩衣 nudge/n?d?/v. push sb/sth gently or gradually in a particular direction 用 肘轻推，推动 impoverish /im'p?v?ri? /v. make a person or area poor使贫穷 spectacular/ spek'tækjul? /adj. 1) strikingly large or obvious引人注意的，惊人的 2)beautiful in a dramatical and eye-catching way 富丽壮观 的 sticks/stiks/n. (informal) rural areas far from cities or civilization 穷乡僻壤 之地 gape/geip/v. stare at sb/sth with your mouth open because you are shocked or surprised 目瞪口呆地凝视 clod/ kl?d /n. 1) (informal) a stupid person呆子，傻瓜 2) a lump of earth or clay 土块 monstrous/ 'm?nstr?s /adj. considered to be shocking and unacceptable because it is 11 moral wrong or unfair 丑陋的;道德败坏的;骇人听闻的 hideous/ 'hidi?s /adj. very ugly and unpleasant 丑恶的;可憎的;令人沮丧的 maxim/ 'mæksim /n. a well-known phrase that expresses sth that is usually true or that people think is a rule for sensible behavior 格言，箴言，座 右铭 exquisite/ 'ekskwizit /adj. (formal) sensitive and delicate精致的微妙的 vengeance/ 'vend??ns /n. act of punishing or harming sb in return for what they have done to you, your family or your friends; revenge . 复仇，报 仇 gaudy/ 'g?:di /adj. too brightly colored in a way that lacks taste华丽而俗气的 satire/ 'sætai? /n. a way of criticizing a person, an idea or an institution in which you use humor to show their faults or weakness; a piece of writing that uses this type of criticism讽刺文学 burlesque/b3:'lesk/n. a piece of writing which tries to make sth ridiculous by representing it in a humorous way滑稽讽刺作品;打油诗 preach/ pri:t? /v. tell people about a particular religion, way of life, system, etc in order to persuade them to accept传道，说教 idiotical/ idi'?ti kl/adj. very stupid 白痴的，愚蠢的，呆头呆脑的 exalt /ig'z?:lt/V. praise sb/sth very much赞扬，使得意，提高，提升 status quo /steit?s 'kw?u/n. (from Latin) the situation as it is now, or as it is before a recent change现状，原来的状况 preposterous /pri'p?st?r?s/adj. completely unreasonable, especially in a way that is shocking or annoying 荒谬的，反常的，乖戾的 heretical /hi'retik?l/adj. quality of a heresy 异常的;离经叛道的 forebode /f?:'b?ud/v. be a warning of (sth unpleasant); feel (sth bad)is about to happen预示，预兆，预感 churchyard / 't??:t?jɑ:d /n. a piece of land around a church where people are buried 教堂庭院(尤指墓地) Phrases and Expressions blow sb/sth up explode; (of a person) lose one?s temper; inflate爆炸;发脾气;膨胀 head off start to move in a specific direction动身前往 lap up accept or receive sth with great enjoyment, without thinking about whether it is good, true or sincere欣然接受，热烈倾听 keep track of have information about what is happening or where sb/sth is 追踪;记 录，保持联系，密切注意……的动向 be puffed up cause to become conceited 使……变得自负 size sb/sth up form a judgment or an opinion about sb/sth; sum up 估量，估计 buckle down (to sth) start to do sth seriously 倾全力于…… amount to come to be (the total) when added together; be the equivalent of 总计;等同 put sth/sb down as consider or judge sb/sth认为是;以为是 Exercises ?Reading Comprehension 12 Answer the following questions based on the text. 1(Did the mother play a crucial role in the author?s boyhood according to the text? If “yes”, in what way? 2( How did the author respond to his mother?s push according to paragraph 4? 3( Why did the author?s mother begin to nudge him toward working with words according to paragraphs 11 and 12? 4( Why was Edwin James, the mother?s cousin mentioned in paragraph 14? 5( How did the author feel when his childhood fantasy about becoming a journalist with the New York Times came true? 6( What changes began to take place in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s according to paragraph 27? 7( What were the differences between the values the author?s mother preached and those the new age exalted? 8( What feelings did the author express in the last 3 paragraphs? ?Structure of the text Complete the following outline based on the text. 1. Instruction(paras.1-7) I can still remember my mother?s words pushing me to work hard for success in my boyhood. 2. Body (paras8-33) 1) The hardships my family experienced. A. My mother _______________________________because of her family tragedy. (para8) B. After my father died, my mother _______________________ to my Uncle Tom and Aunt Goldie for adoption and _____________ to New Jersey__________________________with her brother Alen, and finally we settled down there. (Paras9-10) 2)My mother encouraged me to take writing as a profession. A(_______________________ , my mother began nudging me toward working with words because ___________________and she saw in me the gift of writing. (Paras.11-15) B. I became interested in crime stories in newspapers and I________________________ ____________________________________________________ working for Baltimore Sun in 1947 upon graduation from John Hopskins. (Paras. 16-18) 3) My mother?s continuous encouragement made me successful in my career. A. 7 years later I became the White House correspondent sent by the Sun and I ____________ ___________________. It was my mother's words that made me cool down. (Paras.19-21) B. I became a columnist working for the New York Times and________________________. This proofs that my mother was right _______________________________. (Paras. 22-26) 4) I tried to extend my mother's impact on me to my own children. A. In the 1960s and 1970s, __________________________ were attacked. (Para. 27) 13 B. I tried ________________________________________but at the same time I tried to fire my children with ambition like my mother did to me. (Paras. 28-32) C. I___________________________________________________________ for their refusal to match to the drumbeat of the ordinary. (Para. 33) 3. Conclusion (Paras. 34-35) My mother?s encouragement is the roots of my ambition and it has been passed on to my children. II. Topics for Discussion Discuss the following questions in small groups or in class. 1. Do you think it is necessary for a person to have ambition? Why or why not? 2. What is your immediate goal in life? How do you plan to achieve it? 3. Tell your classmates about a person who has inspired you most in your life. ?. Reading and Reciting A. Read and recite the following paragraphs from the text. Onward and upward was the course she set. Small progress was no excuse for feeling satisfied with yourself. People who stopped to pat themselves on the back didn't last long. Even if you got to the top, you?d better not take it easy. “The bigger they come, the harder they fall” was one of her favorite maxims. (Para. 21) It wasn?t the gin that was shouting. It was my mother. The gin only gave me the courage to announce to them that yes, by God, I had always believed in success, had always believed that without hard work and self-discipline you could never amount to anything, and didn?t deserve to. (Para. 32) B. Study and recite the following sayings or quotations. 1. All I am, or can be, I owe to my angel mother. ---------- Abraham Lincoln 我之所有，我之所能，都归功于我天使般的母亲。 2. Goals determine what you are going to be. ---------- Julius Erving 目标决定你将成为什么样的人。 3. The family is one of nature?s masterpieces. ---------- George Santayana 家庭是大自然创造的杰作之一 。 V. Vocabulary A.Complete the sentences with words given below, making sure that each word is used in the right form. maxim roam hound vulgar preposterous vengeance defect status quo gaudy exquisite concede satire 1. In the summer, I prefer _______ on the field with my friends and enjoying the sunshine staying at home alone. 2. We felt sorry for his trouble. He _______ by many creditors, losing all his property and being discarded by his family. 3. Men love their ideas more than their lives. And the more________ the idea, the more eager they are to die for it. 4. I was so shocked when I found that the_________ imitation of the oresident and other 14 officials did please the well-educated audience and an understanding laugh broke out in the hall. 5. Although many of us want to be perfect in all aspects, we need to admit that everyone has his/her _________and no one is impeccable. 6. To take_________ on Germany, at the end of World War II, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics bombed Berlin severely. 7. To be a successful artist, you need not only to have a(n) __________sense of color but also to keep practicing as much as you can. 8. When we visited the famous hall, we found that the_________ decorations revealed the vulgar taste of the house owner, who was a tycoon of housing industry. 9. We all believe in the _________that actions speak louder than words. 10. As a member from the conservative group, this nominee was chosen since it had been widely known that he would fight tooth and nail to maintain the _______ and make no change to the current policies. B. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the boldfaced part of the sentence. 1. Don?t interrupt him. He is now working seriously on his dissertation that is due at the end of this semester. A. buckling down to B. buckling under C. buckling up with D. buckling to 2. He has a bad temper and always falls into a fury for the slightest reason, which makes him extremely unwelcome among all the friends. A. sadness B. depression C. an extreme anger D. great disappointment 3. Through reading the novel, the students realized that the hunchback?s hideous appearance could not conceal his noble characters. A. spectacular B. ugly and unpleasant C. impressive D. striking and terrible 4. When the World War II broke out and the area was bombed severely, many city dwellers had to move to the sticks and led a totally different life. A. small towns B. country areas C. surroundings D. neighborhoods 5. In the general conference, his coarse speaking tone irritated the delegate from the neighboring country and then everyone was involved in a fierce debate. A. ironic B. sarcastic C. angry D. rude 6. The police had to keep track of all the actions of the actions of the suspects in order to identify the real criminal. A. be informed about B. be contacted with C. follow up with D. take notice about 7. Confronted with all these evidences and the witnesses, the drunk driver conceded that it was he who caused the fatality of the 3 victims in the traffic accident. A. surrender B. grand C. admit D. yield 8. When famine and drought became more severe, the president said he could not size up the whole situation and take any action unless he had received a complete report. A. bring up B. come up with C. snake up D. make a judgment about 9. Gaping at the TV screen and watching the fire and smoke, the whole world was startled and could not believe the World Trade Center turned into ruins. 15 A. Looking B. Staring C. Glancing D. Watching 10. When thousands of bodies, including those of women and children, were discovered in the forest, everyone and all the media took the same side, criticizing the monstrous mass murder with full bullets. A. tremendous B. incidental C. famous D. evil ? Cloze Choose an appropriate word from the following list to fill in each of the following blanks. Each word can be used only ONCE, Change the word form where necessary. perform launch through hiding avoid however on essential vary problem within score quick series with along exercise drop average receive Around 1970, psychologist Walter Mischel 1 a classic experiment. He left succession of 4-year-olds in a room 2 a bell and a marshmallow (药葵蜜饯). If they rang the bell, he would come back and they could eat the marshmallow. If, 3 , they didn?t ring the bell and waited for him to come back 4 his own, they could then have two marsh mallows. In videos of the experiment, you can see the children kicking and 5 their eyes desperately trying to 6 self-control so they can wait and get two marshmallows. Their performance 7 widely. Some broke down and rang the bell 8 a minute. Other lasted 15 minutes. The children who waited longer went on to get higher SAT 9 . They got into better colleges and had, on 10 , better adult outcomes. The children who rang the bell 11 were more likely to become bullies. They 12 worse teacher and parental evaluations 10 years later and were more likely to have drug 13 at age 32. The Mischel experiments, 14 with everyday experience, tell us that self-control is 15 Young people who can delay gratification can sit 16 sometimes boring classes to get a degree. They can 1 7 rote tasks in order to, say, master a language. They can 18 drugs and alcohol. For people without self-control skills, however, school is a 19 of failed ordeals. No wonder they 20 out. Life is a parade of foolish decisions: teenage pregnancy, drug use, gambling, truancy and crime. VII. Oral Practice Read the following description carefully and act out the conversation based on the information provided. Situation: You are working in pairs talking about pushy parents. Student A: You heard that there is a popular newspaper article about pushy parents and you want to know what it is about. In your conversation with Student B, who has read the report, you try to find out what the article is about and try to make comments from your own experiences. Please write down the questions you'd like to ask: 1.________________________________________________________ 2.__________________________________________________________ 3._________________________________________________________ 4.__________________________________________________________ 5.__________________________________________________________ Student B: Read the following passage and try to answer your partner?s questions. Pushy Parents Raise More Successful Kids 16 Children of pushy parents are more likely to excel in high school, graduate from college and grow into young adults who are happier with their lives and more prosperous in their careers, according to the findings of the latest survey conducted by EPIC-iViRA, The prevailing attitude is that children should be nudged, not pushed; nurtured, encouraged to find their own way in an environment of low pressure and low expectations. However, this survey found that parents who didn't mention college much have only an one-in-11 chance of seeing their children graduate from college, while those with pushy parents are much more likely to earn a college degree and land in jobs that make them happier and pay them more than those with hands-off parents. VIII. Translation A. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. 尽管已历经无数失败，凯瑟琳仍然相信她能把儿子培养成世界冠军。(make) 2.这个培训项目其实不算糟糕，但如果它的课程再实用一点就更好了。(like it better if….) 3. 你应该没这么笨，竟然会打开一个可疑的附件。(know better than) 4.他不幸在一次意外的交通事故中丧生，留下尚未做完的实验。(leave) 5.那个街角的食品市场能改建成花园，岂不是更好吗,(be better if…) 6.尽管我竭力想讨好每一个人，但说话却好像只是不合时宜。(much as) 7.这个小玩意是送给老年人的好礼物，它能精确的跟踪血压。(keep accurate track of) 8.简只是在为下一项成就而努力，从来没有时间坐下来欣赏自己已经取得的成绩。(pat herself on the back) 9.汤姆审时度势，决定缩小企业规模，后来证明这是明智之举。(size up) 10.我们学校仅仅维持现状是不够的，它应该加速发展，力争成为中国最好的大学之一。 (resign itself to the status quo) B. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese. Onward and upward was the course she set. Small progress was no excuse for feeling satisfied with yourself. People who stopped to pat themselves on the back didn?t last long. Even if you got to the top, you?d better not take it easy. “The bigger they come, the harder they fall” was one of her favorite maxims. (Para.21) It wasn't the gin that was shouting. It was my mother. The gin only gave me the courage to announce to them that yes, by God, I had always believed in success, had always believed that without hard work and self-discipline you could never amount to anything, and didn't deserve to. (Para.32) ?. Writing Parents play a vital role in one?s development. What kind of influence does your father/mother have on you? Write an essay of no fewer than 200words to share the most valuable quality your father/mother has passed on to you. Use specific details and examples to explain the impact of your family tradition on you. The suggested title is The Most Valuable Tradition of My Family. 17 Unit Three Help Yourself through the Hard Times Preparing to read 1. Work in pairs to make a list of words and expressions you associate with success or winning. Share your list with your partner and see if you have something in common. 2. There are many witty sayings on success. Work in pairs and study the following statements. Explain to your partner how you interpret these sayings and share your idea of success. 1) The real secret of success is enthusiasm. 2) The real opportunity for success lies within the person and not the job; you can best get to the top by getting to the bottom of things. 3) There is the greatest practical benefit in making a few failures early in life. 4) The highest reward for a man?s toil is not what he gets for it but what he becomes by it. 5) The heights which great men reached and kept were not obtained by sudden flight, but they, while their companions slept were toiling upward in the night. Text Help Yourself through the Hard Times by Collin Perry No one can avoid experiencing frustration, failure and sufferings in life. Successfull men and women have discovered that hardships make them considerate and loving. Disappointments can help build one's endurance and character. The following essay, Help Yourself through the Hard limes, originally written for Reader’s Digest by Collin Perry in February 1997, offers practical guidance to people experiencing disappointments and hardships in life. Some years ago I had what most would call the American Dream: a thriving construction business, a comfortable home, two new cars and a sailboat. Moreover, I was happily married. I had it all. Then the stock market crashed, and suddenly no one was looking at the houses I?d built. Months of murderous interest payments gobbled up my saving: couldn?t make ends meet and lay awake nights in a cold sweat. Just when I thought things couldn't get worse, my wife announced that she wanted a divorce. 1 With no idea what to do next, I resolved literally to “sail off into the sunset,” following the coastline from Connecticut to Florida. But somewhere off New Jersey I turned due east, straight out to sea. Hours later, I climbed up the stern rail and watched the dark Atlantic slip beneath the hull. How easy it would be to let the water take me, I thought. Suddenly the boat plummeted between two swells, knocking me off balance. I grabbed the rail, my feet dragging in icy brine, and just managed to haul myself back on 18 board. Shaken, I thought, what’s happening to me? I don?t want to die. From that moment, I knew I had to see things through. My old life was gone. Somehow I?d have to build a new one. Everyone, at some point, will suffer a loss—the loss of loved ones, good health, a job. “It?s your „desert experience? a— time of feeling barren of options, even hope,” explains 2Patrick Del Zoppo, a psychologist and bereavement specialist with the Archdiocese of New York. “The important thing is not to allow yourself to be stranded in the desert.” Let Yourself Grieve. Counselors agree that a period of grieving is critical. “There?s no shame in this, “says Del Zoppo.” Tears aren?t a sign that you?ll simply feeling sorry for yourself but are an expression of sadness or emotion that must find an outlet.” And it doesn?t matter if the grieving takes a while to surface, as long as it finally finds expression. Consider the case of Donna Kelb of Syracuse, N.Y. One spring day her 16-year-old son, Cliff, Jr. and 15-year-old son, Jimmy, were sanding their boat, preparing it for the season. Suddenly Donna heard a scream. Rushing outside, she found her two sons lying on the ground near the boat. Jimmy had gone into the water and returned dripping wet. When he picked up the sander, he was electrocuted. Cliff, knocked to the ground by the current when he tried to grab the tool, recovered. Donna was so numbed by this tragedy that she didn?t cry for weeks ——not even at the funeral. Then back at work one day, she began to feel dizzy. “Finally I went home, locked myself in my room and just wailed.” she says, “it was as though this great weight was being lifted from my shoulders.” What Kelb experienced after her tragic loss was what Del Zoppo calls a “first-line defense that shields the consciousness from some extremely unpleasant reality.” Kelb couldn?t begin her healing process until nature had allowed her time to sort out her tragedy. Understand Your Anger. “Anger is natural.” says Del Zoppo, “but it can be released in a wholesome way.” Properly understood, it can serve your recovery. Candace Bracken?s future seemed full of promise. The 25-year-old airline service coordinator had a new baby and a new job. Then one day, she began hemorrhaging uncontrollably. Acute leukemia was diagnosed, and Bracken was given two weeks to live. After the initial shock, she felt angry. “I had taken care of myself, lived a straight and narrow life,” says Bracken of Miami.” Things like this weren?t supposed to happen to people like me.” She reeled at the thought of her imminent death, and withdrew. “I just gave up,” she says. Then a doctor told her she needed to arrange for someone to care for her daughter. “How dare you tell me to find someone else to raise my child!” Bracken snapped. At that moment, she realized that she had strong reasons to fight for her life. Her anger, formerly crippling, now sparked her. It helped see her through a harrowing, but ultimately successful, bone-marrow transplant. Face the Challenge. Another obstacle on the road to health after a significant loss can be denial. Instead of facing what has happened to them, says Dr. Michael Aronoff, psychiatrist and a spokesperson for the American Psychiatric Association, many people “try to fill up that empty feeling looking for an escape.” The man who rarely touched a drink will 3begin hitting the bottle. A woman who watched her weight will overeat. Others, like me, try 19 4literally to “run away.” After working for bosses all his life, John Jankowski of Staten Island, N.Y., had always longed to have his own options and stock-trading firm. He finally got the start-up money and did well. Then came a downturn in business, and before long Jankowski was in serious financial trouble. “It was like I?d run into a brick wall and my whole life had been shattered,” he says. With finacial resources exhausted and the pressure of a family to support, Jankowski?s thoughts turned to escape. One morning, while on a run, he just kept going. After jogging westward for two hours, he staggered back home. “It finally dawned on me that I couldn?t run away from my troubles. The only thing that made sense was to face up to my situation,” he says. “Admitting failure was the toughest part but I had to before I could get on with my life.” Get Out and Do! “After a few weeks, I urge people recovering from loss to get back into a routine,” says psychiatrist and Boston University professor Bessel A. van der Kolk. “It?s important to force yourself to concentrate on things other than your hurt.” Consider these activities: Join a support group. Once you've made the decision to “get on with life,” you?ll need someone to talk to—— and the most effective kind of conversation can be with someone else who has undergone an ordeal. Read. When you can focus after the initial shock, reading, especially self-help books, can offer inspiration as well as relaxation. Keep a journal. Many find comfort in creating an ongoing record of their experiences. At best it can serve as a kind of self-therapy. Plan events. The idea that there are things to look forward to reinforces that you are forging ahead into a fresh future. Schedule that trip you?ve been postponing. Learn new stills. Take a course at a community college, or take up a new hobby or sport. You have a new life ahead; any new skill will complement it. Reward yourself. During highly stressful times, even the simplest daily Chores—— getting up, showering, fixing something to eat ——can seem daunting. Consider every accomplishment, no matter how small, a victory to be rewarded. Exercise. Physical activity can be especially therapeutic. Therese Gump of Chicago felt confused and adrift after her 21-year-old son committed suicide. A friend talked her into 5taking a jazzercize class. “It was just mindless stretching and bouncing to music.” Gump says, “but it made me feel better physically, and when you feel better physically you feel better mentally.” “Exercise gets you out of your head and your troubles,” Aronoff explains, “and it allows you to experience your body with your two feet on the ground.” Be Patient with Yourself. People often ask. “When will this terrible pain stop?” Experts resist being pinned down to time frames. “Roughly, it?s a minimum of six months before you even start to feel better,” says Aronoff. “And it can be as long as a year, possibly two. A lot depends on disposition, the support wit your environment, and if you get help and work on it.” So, be easy on yourself. Recognize that you?ll need time, and that your own pace of recovery may not fit with that of others. Congratulate yourself at each step through grief: I?m still here, I?ve made it this far! 20 Sailing is a slow business. I made it to Florida in five weeks. In attempting to “run away,” I?d embarked on a trip that gave me a structure, a daily outdoor routine requiring physical exertion, and plenty of time. I was still hurting, but by the time I anchored in Miami, I was ready to try again. At what, I wasn?t sure. “Why not get back to writing—— to what you were trained for?” said my dad over the phone. He was right. And here I am now, writing to you. It feels good to be back. (1,460 words) ———————————— 1.sail off into the sunset: end one?s life结束生命 2. archdiocese: a district under the care of an Archbishop :大主教区 3. hit the bottle: start to drink heavily[口]酗酒 4. run away: avoid difficulties by ending one?s life 以死解脱 5. jazzercise: a fitness program that combines elements of jazz dance into aerobic exercise. The word jazzercise is a portmanteau of jazz and exercise. 爵士乐的组合元素舞蹈 New Words thriving/'θraivi?/adj. becoming or continuing to be successful, strong, healthy, etc. 兴旺发达的;繁荣的;旺盛的 gobble/'g?bl /v. eat sth very fast, in a way that people consider rude or greedy 狼吞虎咽;贪婪地吃 literally/'lit?r?li/adv. exactly; in a literal sense 真正的，确切的;按照字面的 stem/ stem /n. the back end or a ship or boat船尾 plummet/'pl?mit/v. fall suddenly and quickly from a high level or position暴跌， 速降 brine/brain/n. seawater; water saturated or strongly impregnated with salt 海水;浓盐水;卤水 barren/ 'bær?n/adj. not producing anything useful or successful 无益的，无效 果的 bereavement/bi'rivm?nt/n. the state of having lost a relative or close friend丧亲之 痛;丧失亲人 strand/strænd/v. leave sb in a place from which they have no way of leaving使 滞留 electrocute/ilektr?kju:t/v. injure or kill sb by passing electricity through their body使 触电受伤死亡 numb/ n?m /v. make sb unable to feel, think or react in a normal way，stun 使失去直觉;使麻木 wail/ weil /v. make a long loud high cry, esp because you are sad or in pain 痛 哭，嚎啕大哭 wholesome/ 'h?uls?m /adj. good for one?s health 有益健康的 hemorrhage/ 'hem?rid? /v. have a flow of blood, esp a long or large and unexpected one 出血 leukemia/ lju:'ki:mi? /n. a serious disease in which too many white cells are produced, causing weakness and sometimes death 白血病 reel / ri:l /v. feel very shocked or upset about sth感到震惊;感到心烦意乱 imminent/ 'imin?nt /adj. (esp of sth unpleasant) likely to happen very soon即将发生 的，临近的 21 harrowing/ 'hær?ui? /adj. very shocking or frightening and making you feel very upset令人断肠的;使人十分难过的 psychiatrist/ sai'kai?trist /n. a doctor who studies and treats mental illnesses精神科医生 shatter/ '?æt? /v. make sth suddenly break into small pieces 破碎，破裂 ordeal/ ?:'di:l /n. a difficult or unpleasant experience 磨难;煎熬 chore/ t??:/n. a regular and necessary piece of work or job, esp. in a house 家庭杂物 daunt/ d?:nt /v. make sb feel nervous and less confident about doing sth 使胆怯;使气馁 therapeutic/θer?'pju:tik /adj. having a good effect on one's health or state of mind对身心 健康有益的 disposition/ disp?'zi??n /n. the natural qualities of a person's character性格;性情 exertion/ ig'z?:??n /n. physical or mental effort; the act of making an effort 努力，尽 力 Phrases and Expressions make ends meet earn just enough money to be able to buy the things you need 勉强维持生计 find expression be shown or expressed表达;表露 shield ... from protect sb/sth from danger, harm or sth unpleasant保护 reel at feel very shocked or upset about sth .感到震惊;感觉心烦意 乱 see sb through sth give help or support to sb for a particular period of time 帮 助(或支持)某人度过 sort out organize sth in a satisfactory way; tidy sth理顺，整理 dawn on sb begin to realize sth for the first time使渐渐领悟，使开始明 白 at best in the most favorable conditions or according to the most favorable judgment在最有利的情况下;充其量，至多 forge ahead move forward quickly; make a lot of progress quickly 迅速 向前;进步神速 pin sb/sth down to make sb make a decision or say clearly what they think or what they intend to do 使确切说明 be/go easy on sb treat sb in a gentle way对某人温和(或宽容)些 embark on start to do sth new or difficult 从事，着手，开始(新的或难的事) Exercises ?Reading Comprehension Answer the following questions based on the text. 1. According to the first three paragraphs, why did the author resolve to “sail off into the sunset”? 2. What does “desert experience” in paragraph 5 mean? 3. How did Donna respond to the death of her son? (Para. 9) 4. What made Candace Bracken quit her idea of giving up? (Para, 12) 5. What did Jankowski mean when he said “Admitting failure was the toughest part —— but I had to before I could get on with my life”? (Para. 17) 6. According to the text, who was the right person with whom one can have a conversation while in trouble? (Para. 19) 22 7. According to paragraph 25, why is physical activity very, therapeutic? 8. According to paragraphs 28 and 29, what did the author decide to do when he arrived at his destination? II. Structure of the Text Complete the following outline based on the text. 1. Introduction (Paras. 1-5) When I was to end my life after suffering a series of heavy losses in life, I came to realize that everyone might have some miserable experiences in life, but what made sense___________________________________________________________________. 2. Body (Paras. 6-27) Here is a practical guide to bouncing back 1) Let yourself grieve (Paras. 6-10) Donna Kelb_________________________________________________________. 2) Understand your anger (Paras. 11-13) Candace Bracken____________________________________________________. 3) _______________________________________________________.(Paras. 14-17) The case of John Jankowski sets a good example. 4) Get out and do (Para. 18) A._________________________________________________________ (Para. 19) B._________________________________________________________ (Para. 20) C._________________________________________________________ (Para. 21) D._________________________________________________________ (Para. 22) E._________________________________________________________ (Para. 23) F._________________________________________________________ (Para. 24) G._________________________________________________________(Para. 25) 5) Be patient with yourself (Paras. 26-27) 3. Conclusion (Paras. 28-29) What I have got in the trip____________________________________________. ?. Topics for Discussion Discuss the following questions in small groups or in class. 1. How do you define winners and losers in life? 2. What kinds of qualities are necessary for one to become a winner? 3. Tell your classmates about a person who finally worked through hardships and became successful. IV. Reading and Reciting A. Read and recite the following paragraphs from the text. Para. 3 and Para. 5 B. Study and recite the following sayings or quotations. 1. Only those who have the patience to do simple things perfectly ever acquire the skill to do difficult things easily. ------------ Friedrich Schiller 只有有耐心圆满完成简单工作的人，才能够轻而易举地完成困难的事。 2. If you wish to succeed, you should use persistence as your good friend, experience as your reference, prudence as your brother and hope as your sentry. 23 --------------- Thomas Edison 如果你希望成功，当以恒心为良友、以经验为参谋、以谨慎为兄弟、以希望为哨兵。 3. The people who get on in this world are the people who get up and look for circumstances they want, and if they cannot find them, they make them. ----------- George Bernard Shaw 在这个世界上，取得成功的人是那些努力寻找他们想要机会的人，如果找不到机会，他 们就去创造机会。 ?.Vocabulary A. Complete the sentences with words give below, making sure that each word is used in the right form. imminent daunt wail strand gobble wholesome disposition exertion plummet brine surface harrowing 1. As house prices________, the new breed of renters escape the danger of falling into debt traps and save their spare cash for the future. 2. Nothing could___________me and I talked to everyone with the same message: “Cancer was absolutely great because it put you in touch with yourself and the world”. 3. The 19-year-old model Saffron Domini needed little persuasion to appear in a__________ film about racism and violence. 4. Carefree and full of youthful enthusiasm, his happy_______ attracted whites and Indians alike. 5. In British political life of the previous twenty years, latent anti-Jewish feeling had been apt to___________in response to particular events. 6. With standards often being poor, unregulated, and uncontrolled, disaster seems________. 7. After walking for an hour, she wasn't sweating, but there was a pleasurable sense of_____. 8. Particularly worrisome were the fruit drinks, which projected a___________image while containing sugar in some form or another. 9. With the rising tide and bad conditions it was possible that the_____________man might not survive until the lifeboat arrived. 10. One study estimates that the headquarters and related functions of big American Companies _________up almost a fifth of their annual profits. B. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence. 1. With a(n)_________network of committees, sports clubs and societies, each student is encouraged to play a full part in this aspect of student life. A. thriving B. encouraging C. exciting D. succeeding 2. They may pick up ideas almost at random from skimming journals, ideas that may ______new trains of thought or fruitful new cross-connections. A. steer B. pilot C. spark D. lead 3. Being a good listener is not only useful because you will hear what others miss, but you will find that people will tell you things that they _______ others. A. shield on B. shield from C. shield in D. shield out 24 4. What right did he have to come back into her life like this, trying to_________ it into small pieces that couldn?t be put back together for a second time? A. crash B. crush C. shatter D. explode 5. In many areas local services were provided by numerous different authorities, which often gave rise to ________co-ordination problems. A. acute B. accurate C. accusative D. alternative 6. The awful truth that he was suffering from lung cancer __________ him, though his family members tried very hard to keep the secret. A. came upon B. dawned on C. fell to D. went for 7. I suppose yoga enthusiasts would find it painless, but for most of us an hour spent in this position was a(n) ______. A. trial B. test C. exam D. ordeal 8. But rules that strengthen banks in Rood times can _______them in recessions. A. cripple B. reduce C. slash D. decrease 9. There are few more__________ places on earth than the plains surrounding a volcano in the aftermath of its eruption. A. fertile B. unproblematic C. barren D. unprofitable 10. The minds of many of these young offenders appear to have been _____________by greed and indifference to violence. A. retarded B. numbed C. idled D. fooled ? Cloze Choose an appropriate word from the following list to fill in each of the following blanks. Each word can be used only ONCE. Change the word form where necessary. other understand internal teach success mean oneself of apply life external key can lie to divide conduct find derive function Everyone wants to be successful in life, but where are the 1 to success? When we begin to examine life, we can see that it is 2 into two aspects-life within and life without; internal life and 3 life ——and we can see that these aspects are of equal importance. Even one who has renounced the world has to understand the word relationship properly, because 4 itself is actually relationship. The body is related 5 the breath, and the breath is related to the mind. The body, breath, senses, and mind all 6 together as a unit. So life virtually 7 relationship, and thus the art of living and being requires an 8 of one's relationship to the external world and the relationships within 9 All human beings have inner potentials, but many people are not aware 10 those potentials and do not know how to use them to have a 11 life. Those who are not i happy 12 can never be happy externally; those who are not happy within themselves can never make 13 happy. Those who do not love themselves 14 never love others. If we are not happy, how can we be successful in life? Success 15 in our happiness. 25 The keys to happiness lie within us, but our modern education does not 16 us how to find them. It is helpful to have a few formulas to practice in daily life to make it more successful. They are 17 from observations based on experience. There are five points to remember: first, how to decide things on time; second, how to study personal habit patterns; third, how to 18 ourselves in the external world; fourth, what attitude to take; fifth, where to 19 happiness. To attain success in life, one should learn and 20 these five points. VIII. Translation A. Translate the following sentences into English. 1(当一个人处于“经历中的沙漠”——一段感到毫无出路、甚至毫无希望的时期，最重 要的是不要让自己陷入荒漠之中无法自拔。(strand) 2(经济来源耗尽，还有一大家人需要供养，吉米起初想逃避，但最终靠着顽强的勇气和 乐观的性格挺了过来。(see(((through) 3(有人认为在人生的任何阶段开始一种新的生涯都为时不晚。(embark on) 4(在经历重大打击之后，明智的做法是勇敢面对挑战，而不是逃避。(makesense) 5(玛丽靠她在餐馆工作的微薄收入，几乎无法维持生活。(make ends meet) 6(人们逐渐明白了失败并不是可怕的东西，而是人生的宝贵经历。(dawn on) 7(在毕业典礼上，校长预祝同学们在事业上不断取得进步。(forge ahead) 8(科学家们正在对吸烟者和抑郁者进行研究，试图解决这些复杂的生理和心理问题。(sort out) 9(大多数家长不是竭力防止失败就是竭力不让孩子们知道他们已经失败。(shield„from) 10(每个人都不可能十全十美。 因此，对自己宽容些。(be easy on„) B. Translate the underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese. (1)Defining who is great depends on how one measures success. But there are some criteria. “Someone who has made a lasting contribution to human civilization is great”, said Dean Keith Simonton, a professor of psychology at the University of California at Davis and author of the 1994 book Greatness. Who Makes History and Why. But he added a word of caution: “Sometimes great people don?t make it into the history books. A lot of women achieved great things or were influential but were unrecognized.” If great achievers share anything, said Simonton, it is an unrelenting drive to succeed. (2) “There?s a tendency to think that they are endowed with something super-normal” he explained. “But what comes out of the research is that there are great people who have no amazing intellectual processes. It?s a difference in degree. (3) Greatness is built on tremendous amounts of study, practice and devotion.” He cited Winston Churchill, Britain?s prime minister during World War II, as an example of a risk-taker who would never give up. (4) Thrust into office when his country?s morale was at the lowest, Churchill rose brilliantly to lead the British people. (5)In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940, he inspired the nation when he said. “We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end ... We shall never surrender.” X. Writing There are many factors leading to success such as opportunity, intelligence and ambition, etc. The success of Bill Gates, one of the most successful entrepreneurs in the world is no exception. Now write an essay no fewer than 200 words to express your ideas The suggested title is Factors Contribute to the Success of Bill Gates 26 Unit Four What Is Happiness Preparing to Read Happiness is an emotional or affective state characterized by feelings of enjoyment and satisfaction. As a state and a subject, it has been pursued and commented on extensively throughout world history. However, like anything else in life, happiness needs to be nurtured. The following are a few tips that people always follow to create happiness in their lives. Try to add two more tips and then incorporate them into your life. I( Understand what will make you happy. 2. Make a plan for attaining goals that you believe will make you happy. 3. Surround yourself with happy people. 4. Try to figure out a solution instead of wallowing in self pity when something goes wrong. 5. Spend a few minutes each day thinking about the things that make you happy. 27 6. Take some time each day to do something nice for yourself. 7. … Text What Is Happiness? by John Ciardi John Ciardi was an American contemporary poet, critic, and translator. He served as poetry editor of The Saturday Review, director of the Bread Loaf Writers' Conference, and translator of the work of Dante. He was professor of English at the University of Missouri at Kansas City, Harvard University, and Rutgers University. In 1982 John Ciardi won the National Council of Teachers of English Award for Excellence in Poetry for Children. The right to pursue happiness is issued to Americans with their birth certificates, but no one seems quite sure which way it ran. It may be we are issued a hunting license but 1offered no game. Jonathan Swift seemed to think so when he attacked the idea of happiness as “the possession of being well-deceived,” the felicity of being “a fool among 2knaves.” For Swift saw society as Vanity Fair, the land of false goals. It is, of course, un-American to think in terms of fools and knaves. We do, however, seem to be dedicated to the idea of buying our way to happiness. We shall all have made it to heaven when we possess enough. And at the same time the forces of American commercialism are hugely dedicated to making us deliberately unhappy. Advertising is one of our major industries, and advertising exists not to satisfy desires but to create them—and to create them faster than any man's budget can satisfy them. For that rnatter, our whole economy is based on a dedicated insatiability. We are taught that to possess is to be happy, and then we are made to want. We are even told it is our duty to want. It was only a few years ago, to cite a single example, that car dealers across the country were flying banners that read “You Auto Buy Now.” They were calling upon Americans, as an act approaching patriotism, to buy at once, with money they did not have, automobiles they did not really need, and which they would be required to grow tired of by the time the next year?s models were released. 3 Or look at any of the women's magazines. There, as Bernard De Voto once pointed out, advertising begins as poetry in the front pages and ends as pharmacopoeia and therapy in the back pages. The poetry of the front matter is the dream of perfect beauty. This is the baby skin that must be hers. These, the flawless teeth. This, the perfumed breath she must exhale. This, the sixteen- year-old figure she must display at forty, at fifty, at sixty, and forever. Once past the vaguely uplifting fiction and feature articles, the reader finds the other face of the dream in the back matter. This is the harness into which Mother must strap herself in order to display that perfect figure. These, the chin straps she must sleep in. This is the slave that restores all, this is her laxative, these are the tablets that melt away fat, these are the hormones of perceptual youth, these are the stockings that hide varicose veins. Obviously no half-sane person can be completely persuaded either by such poetry or by such pharmacopoeia and orthopedics. Yet someone is obviously trying to buy tile dream 28 as offered and spending billions every year in the attempt. Clearly the happiness-market is not running out of customers, but what is trying to buy? The idea “happiness,” to be sure, will not sit still for easy definition: the best one can is to try to set some extremes to the idea and then work in toward the middle. To think of happiness as acquisitive and competitive will do to set the materialistic extreme. To think of it was the idea one senses in, say, a holy man of India will do to set the spiritual extreme. The holy man?s idea of happiness is in needing nothing from outside himself. In wanting nothing, he lacks nothing. He sits immobile, rapt in contemplation, free even of his own body. Or nearly free of it. If devout admirers bring him food he eats it; if not, he starves indifferently. Why be concerned? What is physical is an illusion to him. Contemplation is his joy and he achieves it through a fantastically demanding discipline, the accomplishment of which is itself a joy within him. Is he a happy man? Perhaps his happiness is only another sort of illusion. But who can take it from him? And who will dare say it' is more illusory than happiness on the 4installment plan? But, perhaps because I am Western, I doubt such catatonic happiness, as I doubt the dreams of the happiness-market. What is certain is that his way of happiness would be torture to almost any Western man. Yet these extremes will still serve to frame the area 5within all of us and must find some sort of balance. Thoreaus—a creature of both Eastern and Western thought—had his own firm sense of that balance. His aim was to save on the low levels in order to spend on the high. Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the rest of the neighborhood would have been Thoreau's idea of the low levels. The active discipline of heightening one's perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high. What he saved from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts. Effort is the gift of it. There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging 6difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfactions we get from a lifetime 7 depend on how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of “the pleasure or taking pains.” The mortal flaw in the advertised version happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless. We demand difficulty even in our games. We demand it because without difficulty there can be no game. A game is a way of making something hard for the fun of it. The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty. When the spoilsport ruins the fun, he always does so by refusing to play by the rules. It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary rules, but the fun is in winning within the rules. No difficulty, no fun. The buyers and sellers at the happiness-market seem too often to have lost their sense of the pleasure of difficulty. Heaven knows what they are playing but it seems a dull game. And the Indian holy man seems dull to us, I suppose, because he seems to be refusing to play anything at all. The Western weakness may be in the illusion that happiness can be bought. Perhaps the Eastern weakness in the idea that there is such a thing as perfect (therefore static) happiness. 29 Happiness is never more than partial. There are no pure states of mankind. Whatever else happiness may be, it is neither in having nor in being, but in becoming. What 8the Founding Fathers declared for us as an inherent right, we should do well to remember, was not happiness but the pursuit of happiness. What they might have underlined, could they have foreseen the happiness market, is the cardinal fact that happiness is in the pursuit itself, in the meaningful pursuit of what is life-engaging and life-revealing, which is to say, in the idea of becoming. A nation is not measured by what it possesses or wants to possess, but by what it wants to become. By all means let the happiness-market sell us minor satisfactions and even minor follies so long as we keep them in scale and buy them out of spiritual change. I am no 910customer for either Puritanism or asceticism. But drop real spiritual capital at those bazaars, and what you come home to will be your own poorhouse. (1,287 words) ______________________________________ 1. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745): Anglo-Irish satirist and political pamphleteer, considered one of the greatest masters of English prose and one of the most impassioned satirists of human folly and pretension. 乔纳 森?斯威福特 2. Vanity Fair: coined by John Bunyan in his Pilgrim?s Progress. It refers to a place, especially a very large city or the world in general, considered to be frivolous and full of idle worthless amusements. 名利场 3. Bernard DeVoto (1897-1955): American writer, best known for his historical writings. 伯纳德?德渥托 4 installment plan: a method of buying an article by making regular payments for it over several months or years; hire purchase 分期付款 5 Thoreau (1817-1862): American writer, philosopher, and naturalist who believed in the importance of individualism. 梭罗 6 William Butler Yeats (1865-1939): Irish writer who is considered among the greatest poets of the 20th century. Yeatswrote many short plays and won the 1923 Nobel Prize for literature, 威廉?巴特勒?叶芝 7. Robert Frost: American poet, who drew his images from the New England countryside and his language from New England speech. 罗伯特?弗洛斯特 8. Founding Fathers: members of the group of people who wrote the Constitution of the US in 1787 制宪元 勋 9.Puritanism: the beliefs and practices of the puritans, members of a Protestant (新教) group of Christians in England in the 16th and 17th centuries who wanted to worship God in a simple way清教主义 10. asceticism: practices of self-denial and renunciation of worldly pleasure, esp. for religious reasons禁欲主 义 New words felicity/ fi'lisiti/n. (formal or literary) great happiness 幸福 knave/ neiv /n. (old use) a dishonest man or boy 不诚实的男人(孩子) commercialism/k?'m?:??li z?m/n. (disapproving) the fact of being more interested in making money than in the value or quality of things 商业主义; 营利主义 deliberately /di'lib?r?tli /adv. intentionally 故意地;蓄意地 insatiable/ in'sei??bl /adj. always wanting more of sth; not able to be satisfied不知 足的，无法满足的 30 insatiability/ in'sei??biliti/ n. the state of wanting more and more of sth 贪得无厌， 不知足 patriotism/ 'pætri?tiz?m, 'pei-/n. love of your country and willingness to defend爱国 主义;爱国精神 pharmacopoeia/,fɑ:m?k?'pi:?/n. an official book containing a list of medicines and drugs and instructions for their use药典 therapy/ 'θer?pi/ n. the treatment of a physical problem or an illness治疗;疗 法 exhale/ eks'heil, eg'zeil /v. breathe out the air or smoke, etc. in your lung呼出;吐出， 吐气 vaguely/ 'veigli /adv. in an indefinite or unsettled state 含糊地;不确切地 uplifting/ ?p'lifti? /adj. making you feel happier or more hopeful令人振奋的，鼓舞人 心的 harness/ 'hɑ:nis /n. a set of straps for fastening sth to a person's body or to keep them from moving offer falling背带;保护带 strap/ stræp /v. asten sb/sth in place using a strap or straps用带子系 laxative/ 'læks?tiv /n. a medicine, food or drink that makes sb empty their bowels easily轻泻药;通便剂 hormone/'h?:m?un /n. a chemical substance produced in the body or in a plant that encourages growth or influences how the cells and tissues function 激素;荷尔蒙 perceptual/p?'septju?l/adj. relating to the ability to perceive things or the process of perceiving 知觉的，感知的 varicose vein/vær?k?us 'vein/n. a vein, especially one in the leg, which has become swollen and painful 静脉曲张 sane/sein/adj. having a normal healthy mind; not mentally ill; sensible and reasonable 神智正常的;明智的 orthopedics/,?:θ?u'pi:diks/n. the branch of medicine concerned with injuries and diseases of the bones or muscles 矫形外科;整形外科学 acquisitive/ ?'kwizitiv /adj. wanting very much to buy or get new possessions贪婪的 holy/ 'h?uli/adj. good in a moral and religious way圣洁的 rapt/ ræpt /adj. so interested in one particular thing that you are not aware of anything else全神贯注的;专心致志的 contemplation/ ,k?ntem'plei??n /n. the act of thinking deeply about sth 深思，沉思 devout/ di'vaut /adj. (era person)believing strongly in a particular religion and obeying its laws and practices虔诚的 starve /stɑ:v /v. suffer or die because you do not have enough food to eat 挨饿; 饿死 illusion /i'lu:??n, i'lju:- /n, sth that seems to exist but in fact does not, or seems to be sth that it is not幻觉，错觉 discipline/'disiplin/n. a method of training your mind or body or of controlling your behavior训练方法;行为准则 catatonic/,kæt?'t?nik/adj. not able to move or show any reaction to things because of illness, shock, etc 紧张症的;紧张性的 torture/ 't?:t?? /n. mental or physical suffering折磨;痛苦 31 perception/ p?'sep??n /n. the way you notice things, especially with the senses 知觉，感 觉 gist/ d?ist /n. the main or general meaning of a piece of writing, a speech or a conversation 要点，大意 engage/ in'geid? /v. succeed in attracting one's attention; become involved with 吸引;与…建立密切关系 mortal/ 'm?:tl /adj. causing death or likely to cause death; very serious致命的， 非常危急的 purport/ 'p?:p?t, -p?:t /v. claim to be sth or to have done sth, when this may not be true 自称;标榜 arbitrary/'a:bitr?ri/adj. (of an action, a decision, a rule, etc) not seeming to be based on areason, system or plan and sometimes seeming unfair 任意的; 武断的;随心所欲的 imposition/,imp?'zi??n /n, the act of introducing sth such as a new law or rule, or a new tax颁布;实施 spoilsport/'sp?isp?:t/n. a person who spoils other people's enjoyment, for exampleby not taking part in an activity or by trying to stop other people from doing it扫兴的人 static/ 'stætik /adj. not moving, changing or developing 静止的;停滞的 inherent/in'hi?r?nt/adj. that is a basic or permanent part of sb/sth and that cannot be removed固有的，内在的 cardinal/ 'kɑ:din?l /adj. most important; having other things based on it最重要的，基 本的 folly/ 'f?li /n. a foolish action, practice, idea, etc 愚蠢的行动 bazaar/b?'za:(r)/n. a street or an area of a town where there are many small shop集市 Phraese and expressions put sth into sth spend a lot of time or make a lot of effort doing sth 花费;投入 take on agree to be responsible for sth/sb承担 short of without sth; without doing sth; unless sth happens没有;如果不;除 非 by all means certainly; (spoken) used to say that you are very willing for sb to have sth or do sth当然;可以 so/as long as only if; since; to extent that只要 Exercises ?.Reading Comprehension Answer the following questions based on the text. 1. According to paragraph 2, what does happiness mean to Americans? 2. Why do the forces of American commercialism make people unhappy? (Para. 3) 3. What does the author mean by saying that “advertising begins as poetry in the front pages and ends as pharmacopoeia and therapy in the back pages”? (Para. 4) 4. Why is the happiness-market not running out of customers? (Para. 6) 5. How does the holy man of India pursue his happiness? (Para. 7) 32 6. How does Thoreau pursue his happiness? (Paras. 9-10) 7. According to paragraph 11, what?s the relationship between difficulty and happiness? 8. How does the author define happiness? (Para. 14) II. Structure of the Text Complete the following outline based on the text 1. Introduction (Paras. 1-2) Americans are born with the right to pursue happiness, but they don?t know where it is. However, they believe that happiness can be purchased if they____________________________ ______________________________________________________________________. 2. Body (Paras. 3-14) 1) The forces of commercialism _________________________________________ . (Paras. 3-6) A. Advertising exists not_______________________________________________________, but _______________________________________________________________. (Para. 3) B. ______________________________________________misleads people, especially women, into believing that they can buy their happiness. (Paras. 4-6) 2) The best way to define happiness is to_________________________________. (Paras. 7-10). A. The material extreme is to______________________________________________ . (Para. 7) B. A typical example of the spiritual extreme is_____________________________________ (Paras. 7-8) C. Thoreau had his own sense of balance, that is to spend the time and effort ______________ _____________________________________________________. (Paras. 9-10) 3) There is no happiness____________________________________(Paras. 11-13) A. Games are interesting and funny as_____________________________________ . (Para. 12) B. The buyers and sellers at the happiness-market can not enjoy _________________________ _________________________________________. (Para. 13) 4) Happiness is never complete. It is neither___________________ nor___________________, but __________________________________________________________. It lies in ___________________________________________________________ . (Para. 14) 3. Conclusion (Para. 15) What we can get from the happiness-market are minor satisfactions and some unreal dreams instead of happiness itself. III. Topics for Discussion Discuss the following questions in small groups or in class. 1. Do you ever know what it means to be happy, or how you define happiness? 2. The author believes that happiness is neither in having nor in being, but in becoming. Do you agree with him? Justify your answer. 3. What does it take to achieve happiness in your opinion? 33 IV. Reading and Reciting A. Read and recite the following paragraphs from the text. Happiness is never more than partial. There are no pure states of mankind. Whatever else happiness may be, it is neither in having nor in being, but in becoming. What the Founding Fathers declared for us as an inherent right, we should do well to remember, was not happiness but the pursuit of happiness. What they might have underlined, could they have foreseen the happiness market, is the cardinal fact that happiness is in the pursuit itself, in the meaningful pursuit of what is life-engaging and life-revealing, which is to say, the idea of becoming. A nation is not measured by what it possesses or wants to possess, but by what it wants to become. (Para. 14) By all means let the happiness-market sell us minor satisfactions and even minor follies so long as we keep them in scale and buy them out of spiritual change. I am no customer for either Puritanism8 or asceticism9. But drop any real spiritual capital at those bazaars, and what you come home to will be your own poorhouse. (Para. 15) B. Study and recite the following sayings or quotations. 1. We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it. ------- Bernard Shaw 正像我们无权只享受财富而不创造幸福一样，我们也无权只享受幸福而不创造幸福。 2. Happiness is not in the mere possession of money; it lies in the joy of achievement, in the thrill of creative effort. --------- Franklin Roosevelt 幸福不在于拥有金钱，而在于获得成就时的喜悦以及产生创造力的激情。 3(There is no paradise on earth equal to the union of love and innocence. -------Jean Jacques Rousseau 人间最大的幸福莫如既有爱情又清白无暇。 ?. Vocabulary A. Complete the sentences with words given below, making sure that each word is used in the right form. insatiable static uplifting sane rapt arbitrary cardinal purport demanding devout 1. His way of staying _____ was to compose poems in classical Chinese which he somehow kept with him. 2. The children?s _____ curiosity will be satisfied one way or the other, as there are plenty of museums, libraries and children's palaces in the city. 3. Examination of the theory which ______ to provide an answer to this question is nonetheless important for a number of reasons. 4. It is impossible to forget the _____ speech that the president gave at the commencement ceremony. 5. The athlete, a_______ Christian, like his parents, died in 1945 in a Japanese internment camp in Shandong province. 6. The picture drawn is a _______one, and it has been unable to provide a convincing account of how and why changes have occurred in the pattern of industrial relations. 34 7. The choice of players for the team seemed completely________. 8. He listened in_______ concentration as Mr. Mercer described how one soldier shot off his leg and threatened to kill him until he shouted back at him. 9. Respect for life is a_________ principle of English law. 10. Building a home is a more __________business compared with buying one. B. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence. 1. Her reputation suffered a__________ blow as the result of the scandal. A. mortal B. shameful C. humiliating D. disgraceful 2. In explaining this situation, it might be possible to point to sources _________to the nation: its culture, mentality, religions, or geography. A. inherited B. hereditary C. inherent D. heritable 3. His ___________difficulties may make it impossible for him to recognize you and his family. A. perceptual B. appreciable C. understandable D. recognizable 4. He had never previously thought of himself as _______or even as particularly materialistic. A. inquisitive B. interactive C. positive D. acquisitive 5. Like a dreamer, the young artist is absorbed in ______of something outside himself and does not identify with it. A. illusion B. contemplation C. conception D. fantasy 6. The club, where I am staying, releases forgotten gusts of memory, like those lilies which only______ their sweet perfume at night. A. exhale B. inhale C. relax D. relieve 7. If it is a technique which works for you then, use it ____. A. by all means B. by no means C. in one way D. by the way 8. You would ______some responsibility immediately for particular areas and additional responsibilities are available to those with the ability and enthusiasm to undertake. A. bear on B. take on C. carry on D. hold on 9. This raises the question whether the education of children in rural communities is prejudiced by the _______of a curriculum devised for urban conditions. A. publication B. compulsion C. computation D. imposition 10. The weak point in the school is due to the _______of parents who remove their son from the school at too early an age. A. folly B. prudence C. craziness D. madness ?. Cloze Choose an appropriate word from the following list to fill in each of the following blanks. Each word can be used only ONCE. Change the word form where necessary. unnecessary regardless mind find with happen everything lie more yourself reason focus worry right by only around react life problem Happiness is basically a state of mind. Happiness depends 1 on ones disposition and outlook. Only 2 connecting to your real identity, deeper than merely the body and 3 can one reach real happiness because that is where such happiness is 35 always 4 . In this way, very little is needed to have a happy life. It is all within 5 . Thus, we can attain a state of being satisfied 6 what we have without being anxious to attain all our temporal desires, without 7 about the future, and without concerning ourselves with 8 hopes and fears. When you are really and naturally happy from within, 9 else that you accomplish can be viewed as icing on the cake, an extra sweetness to life. But such external activities are not where true happiness 10 . The only 11 why people cannot attain their inward spiritual bliss right here and now is because they put too much 12 on their external situation and what they feel they need and how to get it. Or they focus on the 13 that they think they have. Actually, what people need to be happy is 14 inside them, at all times, 15 of whatever trials and challenges may happen outside and 16 them. As I?ve always said, it is not what17 to you, but it is how you perceive it and how you 18 or respond to it that makes the difference. We have to understand that happiness and distress is a constant flow in material 19 . We are affected by it 20 if we identify with it. One has to learn to rise above that by connecting with your true self, or higher self. So how do we do that? VIII. Translation A. Translate the following sentences into English. 1(在当今社会，广告几乎完全成为致力于描写快乐的现代表达方式。(dedicated to) 2.讲座永远不会从大学的舞台上完全消失，因为它们来源于一个久远的传统，而大学这个 环境为了其自身的利益又理所当然地尊重传统。(for it?s own sake) 3(这对夫妻永远体会不到做父母的乐趣，除非他们有了自己的孩子(short of) 4(他把别人的成功看成是一种挑战、一种动力。他不断告诉自己他应该比别人做得更好。 (take…as) 5(如果欢乐与愉快等于幸福，则痛苦就等于不幸福。但实际上能带来幸福的事往往与痛 苦相联系。(1ead to;involve) 6(为了让孩子能得到成为一个音乐家所需要的一切，那些经济不宽裕的家庭对任何牺牲 都在所不惜。(whatever) 7(只要明白欢乐并不带来幸福，我们就会开始以不同的态度来生活。 (as long as) 8. 如果我们真正得到了自己想要的，就会不停地想我们没有的——于是我们就老是不满。(do) 9(唯一真正能平衡事业与家庭的方式是对你的生活价值观深思熟虑，并按此生活。 (balance;life values) 10(任何人想要生活既硕果累累又充满欢乐，他就应处理好工作和娱乐的关系.(deal with) B. Translate the underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese. My dictionary defines happy as “lucky” or “fortunate,” but I think a better definition of happiness is “the capacity for enjoyment.” The more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are. (1) It?s easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved. the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, and even good health. Psychologists tell us that to be happy we need a blend of enjoyable leisure time satisfying work. I doubt that my great-grandmother, who raised 14 children and took in washing, had much of either. She did have a network of close friends and family, and may be this was what fulfilled her. If she was happy with what she had, perhaps it was because she didn't expect life to be very different. (2) We, on the other hand, with so many choices and such pressure to succeed in 36 every area, have turned happiness into one more thing we “gotta have.” We?re so self-conscious about our “right” to it that it's making us miserable. (3) So we chase it and eauate it with wealth and success, without noticing that people who have those things aren?t necessarily happier. While happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as ever. (4)Happiness isn't about what happens to us ——its about how we perceive what happens to us. It?s the knack of finding a positive for every negative, and viewing a setback as a challenge. (5)It?s not wishing for what we don?t have, but cherishing what we do possess. ?. Writing Wealth has always been longed for by some people. Does wealth really mean happiness? Different people have different ideas. Write an essay of no fewer than 200 words to express your idea. The suggested title is The Relationship between Wealth and Happiness. Unit Five Remote Control Preparing to Read Find a partner to finish the following role-play task. Imagine you are married and will purchase some electronic appliances with the budget of 5,000 yuan. So you have to study the list below carefully and keep only the necessary items. What are you going to buy? Show your list to your partner and make a comparison. Try to persuade her/him to accept your choice. Finally, please make a list that both of you agree on. A Shopping List Cost Yes, because No, because Dish washer 1,000 Fridge 1,500 Laptop 4,500 Desktop 3,000 Digital camera 1,500 Microwave 600 Air-conditioning 2,000 TV set 2,000 DVD 800 Hi-Fi 3,500 Play Station 2,300 Text 37 Remote Control by Dave Barry Dave Barry has been at The Miami Herald since 1983. A Pulitzer Prize winner in 1988 for commentary, he writes about issues ranging from the international economy to exploding toilets. In this article, Dave tries to draw a vivid picture about how the so-called "smarter appliances" will change our life and cast some doubt on their value. As a consumer of these appliances, you can determine whether you agree with his analysis or not. 1Recently the Washington Post printed an article explaining how the appliance manufacturers plan to drive consumers insane. Of course they don?t say they want to drive us insane. What they say they want to do is have us live in homes where “all appliances are on the Internet, sharing information” and appliances will be “smarter than most of their owners.” For example, the article states, you could have a home where the dishwasher “can be turned on from the office” and the refrigerator “knows when it?s out of milk” and the bathroom scale “transmits your weight to the gym.” I frankly wonder whether the appliance manufacturers, with all due respect, have been smoking crack. I mean, did they ever stop to ask themselves why a consumer, after loading a dishwasher, would go to the office to start it? Would there be some kind of career benefit? YOUR BOSS: What are you doing? YOU (tapping computer keyboard}: I'm starting my dishwasher! YOUR BOSS: That?s the kind of productivity we need around here! YOU: Now I?m flushing the upstairs toilet! Listen, appliance manufacturers: We don?t need a dishwasher that we can communicate with from afar. If you want to improve our dishwashers, give us one that senses when people leave dirty dishes on the kitchen counter, and shouts at them: “Put those dishes in the dishwasher right now or I?ll leak all over your shoes!” Likewise, we don?t need a refrigerator that knows when it?s out of milk. We already have a foolproof system for determining if we?re out of milk: We ask our wife. What we could use is a refrigerator that refuses to let us open its door when it senses that we are about 2to consume our fourth Jell-O Pudding Snack in two hours. As for a scale that transmits our weight to the gym: Are they nuts? We don?t want our weight transmitted to our own eyeballs! What if the gym decided to transmit our weight to all these other appliances on the Internet? What if, Cod forbid, our refrigerator found out what our weight was! We?d never get the door open again! But here is what really concerns me about these new “smart” appliances: Even if we like the features, we won?t be able to use them. We can't use the appliance features we have now. I have a feature-packed telephone with 43buttons, at least 20 of which I am afraid to touch. This phone probably can communicate with the dead, but I don't know how to operate it, just as I don?t know how to operate my TV, which requires three remote controls. One control(44 buttons) came with the TV; a second(39 buttons) came with the VCR; the third (37 buttons) was brought here by the cable man, who apparently felt that I did not have enough buttons. 38 So when I want to watch TV, I?m confronted with a total of 120 buttons, identified by such helpful labels as PIP, MTS, DBS, FZ, JUMP and BLANK. There are three buttons labeled POWER, but there are times——especially if my son and his friends, who are not afraid of features, have changed the settings——when I honestly cannot figure out how to turn the TV on. I stand there, holding three remote controls, pressing buttons at random, until eventually I give up and go turn on the dishwasher. It has been, literally, years since I have successfully recorded a TV show. That is how “smart” my appliances have become. And now the appliance manufacturers want to give us even more features. Do you know what this means? It means that some night you?ll open the door of your “smart” refrigerator, looking for a beer, and you'll hear a pleasant, cheerful voice—— recorded by the same woman who informs you that Your Call Is Important when you call a business that does not wish to speak with you personally ——telling you: “Your celery is limp.” You will not know how your refrigerator knows this, and, what is worse, you will not know who else your refrigerator is telling about it (“Hey, Bob! I hear your celery is limp!”). And, if you want to try to make the refrigerator stop, you will have to decipher Owner's Manual instructions written by and for nuclear physicists (“To disable the Produce Crispness Monitoring feature, enter the Command Mode, then elect the Edit function, then select Change Vegetable Defaults, then assume that Train A leaves Chicago traveling westbound at 47 mph, while Train B...”). Is this the kind of future you want, consumers? Do you want appliances that are smarter than you? Of course not. Your appliances should be dumber than you, just like your furniture, your pets and your representatives in Congress. So, I am urging you to let the appliance industry know, by phone, letter, fax and e-mail, that when it comes to “smart” appliances, you vote NO. You need to act quickly. Because while you?re reading this, your microwave oven is voting YES. _________________________ (843 words) 1 the Washington Post: The most popular newspaper in Washington,D.C.华盛顿邮报 2 Jell-O Pudding Snack:Jell-O is a brand name of manufacturer of gelatin desserts in the USA. 吉露果子冻 布丁 New Words: insane/ in'sein /adj. mad, senseless疯狂的，愚蠢的 crack/ kræk /n. cocaine 可卡因 flush/ fl?? /v. clean or wash with water 冲洗 afar/ ?'fɑ:/adv. far after away 遥远地 foolproof/'fu:lpru:f/adj. incapable of failure, error or misinterpretation不会有错 的;不会失败的;傻瓜也明白的 nuts/ n?ts/ adj. (slang) crazy, insane[美俚]疯狂的，发疯的 feature-packed/ 'fi:t?? 'pækt/adj. filled with features or functions具备很多特点的;功能密 布的 VCR n. video cassette recorder 录像放映机 limp/limp/adj. not stiffer firm; lacking strength蔫的，软弱的 decipher/ di'saif? /v. find the meaning of (sth written in cipher, bad hand-writing, sth puzzling or difficult to understand)解码 crispness/krispnis/n. the state of being easily broken 酥，脆 39 default/ di'f?:lt /n. a particular way that a computer system will perform an operation, unless the user gives it different instructions 默认状态; 缺省状态 westbound/'westbaund/adj. traveling or leading towards the west向西的，西行的 Phrases and Expressions transmit ... to send or pass from one to another将……传输至 God forbid 但愿不会如此;千万不要这样;苍天不容 concern oneself about worry, be busy with, interest oneself with担心，忙于，从事 confront ... with force to deal with or accept the truth of 面对;面临 figure ... out calculate, think about until one understands 算出，想出，理解 at random without aim or purpose 随便，任意，无的放矢 come to concern事关，关于 Exercises I. Reading Comprehension Answer the following questions based on the text. 1. What is the function of the imitated conversation between YOUR BOSS and YOU in para.3? 2. What do you learn from paragraph 6, when the author says “We don?t want our weight transmitted to our own eyeballs!” 3. In paragraph 9, what does the author mean when he says “you?ll hear a pleasant, cheerful voice——recorded by the same woman who informs ...” 4. Again in paragraph 9, who might hear your refrigerator saying “Hey, Bob! I hear your celery is limp”? Why does the author insert other?s voice here? 5. According to the last paragraph of the text, does the author like the representatives in the Congress? How do you know? 6. At the end of the article, why does the author emphasize “while you?re reading this, your microwave oven is voting Yes”? 7. The author strongly opposes the appliances “which are smarter than us”, according to the text, can you explain why he opposes them? 8. What is the author?s attitude towards the appliance manufacturers? II. Structure of the Text Complete the following outline based on the text. 1. Introduction (Paras. 1-2) The appliances “smarter than most of their owners” are actually _________________________ and should be_______________________________________________________. 2. Body (Paras. 3-9) Why the author strongly opposes the idea that appliances are “smarter than most of their owners”, 1) The conversation between YOUR BOSS and YOU shows the smart appliance can not ______________________________________________(Para. 3) 2) The examples of a smart dishwasher, a smart refrigerator and a scale prove that ________________________________________________________________ (Paras. 4-6) 40 3) The examples of remote controls and watching TV tell us that although we like features, we won?t be able to_____________________ , so they are____________________ . (Paras. 7-8) 4) More features in smart appliances will_________________________________________ instead of ______________________________________________. (Para. 9) 3. Conclusion (Para. 10) Because of all the troubles and impracticality, consumers should _________________________ ___________________________________________________the so-called “smart” appliances. III. Topics for Discussion Discuss the following questions in small groups or in class. 1. Which do you prefer: a fool-proof appliance with limited functions or a smart appliance with hundreds of features? Please give reasons. 2. We have so much reliance on electrical appliances, what kind of troubles will we have just in case there is a power cut now? 3. Do you have the concerns that the computer will eventually replace human and dominate the earth? Please justify your answer. ? Topics for Discussion 1. Which do you prefer: a fool-proof appliance with limited functions or a smart appliance with hundreds of features? Please give reasons. 2. We have so much reliance on electrical appliances, what kind of troubles will we have just in case there is a power cut now? 3. Do you have the concerns that the computer will eventually replace human and dominate the earth? Please justify your answer. ?. Reading and Reciting A. Read and recite the following paragraphs from the text. Para. 8 and Para. 10 B. It Study and recite the following sayings or quotations. 1. Where science may help explain how a virus multiplies, it leaves unanswered why a tear is shed. --------- Bernard Lown 科学也许能帮助解释病毒怎样增殖，但它仍未解答人为何流泪。 2. Necessity is the mother of invention. ---------- Plato 需要为发明之母。 3. One machine can do the work of 50ordinary men, but no machine can do the work of an extraordinary man. -------- Elbert Hubbard 一台机器可以做50个普通人的工作，但是没有任何机器能够做一个非凡的人的工作。 ?. Vocabulary A. Complete the sentences with words given below, making sure that each word is used in the right form. insane transmit disable default afar identify limp foolproof likewise produce 41 1. This is a ______camera and you can learn how to use it in a second. 2. You must be ______to go out and have a picnic in this weather. 3. When you use a computer, a____ is the setting or choice you get unless you deliberately choose something else. 4. Because of the magic power, immediately the poor princess? hair came off, and her nose and ears________. 5. The information is _______from one computer to another through a telephone line. 6. He had loved that girl from _______after that first incident. 7. Most permanent pastures can be improved in both composition and _______ by good management and high technology. 8. The low payment at the store forced us to ______any opportunity to make money. 9. Fine hair tended to be _____ , looked flat, and thus was difficult to style. 10. A good deal of ______and grief could have been avoided if you had changed your attitude. B. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence. 1. The plumber found that the pipe was blocked because of the frozen oil, and asked us to ______it out with hot water. A. push B. spread C. flush D. drive 2. Don?t forget to bring a(n) _____for opening cans in your journey to India. A. appliance B. device C. utensil D. gadgetry 3. He suddenly became wealthy, which changed his whole _____of life. A. preference B. mode C. ethics D. modality 4. Beneath that _____calm surface is a man of fierce temper. A. mysteriously B. carefully C. limply D. apparently 5. Due to the economic decline, we are seeing unemployment on an unprecedented____. A. size B. level C. scale D. degree 6. He opened the wallet carefully and stretched his hand to feel the ____of the new dollar bills. A. crispness B. freshness C. tardiness D. firmness 7. Although some commentators thought he was ____and ugly, Jay Chou is now one of Asia?s hottest pop stars. A. literal B. dumb C. humorous D. extrinsic 8. Since no one could _____his scribbling, the chief editor decided to replace him with another columnist. A. encode B. decipher C. concern D. confront 9. Ways in which the authority can discharge its responsibilities for standard___ for all aspects of care will also require attention. A. method B. equipment C. setting D. investigation 10. Along with the emphasis on scientific development and social changes, our magazine has also paid _____attention to fashion. A. deserving B. little C. efficient D. due ?. Cloze Choose an appropriate word from the following list to fill in each of the following blanks. Each word can be used only ONCE. Change the word form where necessary. 42 life predict surplus apply have complete tool with sea insurance get room and power phenomenon disease DNA civilization technique advance We might try to pick out a few of the outstanding achievements in science during recent years before we try to consider what some of the achievements of the future may be. Atomic 1 with its radioactivity and isotopes (同位素) has given us an extraordinary and unexpected new 2 for use in the sciences. Its atomic bombs have profoundly affected the 3 of the world and the diplomacy (外交) of the nations. Its productions of electrical 4 is here already, and it will be a vital contribution to the 5 of the future. In another field, the development of genetics and the 6 code has been an astonishing event giving us an insight into evolution and 7 itself. Our advances in communications through radio, telephone, and television and our 8 in airplane and other travel have shrunk distances so as to 9 reorganize the relations between nations. Isolated islands of prosperity (外交) in a 10 of poverty are no longer acceptable. In agriculture with fertilizers, pesticides (杀虫剂), 11 application, of genetics, science has done such an effective job that in the United States we now have a huge 12 of food; but this is only a local and temporary 13 . Medical advances have been spectacular with new knowledge and new surgical 14 , with cures through antibiotics, and the virtual elimination of former 15 such as malaria (疟疾) , yellow fever, and tuberculosis (肺结 核 ) . The mere comfort of living 16 been developed to a high level. We push a button in any 17 and get the work equivalent of ten men for two cents an hour. Steinmetz, a half century ago, made the then fantastic 18 that we would some day simply turn a thermostat (恒温器) knob and 19 any room temperature we desired, 20 cooling in summer as well as heating in winter. Perhaps the future encouragement of bold risk research may turn up new, undreamed of applications, new tools and new theories. II. Oral practice Life without Modern Technology Nowadays, many people are arguing that whether modern technology indeed has made our life more complicated or it has brought us great benefits. Working in groups of four or five and imagine there is a time tunnel that you can travel through and stop at the following three shops: 1) agriculture era without modern technology; 2) industrialized age with TV, radio and other new inventions; 3) the current E-era. Which stop do you prefer? Please describe what you have seen at that stop and explain your choice to your group. VIII. Translation A. Translate the following sentences into English 1(但愿我从来没有买过智能电器!(Cod forbid) 2 他关心国家大事，每天都看报纸。(concern about) 3(谈到高速攀升的(rocketing)房价，舆论普遍认为无论政府还是房地产商都难逃(shrink from)其责。(come to) 4(在随意参观当地二手书店的时候，我看到越来越多从图书馆流失出来的图书。(at random) 5. 即使你读了用户手册，也不能开动你的洗衣机。(even if) 6.这个职位有很多人申请，所以在你和人事主管联系以前，你得先想出自己有什么特别之处。 (figure out) 43 7(外交部长迅速地采取了一种更加温和的论调，人们普遍认为这至少暂时挽救了他岌岌可 危的政治生涯。(at least) 8. 人类历史已经反复证明伟人经常不被他人理解;更糟糕的是被他人误解 (what is worse) 9. 这种紧张情绪很快感染了人群中所有的人，我们都屏住呼吸观看究竟会发生什么。 (transit…to) 10(为了核实被告是否承认了所有的罪行，法庭决定让他与证人对质。(confront„with) B. Translate the underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese. I eagerly waited to see the Kasparov vs. Deep Blue rematch. 1) From my own experience, practical play exposes all sorts of weaknesses and strengths in my play that are hidden during preparation Equally, the team behind Deep Blue must have benefited immensely from studying the six games played against Kasparov in 1996. And, it would be faster. I was looking forward to Deep Blue boldly going where no man had gone before. Kasparov himself must have studied the games played last year. However, humans can?t change their style drastically like computers. 2) On top of that, all his games were accessible to the Deep Blue team, while he was in the dark about Deep Blue. He had two options: to play like Kasparov or to play like “Mr. Anti Deep Blue.” The former runs the risk of playing to the strengths of the machines, the latter that the human ends up as disoriented as the machine. 3) Humans, too, play weaker in unfamiliar situations and though they may find their way around better, machines can compensate for that with brute force. Kasparov chose the latter. 4) Unfortunately, as a result, we were never able to see the fabulous calculating abilities of Deep Blue. Not once did we see a spectacular example of brute force producing a solution that differed significantly from that suggested by intuition. Deep Blue has only played twelve games in two years against one single opponent. As such, it is impossible to tell how strong it is or what it is capable of. 5) IBM can hardly risk the reputation of its “blue-eyed” baby against some PC or mere mortal. So the rest of us (6.000.000.000 minus Kasnarnv) are left with more questions than answers. ? Writing Nowadays, our living style has changed greatly because of modern technology. While some people applaud that machinery has liberated human from heavy burden, others complain that it has greatly lowered human's physical ability in terms of skills. Whether new invention has offered us more accesses to the world or it has isolated us physically mentally from each other is also controversial. Write an essay of no fewer than 200 words to present your ideas about modem technology. The suggested title is Modern Technology: Convenience or Problem? Unit Six The Right to Fail Preparing to Read 1. “ Son, of course there?s more to life than just money——it?s power”, which is what a father said to his son. Try to figure out what the father?s life philosophy is. Do you agree with 44 such a philosophy? Why or why not? 2. Express your opinion. Below is a list of five famous people. Work individually to rank them in order of success. 1 represents the most successful and 5 represents the least successful. Then compare your ranking with other?s and find out why they rank differently from you. ______Deng, Jiaxian, a Chinese scientist of nuclear physics ______Han, Han, a Chinese young writer ______Martin Luther King, Jr., the leader of American Civil Rights Movement ______Mother Teresa of Caculta, winner of Nobel Prize in Peace in 1979 ______Bill Gates, the wealthiest person in the world and the creator of MS Text The Right to Fail by William Zinsser William Zinsser is a former newspaper reporter, prolific magazine writer, editor, teacher and renowned writing coach. He has published 15 books, including the classic On Writing Well: The Classic Guide to Writing Nonfiction (now in its 25th anniversary edition). In this article, Zinsser casts doubt on the philosophy of success in American society and encourages youths to live their own lives, including enjoying the right to fail. Compare your understanding of success with Zinsser?s to see whether you are on his side. I like “dropout” as an addition to the American language because it?s brief and it?s clear. What I don?t like is that we use it almost entirely as a dirty word. We only apply it to people under twenty-one. Yet an adult who spends days and nights watching mindless TV programs is more of a dropout than a eighteen-year-old who quits 1college, with its frequently mindless courses, to become, say, a VISTA volunteer. For the young, dropping out is often a way of dropping in. To hold this opinion, however, is little short of treason in America. A boy or girl who leaves college is branded a failure—— and the right to fail is one of the few freedoms that 2this country does not grant its citizens. The America dream is a dream of “getting ahead,” painted in strokes of gold wherever look. Our advertisements and TV commercials are a hymn to material success our magazine articles a toast to people who made it to the top. Smoke the right cigarette or drive the right car —— so the ads imply——and the girls will be swooning into your deodorized arms or caressing your expensive lapels. Happiness goes to the man who has the sweet smell of achievement. He is our national idol, and everybody else is our national fink. I want to put in a word for the fink, especially the teen-age fink, because if we give him time to get through his finkdom——if we release him from the pressure of attaining certain 3goals by a certain age——he has a good chance a becoming our national idol, a Jefferson or 456a Thoreau, a Buckminster Fuller or an Adlai Stevenson, a man with a mind of his own. We need mavericks and dissenters and dreamers far more than we need junior vice-presidents, but we paralyze them by insisting that every step be a step up to the next rung of the ladder. Yet in the fluid years of youth, the only way for boys and girls to find their proper road is often to take a hundred side trips, poking out in different directions, faltering, drawing back, 45 and starting again. “But what if we fail?” they ask, whispering the dreadful word across the Generation 7Gap to their parents, who are back home at the Establishment nursing their “middle-class values” and cultivating their “goal-oriented society.” The parents whisper back: “Don?t!” What they should say is “Don?t be afraid to fail!” Failure isn?t fatal. Countless people have had a bout with it and come out stronger as a result. Many have even come out famous. History is strewn with eminent dropouts, “loners” who followed their own trail, not worrying about its odd twists and turns because they had faith in their own sense of direction. To read their biographies is always exhilarating, not only because they beat the system, but because their system was better than the one that they beat. Luckily, such rebels still turn up often enough to prove that individualism, though badly threatened, is not extinct. Much has been written, for instance, about the fitful scholastic career of Thomas P. F. Hoving, New York?s former Parks Commissioner and now director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Hoving was a dropout's dropout, entering and leaving schools as if they were motels, often at the request of the management. Still, he must have learned something during those unorthodox years, for he dropped in again at the top of his profession. His case reminds me of another boyhood——that of Holden Caulfield in J.D. 8Salinger?s The Catcher in the Rye, the most popular literary hero of the postwar period. There is nothing accidental about the grip that this dropout continues to hold on the affections of an entire American generation. Nobody else, real or invented, has made such an engaging shambles of our “goal-oriented society,” so gratified our secret belief that the “phonies” are in power and the good guys up the creek. Whether Holden has also reached the top of his chosen field today is one of those speculations that delight fanciers Of good fiction. I speculate that he has. Holden Caul field, incidentally, is now thirty-six. I?m not urging everyone to go out and fail just for the sheer therapy of it, or to quit college just to coddle some vague discontent. Obviously it?s better to succeed than to flop, and in general a long education is more helpful than a shorter one. (Thanks to my own 910education, for example, I can tell George Eliot from T. S. Eliot, I can handle the pluperfect 1112tense in French, and I know that Caesar beat the Helvetii because he had enough frumentum.) I only mean that failure isn?t bad in itself, or success automatically good. Fred Zinnemann, who has directed some of Hollywood?s most honored movies, was asked by a reporter, when A Man for All Seasons won every prize, about his previous film, Behold a Pale Horse, which was a box-office disaster. “I don?t feel any obligation to be successful,” Zinnemann replied. “Success can be dangerous ——you feel you know it all. 13I?ve learned a great deal from my failures.” A similar point was made by Richard Brooks about his ambitious money loser, Lord Jim. Recalling the three years of his life that went into it, talking almost with elation about the troubles that befell his unit in Cambodia, Brooks told me that he learned more about his craft from this considerable failure than from his many earlier hits. It?s a point, of course, that applies throughout the arts. Writers, playwrights, painters and composers work in the expectation of periodic defeat, but they wouldn?t keep going back into the arena if they thought it was the end of the world. It isn?t the end of the world. 46 For an artist——and perhaps for anybody ——it is the only way to grow. Today?s younger generation seems to know that this is true, seems willing to take the risks in life that artists take in art. “Society,” needless to say, still has the upper hand ——it sets the goals and condemns as a failure everybody who won?t play. But the dropouts and the 14hippies are not as afraid of' failure as their parents and grandparents. This could mean, as their elders might say, that they are just plumb lazy, secure in the comforts of an affluent state. It could also mean, however, that they just don?t buy the old standards of success and are rapidly writing new ones. Recently it was announced, for instance, that more than two hundred thousand 15Americans have inquired about service in VISTA (the domestic Peace Corps) and that, according to a Gallup survey, “more than 3 million American college students would serve VISTA in some capacity if given the opportunity.” This is hardly the road to riches or to an executive suite. Yet I have met many of these young volunteers, and they are not pinning for traditional success. On the contrary, they appear more fulfilled than the average vice-president with a swimming pool. Who is to say, then, if there is any right path to the top, or even to say what the top consists of? Obviously the colleges don?t have more than a partial answer ——otherwise the young would not be so disaffected with an education that they consider vapid. Obviously business does not have the answer——otherwise the young would not be so scornful of its call to be an organization man. The fact is, nobody has the answer, and the dawning awareness of this fact seems to me one of the best things happening in America today. Success and failure are again becoming individual visions, as they were when the country was younger, not rigid categories. Maybe we are learning again to cherish this right of every person to succeed on his own terms and to fail as often as necessary along the way. (1,324 words) _________________________________ 1 VISTA: Volunteers In Service To America, an organization which places individuals with community-based agencies to help find long-term solutions to the problems caused by urban and rural poverty 为美国服务志愿队 2 American dream: an American ideal of a happy and successful life to which all may aspire 美国梦 3 Jefferson: Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States who drafted the Declaration of Independence at the age of 33 托马斯?杰弗逊 4 Thoreau: Henry David Thoreau, American essayist, poet, and practical philosopher, renowned for having lived the doctrines of Transcendentalism as recorded in his masterwork, Walden, and for having been a vigorous advocate of civil liberties, as evidenced in the essay "Civil Disobedience" 亨利?戴维?梭罗 5 Buekminster Fuller: one of the key innovators in the 20th century, known as a philosopher, thinker, visionary, inventor, architect, engineer, etc. He is the one who coined the term "Spaceship Earth". 巴克敏 斯特?福勒 6. Adlai Stevenson: the American politician and diplomat, who was twice the Democratic Party's candidate for President of the United States and died in the position of U.S. ambassador to the United Nations阿德 莱?斯蒂文森 47 7. the Establishment: an established order, esp the traditional ruling class elite and the structure of society which they control 体制;统治阶级精英及其控制的社会 8 The Catcher in the Rye: a highly successful novel by J. D. Salinger, which is narrated by seventeen-year-old Holden Caulfield, a schoolboy in rebellion against the dubious values of the adult world 《麦田里的守望者》 9 George Eliot: pseudonym of Mary Ann Cross (1819-1880), the British Victorian writer, who wrote the classical The Mill on the Floss 乔治?艾略特 10 T.S. Eliot: the modem American poet, whose works included The Waste Land T.S.艾略特 11 Caesar: Julius Caesar, conqueror of Gaul and master of Italy (100—44BC) 裘里斯?凯撒 12 Helvetii: Celtic people inhabiting western Switzerland during the time of Julius Caesar赫尔维特人 13 Richard Brooks: a famous Hollywood movie director, actor and producer 14 Hippie, Hippy: (esp. in 1960s and 1970s) a person who opposes, or is thought to oppose, the accepted standards of ordinary society, esp when showing this by dressing in unusual clothes, living in groups together, and (sometimes) taking drugs pleasure 嬉皮士(六、七十年代美国青年中出现的颓废派) 15 Peace Corps: a federal government organization, set up in 1961, that trains and sends American volunteers abroad to work people of developing countries on projects for technological, agricultural, and educational improvement和平队 New Words dropout/'dr?paut/n. person who withdraws from conventional society 退出世俗社 会的人，中途退出者;退学 mindless/ 'maindlis /adj. quite lacking in or not requiring intelligence愚蠢的，不需要智 慧的 treason/'tri:zn/n. treachery to, betrayal of, one's country of ruler, disloyalty, betrayal of trust叛国，背叛，不忠 hymn/him/n. song of praise to God, esp. one for use in a religious service 赞美 诗，赞歌 swoon/swu:n/v. faint 昏厥;晕倒 deodorize/di:'?ud?raiz/v. remove odor (esp bad smells) from除去……的臭味 lapel/l?'pel/n. part of the breast of coat or jacket folded back and forming a continuation of the collar(西服上衣的)翻领 fink/fi?k/n. a contemptible person可鄙的人，惹人讨厌的人 maverick/'mæv?rik/n. unorthodox person, person who dissents from the ideas, etc of an organized group持不同意见的人，闹独立的人 dissenter/ di'sent?(r)/n. a person who refuses to accept the conventional idea 持异议 者 paralyze/ 'pær?laiz /v. make ineffective; cause to stop working 使停止工作，使失 去功能，使无能为力 rung/ r??/n. crosspiece forming a step in ladder, a particular level in society, one's employment, etc梯子横档，阶梯 poke/ p?uk /v. protrude and be or become visible 伸出;露出;挤向 falter/ 'f?:lt? /v. shake; move, walk or act in any uncertain or hesitating manner 摇晃，蹒跚 bout/baut/n. (a) short period of a specified activity; a contest between antagonists; a match一回，一次;回合比赛 48 strew/ stru:/v. scatter,cover撒，播，散布 exhilarate / ig'zil?reit /v. make (sb) cheerful and excited使高兴，使活跃 fitful /'fitful /adj. coming and going in short periods; irregular间歇的;不规 则的 scholastic / sk?'læstik /adj. of schools and education学校的;教育的 unorthodox/'?n'?:θ?d?ks/adj. not in accordance with what is orthodox, conventional, traditional 非正统的，异端的，异教的 shambles / '?æmblz /n. (colloquial) muddle or confusion混乱，一团糟 gratify / 'grætifai / v. give what is desired to, indulge使满足 phony / 'f?uni /n. someone or something pretended, false, unreal, or intended to device骗子，假冒者，虚假的人 fancier / 'fænsi? /n. person with special knowledge of and love for sth爱好 者，迷 coddle/ 'k?d(?)l/ v. treat with great care and tenderness; pamper纵容，宠爱 flop/fl?p/v. (slang) fail 失败 frumentum/,fru:'ment?m/n. (Latin) corn 玉米 behold/ bi'h?uld /v. take notice; see (esp sth unusual or striking)看见，注意 elation /i'lei?(?)n /n. the state of being filled with excited pride and joy得意洋 洋，兴高采烈 befall/bi'f ?:l/v. (esp sth bad) happen (to)降临于，发生于 playwright/'pleirait/n. dramatist 剧作家 arena/ ?'ri:n? /n. a place of great activity, esp of competition or fighting竞技场 plumb/ pl?m /adv. completely 完全地 affluent/ 'æflu?nt /adj. wealthy, having plenty of money or other possessions 丰富 的，富饶的 buy/bai/v. believe or accept sth, esp sth that is unlikely to be true [美俚] 采纳 suite/swi:t/n, a set, esp of rooms in a hotel (酒店)套房 disaffected/ dis?'fektid /adj. discontented, rebellious, disloyal 不满的，不忠的 vapid / 'væpid /adj. dull, uninteresting 乏味的，枯燥的 scornful/ 'sk?:nful/adj. showing or feeling contempt 轻蔑的，嘲笑的 cherish/'t?eri? /v. keep (hope, love, or other deep feelings) firmly in mind抱有，怀有 Phrases and expressions apply...to bring or put sth into the use or operation将……用于 drop out not take part; move away from or refusc to join ordinary society because of not agreeing with accepted practices, standards, and ways of living中途退出 drop in stop by; return to the main trend中途拜访;回归主流 little short of little less than sth 几乎就是 put in a word for say sth good for, recommend赞扬，推荐 come out appear 显现 strew ... with scatter (sth) over a surface; (partly) cover (a surface) with sth scattere撒……于表面 49 twists and turns up and down迂回曲折 turn up make one?s appearance出席，露面 at the request of because of the request of应……的要求 be up the creek be in difficulties在困难中，在困境里 tell… from differentiate… from将……区别于，鉴别 have the upper hand have the advantage over占优势，占上风 condemn ... as ... express very strong disapproval of sb or sth强烈反对，视为不 好的 consist of be made up of由……组成，由…..构成 Exercises I. Reading Comprehension Answer the following questions based on the text. 1. What does the author mean when he says in paragraph 2 “For the young, dropping out is often a way of dropping in”? 2. What is a fink mentioned firstly in paragraph 3? What is the society?s attitude toward, finks? What is the author?s attitude? 3. What is the meaning of "individualism", as mentioned in paragraph 7 of the text? 4. Who was Thomas P. F. Hoving? Why does the author use his story as an example? What idea has been illustrated through his story? 5. According to paragraph 9, what does the author think of education? How do you know? 6. What does the author mean when he writes in paragraph 11 “It isn?t the end of the world. For an artist——and perhaps for anybody ——it is the only way to grow”? 7. Why does the author put the word “society” into quotation marks in paragraph 12? Can you find another word or phrase to replace “society”? 8. What is the author?s overall purpose for writing this text? II. Structure of the Text Complete the following outline based on the text. 1. Introduction (Paras 1-3) Your dropouts in the American society are_____________________________________________ Since our culture does not _______________________________________________. 2. Body Why we should allow the youth to become dropouts. (Paras.4-13) 1) Dropouts have the potential to become ____________________and_____________________, which are in great need in our society. To find a proper way, the youth need to search for _____________________________and be allowed__________________________. (Paras. 4-5) 2) Failure isn?t __________________________________________________and in many cases, it is an experience______________________________________________________.( Paras. 6-7) 3)The popularity of Holden Caulfield in a whole generation shows that dropouts are ___________ _______________________________________________________________________________ and showing the reality that________________________________________________ . (Para. 50 8) 4)We should not naturally take failure as ________________________________while success as ________________________ , for we can learn a lot from ____________(Paras.9-11) A. The____________________________________________________ of education and success. B. The example of F. Zinnemann and R. Brooks shows that failure can __________________ while success_______________________________________________________________. C. Failure is the only way_________________________________________________________. 5) Many youngsters are willing to take the risks in life and start to write __________________. For example, many young volunteers choose to join VISTA, which is hardly ________________ _____________________________________________to riches and fame. (Paras. 12-13) 3. Conclusion (Paras. 14-15) Since none of us know the right way__________________or what the top___________________, we need to encourage every person to________________________________________________ and cherish the right to ___________________________________________during this process. ? Topics for Discussion Discuss the following questions in small groups or in class. 1. Do you believe that there is a top level of our life? If there is, what does it consist of? If there isn?t, why? 2. What is your opinion of those who quit college and start their own business? What might be the factors that lead them to quit? 3. Does failure have a life-long or only a periodical impact on one?s life? If it?s the former, how can we treat failure reasonably? If it is the latter, can you tell us when? ?.Reading and Reciting A. Read and recite the following paragraphs from the text. Para.6 and Paras 14 B. Study and recite the following sayings or quotations. 1. Try not to become a man of success, but rather try to become a man of value. ----- Albert Einstein 不要为成功而努力，要为做一个有价值的人而努力。 2. There is only one success—to be able to spend your life in your own way. ------ C.Morley 只有一种成功，那就是能够用自己的方式度过自己的一生。 3. Success can be only one ingredient in happiness, and is too dearly purchased if all the other ingredients have been sacrificed to obtain. ------- Bertrand Russell 成功只能算是幸福的一种因素，如果为了获得成功而牺牲了其他各种因素，则未免得不偿 51 失。 ?. Vocabulary A. Complete the sentences with words given below, making sure that each word is used in the right form. partial vapid mindless therapy befall exhilarate dissenter scholastic accident swoon 1. Advances in _______and diagnosis have raised complex legal and moral issues in are areassuch as abortion, and patients? rights. 2. The discovery of how bronze is made was probably________, but it turned out to be important event. 3. Though Winston Churchill became the Prime Minister in 1940, he was taken as the most famous and obvious _______for a very long time. 4. When you hear the melody, you will strongly feel that the same enlightenment that happened to the composer has ________ you. 5. This is only a _______ success, since we have to make a compromise. 6. That________ game, which the tennis star won by 4-3, attracted 20,000 people to the Giant Stadium even though the official limit was some 5,000 fewer. 7. After the_________ conversation with those conservative members of the organization, the newcomer felt bored and determined never to join this group again. 8. The dirty air and the crowd make the market not a safe place for those who _____ easily. 9. The task is really_______, and anyone in the company can finish it without any problem. 10. I enjoy my_______ life, in which I am isolated from the complicated society and can devote myself to academic research. B. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the boldfaced part of the sentence or phrase. 1. Even though the Duke was convicted of treason, most of the parliament members still supported him and his book was very popular among the public. A. betrayal of one's country B. surrender to the enemy C. hurt to people's feeling D. control of others 2. This method may seem unorthodox, but it has been proved to be very efficient. A. fitful B. accidental C. irregular D. unconventional 3. Many people settle down in urban areas instead of the countryside, since it is not time to take a sheer rest and they need to work in cities. A. comfortable B. complete C. relaxing D. permanent 4. His voice began to falter at the mention of his sufferings in the old days. A. hesitate B. stutter C. decrease D. shake 5. Politically, Wisconsin is a bit of a maverick, and this nature was firmly established by 1848 when it became a state. A. dissenter B. proponent C. opponent D. extremist 6. For over 30 years, Singapore has grown from a poor country with hardly any resources to an affluent, modern and developed nation. A. abundant B. influent C. wealthy D. stimulant 7. The doctor told the single father that his son needed to be coddled after the tuberculosis. A. isolated from others B. treated with great care 52 C. accompanied by others D. cured with skill 8. As a long-term fancier of the classical music, he spent a lot of money in watching live music concerts. A. toast B. collaborator C. shambles D. zealot 9. The architect said that his countrymen hadn't learned to cherish the old, and they were too quick to tear old buildings down. A. prefer B. treasure C. decorate D. renew 10. The proud lady wondered how to lower her pride to approach the girl she had been so scornful of. A. hateful B. convicted C. contemptuous D. doubtful I. Cloze Choose an appropriate word from the following list to fill in each of the following blanks. Each word can be used only ONCE. Change the word form where necessary. temporary download deprivation off borrow habit mental benefit change count simple opposite start stay maintain require permanent quit overcome discipline A powerful personal growth tool is the 30-day trial. This is a concept I I from the shareware industry, where you can 2 a trial version of a piece of software and try it out risk-free for 30 days before you?re 3 to buy the full version. It's also a great way to develop new habits, and best of all, it's brain-dead 4 . Let's say you want to start a new habit like an exercise program or 5 a bad habit like sucking on cancer sticks. We all know that getting 6 and sticking with the new habit for a few weeks is the hard part. Once you've 7 inertia (呆滞，迟钝), it's much easier to keep going. Yet we often psyche ourselves out of getting started by 8 thinking about the change as something 9 —before we've even begun. It seems too overwhelming to think about making a big 10 and sticking with it every day for the rest of your life when you're still habituated to doing the 11 . The more you think about the change as something permanent, the more you 12 put. But what if you thought about making the change only 13 — say for 30 days and then you?re free to go back to your old 14 ? That doesn?t seem so hard anymore. Exercise daily for just 30 days, then quit. 15 a neatly organized desk for 30 days, then slack (怠惰，偷懒) 16 . Read for an hour a day for 30 days, then go back to watching TV. Could you do it? It still requires a bit of 17 and commitment, but not nearly so much as making a permanent change. Any perceived 18 is only temporary. You can 19 down the days to freedom. And for at least 30 days, you'll gain some 20 . It's not so bad. You can handle it. It's only one month out of your life. ?.Translation A. Translate the following sentences into English. 1(这对双胞胎姐妹总是一起出场，用同样的声调讲话，所以我们都不能分出谁是谁。( tell from) 2(教授在推荐信中为他最喜欢的学生美言，尽管这位学生已经退学两年了。(put in aword for) 53 3(俄国人在陆军和空军方面都已占了德国人的上风。(have a upper hand) 4.因为作弊被大学开除后，他身处困境。(be up the creek) 5(在学生家长的要求下，学校允许学生在家里上晚自习。(at the request of) 6. 他们不接受这份 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 ，因为报告完全违背了社会 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 (come out) 7. 经历许多坎坷曲折之后，这个天真的小姑娘最后变得世故起来，学会了如何应付困难。 (twists and urns) 8(尽管持异议者被社会认为是怪人(eccentric)，他们却深受年轻人的欢迎。(condemn„as) 9(多亏那个慈善团体的帮助，一度辍学的贫困学生才能继续接受教育。(drop out) 10(为了庆祝皇室家庭访问这座小城，居民们在街上撒满鲜花。(strew„with„) B( Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. To hold this opinion, however, is little short of treason in America. A boy or girl who leaves college is branded a failure—and the right to fail is one of the few freedoms that this country does not grant its citizens. The American dream is a dream of “getting ahead,” painted in strokes of gold wherever we look. Our advertisements and TV commercials are a hymn to material success, our magazine articles a toast to people who made it to the top. Smoke the right cigarette or drive the right car ——so the ads imply ——and the girls will be swooning into your deodorized arms or caressing your expensive lapels. Happiness goes to the man who has the sweet smell of achievement. He is our national idol, and everybody else is our national fink. (Para. 3) ?. Writing In this article, F. Zinnemann, the famous Hollywood's director says “I?ve learned a great deal from my failures.” It reminds us the quotation from T. Paine, which is “Failure is the mother of success.” Do you believe that failure can be a good teacher? If yes, then what can you learn from failure? If no, what?s your reason? Write an essay of no fewer than 200 words to express your ideas. The suggested title is Is Failure a Good Teacher? Unit Seven Life without Father Preparing to Read Read the following table carefully. What tendency can you observe? Describe the changes, then talk about the possible reasons and the consequences of the changes. 54 U.S. KIDS LIVING WITH… 1960 1980 1990 Father and mother 80.6% 62.3% 57.7% Mother only 7.7 18 21.6 Father only 1 1.7 3.1 Father and stepmother 0.8 1.1 0.9 Mother and stepfather 5.9 8.4 10.4 Neither Parent 3.9 5.8 4.3 Text Life Without Father by David Blankenhom David Blankenhorn is the founder and president of the Institute for American Values, a private, nonpartisan organization devoted to contributing intellectually to the renewal of marriage and family life and the sources of competence, character, and citizenship in the United States. This text is from his book Fatherless America: Confronting Our Most Urgent Social Problem, which was published in 1995. The United States is becoming an increasingly fatherless society. A generation ago, a child could reasonably expect to grow up with his or her father. Today, a child can reasonably expect not to. Fatherlessness is approaching a rough parity with fatherhood as a defining feature of childhood. This astonishing fact is reflected in many statistics, but here are the two most important: Tonight, about 40 percent of U.S. children will go to sleep in homes in which their fathers do not live. More than half of our children are likely to spend a significant portion of childhood living apart from their fathers. Never before in this country have so many children been voluntarily abandoned by their fathers. Never before have so many children grown up without knowing what it means to have a father. Fatherlessness is the most harmful demographic trend of this generation. It is the leading cause of the decline in the well-being of children. It is also the engine driving our most urgent social problems, from crime to adolescent pregnancy to domestic violence. Yet, despite its scale and social consequences, fatherlessness is frequently ignored or denied. Especially within our elite discourse, it remains a problem with no name. Surely a crisis of this scale merits a name and a response. At a minimum, it requires a serious debate: Why is fatherhood declining? What can be done about it? Can our society find ways to invigorate effective fatherhood as a norm of male behavior? Yet, to date, our public discussion has been remarkably weak and defeatist. There is a prevailing belief that not much can or even should be done reverse the trend. As a society, we are changing our minds about men?s role in family life. Our inherited understanding of fatherhood is under siege. Men are increasingly viewed as superfluous to family life: either expendable or part of the problem. Masculinity itself often is treated with suspicion, and even hostility, in our cultural discourse. Consequently, our society is unable to sustain fatherhood as a distinctive domain of male activity. The core question is simple: does every child need a father? Increasingly, our society?s answer is “no.” Few idea shifts in this century are as consequential as this one. At stake is nothing less than what it means to be a man, who our children will be and what kind of 55 society we will become. My criticism is not simply of fatherlessness but of a culture of fatherlessness. For, in addition to fathers, we are losing something larger: our idea of fatherhood. Unlike earlier periods of father absence in our history, such as wartime, we now face more than a physical loss affecting some homes. The 1940s child could say: My father had to leave for a while to do something important. The '90s child must say: My father left me permanently because he wanted to. This is a cultural criticism because fatherhood, much more than motherhood, is a cultural invention. Its meaning is shaped less by biology than by a cultural script, a societal code that guides ——and at times pressures ——a man into certain ways of acting and understanding himself. Like motherhood, fatherhood is made up of both a biological and a social dimension. Yet, across the world, mothers are far more successful than fathers at fusing these dimensions into a coherent identity. Is the nursing mother playing a biological or a social role? Feeding or bonding? We can hardly separate the two, so seamlessly are they woven together. But fatherhood is a different matter. A father makes his sole biological contribution at the moment of conception, nine months before the infant enters the world. Because social paternity is linked only indirectly to biological paternity, a connection cannot be assumed. The phrase "to father a child" usually refers only to the act of insemination, not the responsibility for raising the child. What fathers contribute after conception is largely a matter of cultural devising. Moreover, despite their other virtues, men are not ideally suited to responsible fatherhood. Men are inclined to sexual promiscuity and paternal waywardness. Anthropologically, fatherhood constitutes what might be termed a necessary problem. It is necessary because child well-being and societal success hinge largely on a high level of paternal investment: men's willingness to devote energy and resources to the care of their offspring. It is a problem because men frequently are unwilling or unable to make that vital investment. Because fatherhood is universally problematic, cultures must mobilize to enforce the father role, guiding men with legal and extralegal pressures that require them to maintain a close alliance with their children's mother and invest in their children. Because men don't volunteer for fatherhood as much as they are conscripted into it by the surrounding culture, only an authoritative cultural commitment to fatherhood can fuse biological and social paternity into a coherent male identity. For exactly this reason, anthropologist Margaret 1 Meadand others have observed that the supreme test of any civilization is whether it can socialize men by teaching them to nurture their offspring. The stakes could hardly be higher. Our society's conspicuous failure to sustain norms of fatherhood reveals a failure of collective memory and a collapse of moral imagination. It undermines families, neglects children, causes or aggravates our worst social problems and makes individual adult happiness, both female and male, harder to achieve. Ultimately, this failure reflects nothing less than a culture gone awry, unable to establish the boundaries and erect the signposts that can harmonize individual happiness with collective well-being. In short, it reflects a culture that fails to “enculture” individual men and women, mothers and fathers. 56 In personal terms, the main result of this failure is the spread of a me-first egotism hostile to all except the most puerile understandings of personal happiness. In social terms, the results are a decline in children?s well-being and a rise in male violence, especially against women. The most significant result is our society?s steady fragmentation into atomized individuals, isolated from one another and estranged from the aspirations and realities of common membership in a family, a community, a nation, bound by mutual commitment and shared memory. Many voices today, including many expert voices, urge us to accept the decline of fatherhood with equanimity. Be realistic, they tell us. Divorce and out-of-wedlock childbearing are here to stay. Growing numbers of children will not have fathers. Nothing can be done to reverse the trend itself. The only solution is to remedy some of its consequences: More help for poor children. More sympathy for single mothers. Better divorce. More child-support payments. More prisons. More programs aimed at substituting for fathers. 2 Yet what Abraham Lincoln called the better angels of our nature always have guided us in the opposite direction. Passivity in the face of crisis is inconsistent with the American tradition. Managing decline never has been the hallmark of American expertise. In the inevitable and valuable tension between conditions and aspirations ——between the social “is” and the moral “ought” ——our birthright as Americans always has been our confidence that we can change for the better. Does every child need a father? Our current answer hovers between “not necessarily” and “no.” But we need not make permanent the lowering of our standards. We can change our minds. We can change our minds without passing new laws, spending more tax dollars or empaneling more expert commissions. Once we change our philosophy, we might well decide to pass laws, create programs or commission research. But the first and most important thing to change is not policies, but ideas. Our essential goal must be the rediscovery of the fatherhood idea: For every child, a legally and morally responsible man. If my goal could be distilled into one sentence, it would be this: Because our society is 3lurching in the opposite direction, I see the Good Family Man as the principal casualty of today?s weakening focus on fatherhood. Yet I cannot imagine a good society without him. _________________________________ (1,350 words) 1. Dr. Margaret Mead(1901-1978): one of America?s foremost anthropologists, is known for her work in such subjects as comparative child psychology, oceanic ethnology, cooperation and competition among primitive peoples, and cross-cultural communications玛格丽特?米德，美国人类学家，文化心理学派代表人物之一 th2 Abraham Lincoln(1809-1865): the 16 president of the United States, guided his country through the most devastating experience in its national history—the civil war. He is considered by many historians to have been the greatest American president. 亚伯拉罕?林肯 3 Good Family Man:a man who puts his family first居家好男人 New Words parity/ 'pæriti /n. equality 同等 demographic/ dem?'græfik/ adj. relating to the study of information in figures about the population of an area or country and how these figures vary with time 人口统计学的 57 adolescent/,æd?u'lesnt /adj. teenage 青春期的，青少年的 pregnancy/ 'pregn?nsi/ n. the condition of being pregnant 怀孕 elite /ei'li:t/ n. the most powerful, rich, or talented people within a particular group, place, or society 精英 discourse/ dis'k?:s, 'disk?:s/n. spoken or written communication between people, esp. serious discussion of a particular subject谈论 invigorate/ in'vig?reit /v. give a feeling of strength and/or power to鼓舞 norm/n?:m/n. ways of behaving that are considered normal in a particular society 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 defeatist/ di'fi:tist /adj. showing an expectation of being defeated 失败主义的 siege/ si:d? /n. surrounding of a town, fortress, etc by armed forces in order to capture it or force it to surrender 围困;围攻;围城 superfluous/,sju:'p?:flu?s/ adj. unnecessary多余的 masculinity/,mæskju'liniti /n the quality considered to be typical of men 男性特征;男子 气概 hostility/ h?s'tiliti /n. unfriendly or aggressive behaviour towards people or ideas 敌意 domain/ d?u'mein /n. a subject of activity, interest, or knowledge领域 fuse/fju:z/v. unite, making into one 熔合 coherent/ k?u'hi?r?nt /adj. being naturally or reasonable connected 一致的 seamless/ 'si:mlis /adj. without breaks or gaps 无缝的 paternity/ p?'t?:niti/ n. the state or fact of being the father of a particular child 父 子关系 insemination/ insemi'nei??n /n. the act of putting male seed into a female授精 promiscuity/,pr?mis'kju:iti /n. having sex with many different people 滥交 waywardness/weiw?dnis/n. the state of being changeable and not easy to guide in character任性，不稳定 anthropological/ ænθr?p??l?d?ik?l/adj. relating to the scientific study of the nature of man, including the development of his body, mind, and society 与人类学有关的 offspring /'?fspri? /n. a child or children 后代 mobilize/ 'm?ubilaiz /v. gather together for a particular service or use 动员 conscript/ 'k?nskript /v. make someone serve in one of the armed forces by law 征募 authoritative/ ?:'θ?r?t?tiv /adj. possessing the power to give orders 权威的 nurture/ 'n?:t?? /v. give care and food to 养育 conspicuous/ k?n'spikju?s /adj. noticeable, easily seen 显著的 undermine/,?nd?'main /v. weaken or destroy by stages破坏 aggravate/ 'ægr?veit /v. make worse 加重 awry/ ?'rai /adj. not as planned or intended歪曲的 signpost/'sainp??st /n. a sign showing directions and distances, as at a meeting of roads路 标 egotism/ 'i:g?tiz(?)m /n. the quality or state of always thinking about oneself, and about what will be the best of oneself 自我中心 puerile/ 'pju?rail /adj. childish 幼稚的 58 fragmentation/,frægmen'tei??n /n. the state of breaking into small pieces or parts 分裂， 破碎 atomize/ 'æt? maiz/v. reduce to fine panicles, fragment(使)分裂为原子 estrange/ is'treind? /v. cause to turn away in feeling or affection 疏远 aspiration/,æsp?'rei??n/n. a strong desire to achieve an end渴望 equanimity/,i:kw?'nimiti, ,ekw?-/n. a calm state of mind and attitude to life 镇定 hallmark/ 'h?:lmɑ:k /n. the typical quality or feature特 hover/ 'h?v? /v. stay in the same position in the air without moving forwards or backwards 盘旋 empanel/im'pænl/v. list or select (sb) to serve on a jury 选(某人)为陪审员 distill/dl'stil/v. get or take the most important parts of蒸馏，提取 lurch/ l?:t? /v. move with irregular sudden movements 蹒跚举步 casualty/ 'kæ?ju?lti /n. person or thing defeated or destroyed受害者，受损坏的东 西 Phraeses and Expressions at a minimum at least 至少 to date until now 至今 at stake at risk; depending on the outcome of an event 得失攸关 be inclined to tend to 倾向于 hinge on depend entirely on取决于 Exercises I. Reading Comprehension Answer the following questions based on the text. 1. Why is fatherlessness “the most harmful” (Para. 3) demographic trend of this generation 2. What is the difference between fatherlessness in the past and that at present? 3. Why does the author say that fatherhood is “a cultural invention”? (Para. 8) 4. What is the difference between fatherhood and motherhood? 5. What evidence does the author use to support his claim that men are not ideally suit to fatherhood? 6. Why is fatherhood declining? 7. What effects does fatherlessness bring about? 8. What can be done to invigorate effective fatherhood? ?.Structure of the Text Complete the following outline based on the text, 1. Introduction (Para. 1) The subject under discussion:_______________________________________________. 2. Body (Paras. 2-18) 1) Fatherlessness is frequently ignored or denied, despite its __________________ and __________________________________________________________________ . (Paras. 2-6) 2) The analyses of the fatherlessness problem: A. Fatherhood is_________________________________________. (Paras. 7-9) B. Cultures must mobilize to enforce the father role, because _______________________ 59 ______________________________________________________________ (Paras. 10-11) C. Our society's conspicuous failure to sustain norms of fatherhood reflects _________, and brings about_________________________________________________. (Paras. 12-14) 3) Instead of accepting the decline of fatherhood with equanimity, we can change us to rediscover the________________________________________________. (Paras. 15-18) 3. Conclusion (Para. 19) Our goal: a good society with Good Family Man. III. Topics for Discussion Discuss the following questions in small groups or in class. 1. Will the tendency of fatherlessness also become a commonplace in China in the near future? 2. What problems have you observed or experienced in single-parent families? How does fatherlessness or motherlessness affect the growth of children? 3. What actions can be taken to encourage responsible parenthood? IV. Reading and Reciting A: Read and recite the following paragraphs from the text. Para. 3 and Para. 4 B. Study and recite the following sayings or quotations. 1. Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. --------- Leo Tolstoy 幸福的家庭彼此相似，不幸的家庭各有自己的不幸。 2. He is the happiest, be he king or peasant, who finds peace in his home. -------- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 无论是国王还是农夫，家庭和睦是最幸福的。 3. Marriage may be compared to a cage: the birds outside despair to get in and those within despair to get out. -------- Michel de Montaigne 婚姻好比鸟笼，外面的鸟想进进不去，里面的鸟儿想出出不来。 4. Be it ever so humble, there is no place like home. -------- John Howard Payne 金窝，银窝，不如自家的草窝。 ?.Vocabulary A. Complete the sentences with words give below, making sure that each word is used in the right form. collective commit merit mobilize prevailing remedy reveal reverse substitute sustain 1. She was able to light fires in the hearts of the people she met and __________them to do something for the revolution. 2. Social science is a _______ name, covering a series of individual sciences. 3. Johnson was reputed to pay his employees handsomely, but in return he expected complete loyalty, total _____________and absolute respect. 4. They carefully designed a special diet which contained all the known nutrients needed to her life. 5. He should very excited on the phone, but he wouldn't __________ the exact contents of 60 the videotape, except to say that it contained the evidence we needed. 6. Finally he realized that money was not a ___________for health, happiness, companionship or emotional security. 7. He has realized the terrible mistake, and is trying his best to _____________ it. 8. Although everyone does it that way, he wants to change the ___________ practice. 9. We asked the company how they would market the product and __________its shrinking market share. 10. Whether wolves _________so much protection is a much-debated point among farmers; in the area where wolves are plentiful and do cause damage on farms. B. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence. 1. The committee had voted $300 for a monument to be ____________to his memory. A. abandoned B. erected C. hovered D. inherited 2. The foundation said they would not fund the plan because it had all the ______of being a total failure. A. emblems B. symbols C. tokens D. hallmarks 3. Nowadays, the purchase of a car has become the________of most citizens, along with holidays overseas. A. aspiration B. inspiration C. norm D. signpost 4. The clinical instinct I was beginning to develop told me that something inside this animal was fundamentally________. A. awry B. hostile C. invigorate D. puerile 5. Unrelieved stress can _______your physical and emotional health, but knowing the health risks of stress does not necessarily make it any easier to change the stressful situation. A. aggravate B. collapse C. decrease D. undermine 6. Many elderly people who are in need fail to apply for a supplementary pension or allowance, because they are ______regard it as some kind of charity. A. declined to B. inclined to C. tended to D. disposed to 7. So much is ______when you start a job that you owe it to yourself to think all the implications through. A. at stake B. taken up C. thought about D. in hand 8.It was inevitable that as time passes a couple should influence each other and gradually together. A. combine B. blend C. fuse D. mix 9. We are trying to minimize pollution and improve quality by keeping the use of sticides_____. A. at a minimum B. for a minimum C. in a minimum D. on a minimum 10. What is remarkable is how little political opposition there has been to the program ______. A. in time B. on the day C. to date D. at the moment VI. Cloze Choose an appropriate word from the following list to fill in each of the following blanks. Each word can be used only ONCE. Change the word form where necessary. 61 biology break couple different diversity dramatic evidence experience fact family household increasing likely marry proportion rare rate rule sequence stepfamily The most marked characteristic of families since the 1960s has been that the traditional conception of the British family has disintegrated. The married 1 with 2.4 children is disappearing. The 2 of life events——marriage, sex and children——has been radically reordered. Marriage 3 comes first and 4 does not happen at all. The most 5 change, however, has been to the "happy ever after" bit in the picture of family life. In the past 30 years, the 6 of divorce has doubled; and half of all children now 7 their parents' divorce before they are 16. All four trends——cohabitation, divorce, births outside 8 and single parents—— are 9 to be even more pronounced by 2020. There is no 10 that any of them are easing. Much has been made of the 11 that the divorce rate appears to have reached plateau but it is still rising in first marriages. Cohabitation arrangements are even more likely to 12 down than marriages. So what will be accepted as a general 13 of family life in 2020 will be the brittle nature of the core relationship between the parents. “There have been 20 years of dramatic change and the 14 of family structures is much greater. The 15 of single-parent families will probably continue to bob around 20%, but there will probably be more 16 in the future,” says David Utting of the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, who is also one of the authors of The Handbook of Parenting. The diversity of 17 forms will be striking by 2020. Children living with both their 18 parents in the same 19 will be in the minority. There will be dozens of 20 types of co-parenting arrangements, with combinations of stepfamilies, or adults with children from previous relationships entering long-term relationships with others in the same position but choosing not to live together. ?.Translation A. Translate the following sentences into English( 1(因为她在办公室里不停地来回穿梭，迈克发现自己再也坐不住了。(remain) 2. 他的品格与其说是在学校学到的，不如说是在生活经历中形成的。(be shaped less by…than by) 3(作为母亲，她总是为孩子们取得的成就感到自豪。(share one?s pride) 4. 现代社会的一个显著特征就是越来越多的妇女走出家庭追求自己的事业。(definging feature) 5. 人们普遍认为在研究生阶段，学生们能更好地管理自己，不再需要人指点。(assume, guidance) 6. 以前我从没只有到我们的社会竟然有如此多样化的家庭结构。(never before) 7(孩子的健康成长很大程度上取决于父母双亲的关爱。(hinge on) 8(儿童生活水准的急剧下降使新政策受到强烈地抨击。(under siege) 9(这本书以通俗易懂的形式概括了古希腊人思想的精华。(in a form that ) 10(通常中年人在父母身上花的钱比不上在孩子身上的花销多。(as much as) B. Translate the underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese. (1) The great modern social myth is that the family is a “plastic” institution, capable of being molded to meet changing needs. Historian Stephanie Coontz, for example, 62 has emphasized that “as an adaptable and flexible institution that operates in the real world, the family is constantly changing.” (2) In fact, efforts to live in a world of pluralistic family forms result in mounting social disorder that governments can neither control nor reverse. The sociological evidence is overwhelming, for example, that increasingly high levels of criminal behavior are directly related to high levels of divorce, single-parent households and the movement of both parents into the labor force. More recently, the American Psychological Association labeled the decline of the nuclear family as the No. 1 threat to mental health. (3) Common sense, the lessons of history and the work of anthropologists actually point to the family as a universal and necessary institution.(4) It is commonly defined as a man and a woman bonded together through a socially approved covenant of marriage to regulate sexuality; to provide mutual care and support; to create a home economy; to bear, raise and protect children; and to maintain continuity between the generations. Most human societies are either monogamous (one man married to one woman) or polygynous (one man with multiple wives). (5) These alternatives appear to be rooted in human nature and represent the only enduring “choice” a society really has. Anthropologist George Murdock, in his classic cross-cultural survey, Social Structure, claimed to find marriage “in every known human society.” Also universal, he said, is “a division of labor by sex,” rooted in natural differences between men and women in reproductive functions. In the United States, monogamy shaped by orthodox Jewish and Christian teaching has been the rule from the Colonial period to the present. ? Writing It is reported that families in many Chinese cities like Beijing have become smaller. According to the latest statistics, averagely there are 2.71 persons in one family in Beijing, 0.98 less than in 1982. Analyze the phenomenon and write a passage of no fewer than 200 words to explain what you think contributes to this shrinking of the family size. The suggested title is The Shrinking Families. 63 Unit Eight Europeans Just Want to Have Fun With the development of the economy, people seem to become busier and busier. How much is work invading your personal life, and how much of your personal life is affected by the stress of trying to balance all the many responsibilities in your life? Read the following statements and see whether they are true or false according to your own situation. Talk about the results with your partner. 1. I find myself spending more and more time on work-related projects. ( ) 2. I often feel I don't have any time for myself—or for my family and friends ( ) 3. No matter what I do. It seems that every minute of every day is always scheduled for something. 4. Sometimes I feel as though I've lost sight of whom I am and why I chose this job/career. 5.I cann?t remember the last time I was able to find the time to take a day off to do something fun —something just for me. ( ) 6. I feel stressed out most of the time.( ) 7. It sometimes seems as though I never even have a chance to catch my breath before I have to project. ( ) 8. I can?t remember the last time I read——and finished——a book that I was reading purely for fun.( ) 9. I wish I had more time for my interests and hobbies, but I simply don?t.( ) 10. I can?t remember the last time I went to the movies or visited a museum with cultural events.( ) Text Europeans Just Want to Have Fun by Michael Elliott Michael Elliott is a TIME columnist who frequently writes TIME?s lead stories. He 64 worked as the editor of the TIME Canada edition and now is the TIME Asia?s editor. He is a regular commentator on television, especially with CNN and CNN International, and with the Charlie Rose Show on PBS-TV. The passage was first published in TIME. 12 Walking across Boulevard St. Michel in Paris, on the night before Bastille Day I bumped into an old friend——an American who has lived in the city for 25 years ——who told me he was taking up the tango. When I asked him why, he suggested I take a stroll along 34the Left Bank of the Seine, opposite Ile St. Louis, and so of course I did. It was one big party. A drop-dead-gorgeous crowd was tangoing away in a makeshift, open-air amphitheater. Nearby, a multiethnic group was doing the meringue. Hundreds of others were tucking into picnics by the river as a full moon rose in a cloudless sky. Much 5later that night, after a perfect fish soup in the Place des Vosges I walked into the narrow 6passages of the Marais District and stumbled upon an impromptu block party. Someone had set up a sound system on the sidewalk, and the street was packed with people—— straight and gay, young and old, black and white——dancing to salsa. Europe is enjoying itself. O.K., in late July, it always does. The weekend I was in Paris, 7an estimated 500,000 kids descended on Berlin for the annual Love Parade, a carnival of techno music, dope and sex. Meanwhile, tens of thousands of families started their treks from the damp north of the Continent to their vacation homes in the warm south. But even when the sun isn't shining, Europeans seem to be throwing themselves into fun and festivity with unprecedented zeal. Each weekend, central London is one great bacchanal. 8Cities that for reasons of politics or religion were once gloomily repressive—Madrid, 910 say, or Dublin —now rock to the small hours. In Praguethe foreign visitors who get talked about are not the earnest young Americans who flocked there in the early 1990s, but British partygoers who have flown in for the cheap beer and pretty girls. The place that 11 British historian Mark Mazoweronce called the true dark continent—and from whose 12curdled soul the horrors of fascism sprang —has become Europa ludens , a community at play. Funny. This is how the U.S. was supposed to be. In a famous series of essays collected 13in his 1976 book, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism, Daniel Bell noted how the 14decline of the Protestant small-town ethic had unhinged American capitalism from its moral foundation in the intrinsic value of work. By the 1960s, Bell argued, “ The cultural justification of capitalism (had) become hedonism, the idea of pleasure as a way of life.” In a 1969 cover story titled “California: A State of Excitement,” Time reported that, as most Americans saw it, "the good, godless, gregarious pursuit of pleasure is what California is all about… „ I have seen the future,? says the newly returned visitor to California, „and it plays.?” But the American future didn?t turn out as we expected. While Europeans cut the hours they spend at the office or factory—in France it is illegal to work more than 35 hours a week—and lengthened their vacations, Americans were concluding that you could be happy only if you work hard and play hard. So they began to stay at their jobs longer than ever and then, in jam-packed weekends at places like the Hamptons on Long Island, invented the uniquely American concept of scheduled joy, filling a off with one appointment after another, as if it were no different from one at the office. Americans conservatives, 65 meanwhile, came to believe that Europeans? desire to devote themselves to the pleasures of life and —the shame of it—six weeks annual vacation was evidence of a lack of seriousness and would, in any event, end in economic tears. Why do Europeans and Americans differ so much in their attitude toward work and leisure? I can think of two reasons. First, the crowded confines of Western Europe and the expansive space of North America have led to varied consumer preferences. Broadly speaking, Americans value stuff—SUVs,7,000 –sq.-ft. hours—more than they value time, while for Europeans it?s the opposite. Second, as Bell predicted, America?s sense of itself as a religious nation has revived. At least in the puritanical version of Christianity that has always appealed to Americans, religion comes packaged with the stern message that hard work is good for the soul. Modern Europe has avoided so melancholy a lesson. Whatever the explanation, the idea of a work-life balance is a staple of European discourse, studied in think tanks, mulled over by policymakers. In the U.S., the term, when it's used at all, is said with the sort of sneer reserved for those who eat quiche. But it might still catch on. When Bill Keller was named executive editor of the New York Times, he encouraged the staff to do “a little more savoring” of life, spending time with their families or viewing art. Even better, they could take up the tango. (831 words) _______________________________________ 1. Boulevard St. Michel: The main street of the Latin Quarter in Paris, a major tourist attraction圣米歇尔 大街 2. Bastille Day:a national holiday celebrated on 14 July in France. It is very much like Independence Day in the United States because it is a celebration of the end of the Monarchy and the beginning of the First Republic 法国国庆日 3. Left Bank:the south bank of the Seine River in Paris frequented by artists, writers, and students 左岸 4. Ile St. Louis:An island in Paris on the Seine圣路易岛 5. Place des Vosges:the oldest square of Paris, prototype of all European residential squares that were to come 浮日广场 6. Marais District:a historical district in Paris 马莱街区 7. Love Parade:a parade that originated in 1989 in Berlin 爱的大巡游 8. Madrid: the capital city of Spain马德里 9. Dublin: the capital city of Ireland都柏林 10 Prague: the capital city of the Czech Republic布拉格 th11 Mark Mazower: a notabe British historian of Greece, the Balkans, and 20 century Europe in general. He is currently professor of history at Columbia University in New York马克?马佐尔 12. Europa ludens: European Paradise欧洲乐园 13. Daniel Bell: (1919-) an American sociologist丹尼尔?贝尔 14. Protestant: a member of a Weastern Christian church whose faith and practice are founded on the principles of the Reformation, esp in the acceptance of the Bible as the sole source of revelation, in justification by faith alone, and in the universal priesthood of all the believers新教徒 New Words tango/ 'tæ?g?u /n. & v. a dance of Latin-American origin 探戈 66 stroll/ str?ul /v. walk in a leisurely or idle manner 闲逛 n. a short leisurely walk 漫步 gorgeous/ 'g?:d??s /adj. very pleasant, splendid 华丽的，灿烂的 makeshift/ 'meik?ift/adj. & n. (thing that is) used temporarily until sth better is available (临时的)代用品;权宜的;临时凑合的 amphitheater/ 'æmfiθi?t? /n. a round, usually unroofed building with tiers of seats surrounding a central space, a large circular hollow圆形剧 场 multiethnic/ m?lti 'eθnik/adj. composed of or involving several ethnic groups多种族的 meringue/ m?'ræ? /n. a ballroom dance of Dominican and Haitian origin, characterized by a stiff-legged, limping step 一种拉丁舞 stumble/ 'st?mbl /v. strike the foot against sth, as in walking or running, so as to stagger or fall 绊倒 impromptu/ im'pr?mptju:/adj. made or done without previous preparation 即兴的 sidewalk/ 'saidw?:k /n. a pedestrian path at the side of a road, a pavement 人行 道 straight/streit/adj. (informal) people who have opposite-sex attraction 异性恋 的 gay/gei/adj, homosexual同性恋的 salsa/'sæls?/n. a lively, vigorous type of contemporary Latin American popular music and dance, blending predominantly Cuban rhythms with elements of jazz, rock, and soul music一种拉丁舞 carnival/ 'kɑ:niv?l /n. any merrymaking, or festival, as a program of sports or entertainment狂欢 techno/'tekn?u/n. a style of disco music characterized by very fast synthesizer rhythms, heavy use of samples, and a lack of melody一种舞蹈音乐形 式 dope/d?up/n. a stupefying drug 麻醉药 trek/trek/n. & v. a journey or trip, esp one involving difficulty or hardship 艰苦 跋涉 festivity/ fes'tiviti / n. a festive celebration or occasion 欢庆 unprecedented/ ?n'presid?ntid /adj. never having happened before空前的 zeal/zi:l/n. eagerness, keenness 热诚 bacchanal/ 'bæk?n?l /n. a drunken or riotous celebration 狂欢作乐 gloomily/'glu:mili/ adv. sadly or despairingly沮丧的 repressive/ ri'presiv /adj. (of a law or other kind of control) hard and creel压制 的 flock/ fl?k /v. gather or move in large crowds 群集 curdle/'k3:dl/v. (cause to) thicken, from into curds凝固 fascism/ 'fæ?iz(?)m /n. a governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc, and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism法西 斯主义 Protestant /'pr?tist?nt /n. & adj. (a member) of any of several branches of the part of the Christian church that separated from the Roman Catholic 67 thchurch in the 16 century 新教徒;新教的 unhinge/ ?n'hind? /v. remove (as a door) fi-om the binges: make unstable 使分 开;使动摇 intrinsic/ in'trinsik /adj. belonging to a thing by its very. Nature内在的;实在的;固有的 hedonism/ 'hi:d?niz?m,'he-/n. the idea that pleasure is the most important thing in life享乐主义 gregarious/ gre'g??ri?s /adj. liking the society and companionship of others 爱社交的 confines/ k?n?fainz /n. limits, borders 界限 revive/ ri'vaiv /v. bring or come back into use or existence; make or become conscious or healthy again恢复 puritanical/,pju?ri'tænik?l /adj. morally rigorous and strict, characteristic of the Puritans or Puritanism 清教徒的;拘谨的 stern/st?:n/adj. very firm or hard towards others' behavior严厉的 melancholy/ 'mel?nk?li,-l??k- /adj. sad 忧郁 staple/ 'steipl /n. sth that forms the main or most important part 主要成分 sneer/ sni? /n. a look or expression of derision, scorn, or contempt讥笑 quiche/ki? /n. a rich unsweetened custard pie, often containing ingredients such as vegetables, cheese, or seatbod 乳蛋饼 savor/ 'seiv? /v. enjoy, as by tasting, slowly and purposefully 享有(滋味) Phraeses and Expressions bump into meet by chance偶遇 take up adopt sth as a hobby or passtime以某事作为爱好或消遣 tuck into eat heartily or greedily 痛快的吃 stumble upon run into偶然发现 be packed with be full of 塞满 descend on arrive suddenly突然到来 throw oneself into work very busily at 投身于 the small hours the hours soon after midnight凌晨 be supposed to be believed to be, though wilhout much proof应该 appeal to attract 吸引 think tank a research institute or organization employed to soh e complex problems or predict or plan finure developments, as in military, political, or social areas 智囊团 mull over think over 深思 catch on become popular流行 Exercises I. Reading Comprehension Answer the following questions based on the text 1. What can be found along the Left Bank at night? 2. What evidence contributes to the author's conclusion that “Europe is enjoying itself”! (Para. 3) 68 3. What was the image of typical Americans in people's eyes as far as pleasure seeking is concerned? 4. What underlies the American hedonism, according to Daniel Bell? (Para. 4) 5. According to the author, are Americans living the life Daniel Bell expected? What evidence can you find in the passage to support your answer? 6. Do Europeans and Americans share the same value? Why or why not? 7. What religious message has always appealed to Americans, according to the author? 8. What attitude do Americans have towards work-life balance? II. Structure of the text Complete the following outline based on the text. 1. Introduction (Paras, 1-2) Following the suggestion of a friend in Paris, I took a stroll along the left bank and found people enjoying themselves at parties. 2. Body (Paras. 3 -6) A. The different attitude toward work and leisure between Europeans and Americans. (Paras.3-5) 1) ___________________________________________________________________.(Para.3) 2) Americans were supposed to pursuit pleasure, but__________________________.(Paras4-5) B. The reason for the different attitudes. (Para. 6) 1) The crowded confines of Western Europe and the expansive space of North America______________________________________________________________________. 2)__________________________________________________________________________. 3. Conclusion (Paras. 7-8) Though the staple of European discourse, work-life balance, is sneered at in America, it might still catch on. III. Topics for Discussion Discuss the following questions in small groups or in class. 1. How do you balance work and leisure in your life? 2. Do you think there is a difference in the attitude towards work-life balance between Chinese and westerners? Why or why not? 3. What is the difference between entertainment and recreation? In what way do they play an important role in our lives? ?. Reading and Reciting A. Read and recite the following paragraphs from the text. Para.5 and Para.6 B. Study and recite the following sayings or quotations. 1. When work is a pleasure, life is joy! When work is a duty, life is slavery. ------ Maxim Gorky, Russian writer 工作是一种乐趣时，生活是一种享受～工作是一种义务时，生活则是一种苦役～ 2. Work while you work, Play while you play, This is the way, To be cheerful and gay. ------ A.D.Stoddart 工作时工作，玩乐时玩乐，以次方法做，轻松与快乐。 69 3. The secret of being miserable is to have leisure to bother about whether you are happy or not. ------ George Bernard Shaw, British dramatist 痛苦的秘密在于有闲工夫担心自己是否幸福。 ?.Vocabulary A. Complete the sentences with words give below, making sure that each word is used in the right form. stroll repress annual gorgeous impromptu staple stern intrinsical confine precedent 1. Slender and graceful in light furs, the model wore a jeweled girdle, fine clothes and a________ hat. 2. During these amazing years of __________expansion, Greater London grew a much faster rate than the national population as a whole and faster than the suburbs of any provincial city. 3. Complete your visit with a leisurely ________around Cardiff Bay and enjoy the remarkable historic buildings and the delightful specialty shops. 4. As a judge who believed that there was either good or evil, with no gray area in between, he was _________with lawbreakers but generous to the poor. 5. The new ruler was condemned for his introduction of a _________political system that allowed no freedom. 6. The pressure of population growth within the_________ of a small island of only 29 square miles led to the development of an innovatory, intensive system based on very effective soil conservation techniques. 7. Then I pretended to notice him for the first time and engaged him in conversation in an ______manner. 8. Roughly one-half of the world's population, including almost all of East and Southeast Asia, depends on rice as its principal _______ food. 9. The bank planned to charge card holders a ten-yuan_______ fee from next year, which invited strong opposition from its customers. 10. ________ motivating activities are those in which people will engage for no reward other than the interest and enjoyment that accompanies them. B. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the boldfaced part of the sentence. 1. While the new college was being built in Oxford Street, the students worked in a makeshift laboratory in apartments rented in a nearby street. A. alternate B. alternative C. poorly-equipped D. temporary 2. He has great zeal for nature and dreams to be a biologist when he grows up. A. demand B. diligence C. eagerness D. warmth 3. It is only when foreign brands land on our doorsteps and people flock to buy them that the local manufacturers will respond to the competitive threat. A. begin B. gather C. prefer D. refuse 70 4. She refused to travel abroad unless accompanied by massive quantities of prescribed drugs because she could only survive the small hours by swallowing incautious numbers of sleeping tablets. A. the early morning B. the flight time C. the short journey D. a very short time 5. Nearly everyone had a very positive outlook and the plans for action to revive the area were discussed. A. animate B. explore C. rescue D. revitalize 6. When she stayed away from him, he would wander out into the stony streets, hoping to bump into her, to glimpse her sitting in a bar or on a park bench. A. blow into B. collide into C. run into D. shake into 7. Many Fine Art graduates take up professional practice as artists, and this course encourages them to consider their role as artists in the community by providing opportunities for short-term placements outside the Faculty. A. accept B. adopt C. occupy D. start 8. I was in some doubt as to whether the Corporal had stumbled upon us accidentally on his way out of the town. A. crashed on B. bumped into C. fell against D. puzzled about 9. She took the report, went out into the department and threw herself into her work with tight-lipped determination. A. brought herself back to B. busied herself with C. freed herself from D. rushed herself towards 10. The statement said the people of Srebrenica appealed to the presidents of the United States and France to help halt the offensive. A. aroused B. attracted C. used D. urged VI. Cloze Choose an appropriate word from the following list to fill in each of the following blanks. Each word can be used only ONCE. Change the word form where necessary. rest catch prime physical at label peer intense overwork overtime until extra illness experience increase work victim estimate attention co-worker Japan?s rise from the devastation of World War ?economic prominence was not without human cost. People cannot work for ten or twelve hours a day, six and seven days a week, year after year, without suffering 1 as well as mentally. But during the first three postwar decades no one paid any special 2 to the larger than usual number of men in their 40s and 50s who died for brain and heart ailments. It was not 3 the latter part of the 1980s, when several high-ranking business executives who were still in their 4 years suddenly died without any previous sign of 5 , that the news media began picking up on what appeared to be a new phenomenon. This new phenomenon was quickly 6 karoshi, or “death from overwork”, and once it had a name and its symptoms were broadcast far and wide, it just as quickly became obvious that Japan was 7 a virtual epidemic. It is 8 in 1990 that over 10,000 people were dying each year from overwork. A recognized authority on karoshi says that most of the victims of death from 9 71 had been putting in more than one hundred hours of 10 each. He said the 11 did not receive any overtime pay for their 12 work, but were members of the elite managerial who 13 themselves to death “out of a samurai-like pride”. Because of 14 pressure to keep up with 15 , out-do competing groups 16 market-share at the expense of competitors, hundreds of thousand of Japanese managers are 17 up in a vortex ( 漩涡 ) of psychological pressure that forces them to work 18 a frenzied pace. After years of such 19 over-work, most managers find that they cannot 20 even when they do take time off. They are so wound up that not working leaves them disoriented and suffering from serious stress. ?.Oral Practice Work in pairs and complete the following role-play task. Situation: A boss of a small software company and an employee are arguing about working extra hours. Role A: You are the owner of a small software company. In order to survive the fierce competition in the market, you have to complete each project within the time limits set up by your customers, which are usually tight. Trying to persuade your employees to work extra hours again in order to finish the task in time. Role B: You are a programmer with a small software company and often work over-time. Arguing with your boss who is asking you to work extra hours again. You understand how fierce the market competition is nowadays, and you know how important the project is to your company, but you believe there is something more important in your life than your work. Useful Expressions Role A ?There exists fierce competition and the company must keep its market share for survive. ?Our customers are very picky and demanding. ?Completing project on schedule is the company's major concern. ?Regular delivery` of its products or service is important for a respectable company Role B ?Puritanical working style is no longer welcome nowadays. ?It is hard for employees to bear the repressive rules of the company ?I am not a machine but a human being, and I need recreation and relaxation ?I am not living alone, and I need time for my family and friends. ?. Translation A. Translate the following sentences into English( 1(现在人们谈论的不再是如何享受校园生活，而是怎样发表论文，怎样找到一份好工作。 (not…but…) 2(大学生活应该是轻松愉快的，充满各种有趣的活动，但我的生活却充满压力。(be supposed to) 3(如果你还不清楚这个实习生项目究竟是怎么回事，查阅一下公司的网站，项目负责人 约 翰?布朗先生在网页上有更详尽的介绍。(what„is all about) 72 4(很多年轻人相信，一个人只有拼命工作，疯狂玩乐，才会幸福。 (only if) 5(我的研究生生活和我所希望的并不完全一样，但我努力适应，并且很乐意接受每一个意 想不到的挑战。(turn out) 6(老板常常谈论周末的工作计划，就好像周末与平时的工作日没有什么不同。(as if) 7(仅仅因为职业运动员的收入甚至远远高于获诺贝尔奖的科学家，我们就能断言我们所处 的社会对体育的重视远甚于对科研和教育的重视吗?(value) 8(现在就业市场上激烈竞争的根源，如果还有人提及的话，是迅速增长的人口。(when it?s mentioned at all) 9(经过一段短暂的打工生涯，我组建了自己的公司。但这次投资却惨遭失败。(end in tears) 10(这个领域的杰出的研究者史密斯教授全面考察导致这种变化的各种因素。(factors at play) B. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. Funny. This is how the U. S. was supposed to be. In a famous series of essays collected in his 1976 book, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism, Daniel Bell noted how the decline of the Protestant small-town ethic had unhinged American capitalism from its moral foundation in the intrinsic value of work. By the 1960s, Bell argued, “The cultural justification of capitalism (had) become hedonism, the idea of pleasure as a way of life.” In a 1969 cover story titled “California: A State of Excitement”, Time reported that, as most Americans saw it, “the good, godless, gregarious pursuit of pleasure is what California is all about ... „1 have seen the future,? says the newly returned visitor to California, „and it plays.?”(Para. 4) ?. Writing With continued economic development, Chinese people?s working hours are getting longer and longer. As overtime becomes "prevalent", stories of young people dying in the office have become quite common. It is estimated that 70% of intellectuals are on the verge of dying of exhaustion caused by overwork. What can be done to prevent the tragedies? Write a letter of no fewer than 200 words to the local newspaper and share your opinion with the readers. The suggested title is An Open Letter on Death Caused by Overwork. 73 Unit Nine What Does Sex/Gender Have to Do with Your Job? Preparing to Read What is in your mind when you read the words “feminine” and “masculine”? Talk with your partner and compare your answers. Analyze why you think of this instead of something else. Text What Does Sex/Gender Have to Do with Your Job? by Jeffrey Bembach Labor lawyer Jeffrey Bembach is specializing in discrimination and sexual harassment cases. Since he graduated from Comell Law School, Bembach has practiced law for more than 25 years and is called a workplace warrior. In this article, he describes the workplace sex/gender discrimination and analyzes the underlying reasons for this phenomenon. While reading, please consider about the topic and see if you are for his view. Although there have been laws against employment discrimination for more than a hundred years in the United States, they varied from state to state. Not until some thirty 1years ago did Title VII (in addition to prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, and national origin) establish federal making it unlawful to discriminate against females ——or, for that matter, males——on the basis of their sex. On-the-job gender discrimination occurs when an employee is treated differently from a person of the opposite sex under similar circumstances for reasons based solely on the employee's sex. More Are Less Equal Than Others—Wage Bias Historically, the most obvious example of sex bias has been paying women less than men for doing the same work. Although unlawful, the practice is pervasive, and even now, after years of strong feminist (and other) efforts to correct this inequity, women still earn only seventy cents for every dollar earned by men. This is wage inequality, not to be confused with the glass ceiling, which denies women the opportunity to advance up the corporate ladder (which also, of course, impinges on wage increase). Let's say you're a woman working as a publicity director for a large corporation, and you earn $35,000; your male counterpart, publicity director for another division of the same corporation, is earning $50,000. You and he have almost identical curriculum vitae —— in fact, you went to the same college, worked together at another company, and then each of you got your “dream job.” Although you are worth as much as your male colleague in terms of employee value (or conversely, maybe he is worth only as much as you), nothing will be done to correct this 74 unfair (read that unlawful) situation for two reasons, both very related: A) Understandably, you don't want to quit your job—— you love it, and protesting could lead to dismissal or, at the very least, rocking the corporate boat to your detriment, and B) your company knows it can get away with such inequities. So there you are: making seventy cents for every dollar your colleague makes. This goes on at every level of employment, from factory workers to upper-echelon managers. It's sad, unlawful truth of life in the workplace. And, until recently, most women didn't challenge it because they wanted to keep their jobs. Among the women who do take on such challenges, the litigant most feared by any employer is a minority female over forty years old. This is enough to make executives at even the grandest corporations quake in their boots because such plaintiffs fall into three categories protected by federal and state laws: age, sex, and race. While women are victims of sex discrimination far more often than men, remember that if a male worker is treated less favorably than his female colleagues because of his sex, he has just as much a right to challenge this inequity. Here's a hypothetical example: A man is hired as an editor at a fashion magazine where all the other editors are women. Although he has similar editorial experience and a similar position, on the organizational chart, the female editors are making more than he is simply because he's a man. So, workplace discrimination based on gender (sex) can work both ways. Those who do fight for on-the-job equality may find themselves in double trouble: victims first of sexual discrimination and later of sexual harassment. Ironically, some of the most frequently cited sources of gender bias occur in professions where women not only do the same jobs but also wear the same or similar uniforms as men: the military, police and fire departments. And often, female protests have less to do with wage inequities and more to do with the way they are perceived, or treated by their peers. One New Jersey policewoman, for example, reported that in over five years with a local police force, officers on the midnight tour watched pornographic movies at the station house while she patrolled the town -- alone. Another policewoman reported that although she outscored two men on physical tests, and tied with another man on written tests, the men were hired promptly, while it took her five years (and a lawsuit) to gain her rightful place on the force. Similar news reports show that women in the military are struggling for acceptance in what still seems to be a man's world. Two hundred officers in the air force, along with their supporters, have formed a group called WANDAS Watch (Woman Active in our Nation's Defense, their Advocates and their Supporters). One target of their protests was the receently retired air force chief of staff, who had vocalized his opposition to women assuming increased roles in the air force. A few years ago he reportedly told a Senate panel he would “rather fly with a less-qualified male pilot than with a topnotch woman aviator.” Last year, when the first female astronaut to pilot a space shuttle successfully linked up with a Russian space flight, a group of former female pilots, thirteen women who called themselves FLATS (Fellow Lady Astronaut Trainees), recalled that when they had trained 2 with NASAthirty years earlier, they were never called up as pilots. One FLAT, now sixty-five and a retired pilot, told the Now York Times. “We could have done it, but the guys 75 didn?t want us.” She remembered that one NASA said at the time that he would “just as soon orbit with a bunch of monkeys than with a bunch of woman.” In these “uniformed” cases, the problem is not one of wage or promotion, but of limited opportunities to perform the task for which these women were hired or were qualified to perform. The time-worn excuse of denying certain jobs to females in order to "protect" them from damage to their reproductive systems or possible harm to an unborn fetus has been held by the courts to constitute sex discrimination. Similarly, restricting the weight that females can be required to lift on a job or the number of hours they may work, in order to “protect” them(which obviously) limits employment opportunities), also constitutes sex discrimination. In the same way, height and weight standards adversely affect job possibilities for women and are illegal unless it can be demonstrated that they are a bona fide occupational requirement of the job, that is, necessary for performance. 3 Speaker of the House of Representatives Newt Gingrich committed “verbal discrimination” while infuriating millions of men and women in 1995 when he said, “If combat means living in a ditch, females have biological problems staying in a ditch for thirty days because they get infections, and they don?t have upper-body strength. I mean some do, but they are relatively rare. On the other hand, men are basically little piglets—you drop them in the ditch, they roll around in it, doesn?t matter, you know.” Aside from Speaker Gingrich?s skewed view. Some common sense considerations should and do apply. For example, if a job at a trucking company requires lifting two-hundred-pound boxes for eight hours a day, an employer might justifiably refuse to give that job to a five-foot-two110 pound woman (or man, for that matter). However, if the applicant could demonstrate that he or she could do the job, the employer would have no basis to deny it to him or her. As another instance, if a man is applying for a job as an attendant for the women's restroom in a restaurant or hotel, and is denied the job, that?s not sexual discrimination: nor would a vice versa situation of a woman looking for a job as an attendant in a men's room be the case. In either of these examples, sex would be a bona fide occupational qualification. If a woman has a license— arid a desire —to drive an eighteen wheeler, there's no lawful reason why she shouldn?t have the job. If a man is licensed as a nursery school educator, there's no lawful reason why she shouldn?t have the job. But, stereotypical perceptions persist. ——————————— (1343 words) 1.Title VII: the seventh title of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of race, religion, gender, and national origin, and requires victims of discrimination to file a claim within either 180 days or 300 days of the discriminatory act, depending on the state 美国平均法案第七条 2. NASA:National Aeronautics and Space Administration of America 美国国家航空航天署，美国太空总署 3. The House of Representatives: the lower house of the U.S. Congress美国国会众议院 New Words discrimination/ dis,krimi'nei??n/ n. treating differently; making distinction歧视 uniformity/,ju:ni'f?:miti/ n. condition of being the same throughout同样，一致(性) pervasive/ p?:'veisiv /adj. tending to pervade蔓延的，弥漫的 feminist/'feminist/n. someone who supports the idea that woman should have the same rights and opportunities as men 女性主义者，女权 运动者 76 impinge /im'pind? /v. (on, upon) have an effect on, influence起作用，影响 counterpart/ 'kaunt?pɑ:t /n. person or thing exactly like or closely corresponding to another相对方，对手方 dismissal/ dis'mis?l /n. sending away from one's employment, from service解雇，开 除 detriment/ 'detrim?nt /n. damage, harm 损害，伤害 echelon/ 'e??l?n /n. a level of responsibility or authority in a hierarchy; a rank 领导(或指挥)系统中的等级 litigant/ 'litig?nt /n. person engaged in a lawsuit诉讼当事人 quake/kweik/v. (of persons) tremble 颤抖，发抖 plaintiff/ 'pleintif /n. person who brings an action at law 原告，起诉人 hypothetical/,haip?u'θetik?l /adj. of, based on, a hypothesis; not based on certain knowledge 假设的，假定的 pornooraphic/,p?:n?'græfik/adj. of the treatment of sexual subjects in pictures or writings in a way that is meant to cause sexual excitement色情的 patrol/ p?'tr?ul /v. go round (a camp, town, the streets, roads, etc) to see that all is well, look out (for wrongdoers, persons in need of help, the enemy, etc) 巡逻，巡查 outscore/ aut'sk?:/v. get a higher score than 得分高于 vocalize/ 'v?uk?laiz /v. utter, express with words 说，发表，表达 topnotch/, t?p 'n?t?/adj. first-rate; best possible第一流的 time-worn/'taimw?:n/adj. used too often, trite 古老的，陈腐的 fetus/ 'fi:t?s /n. felly developed embryo in the womb or in an egg 胎，胎 儿 adversely/ 'ædv?:sli/adv. in an unfavorable way, contrarily 不利地，相反地 bona fide/,b?un?'faidi/adj. genuine, sincere 真正的，真诚的 infuriate/ in'fju?rieit /v. fill with rage and fury使狂怒，激怒 piglet/ 'piglit /n. young pig小猪 skew/skju:/v. give a bias to, distort 偏见，歪曲 vice versa/,vaisi'v3:s?/adv. the other way round; with the terms or conditions reversed 反之亦然 wheeler/'wi:l? (r)/n. a vehicle or other moving object with the stated number or type of wheels 机动车 stereotypical/,steri?'tipik?l/adj. of a fixed set of ideas about what a particular type of person or thing is like, which is wrongly believed to be true in all cases 对……有偏见的;固定印象的 Phrases and Expressions for that matter so far as that is concerned 就此而言，至于那个 on the basis of with being based on 基于 under the circumstances given the difficult nature of the situation 在…..情况下 impinge on have an effect on, influence 起作用，影响 curriculum vitae brief written account of one's past history, used when applying for a job (求职者的)简历，履历 in terms of with regard to, from the point of view of 根据，按照 rock the boat make sth worse, ruin 捣乱 77 to the detriment to the condition of suffering harm or damage对…..有害 get away with do (sth wrong) without being caught or punished 做了坏事 (错事)而不被发觉(处分) fall into be included in or classified as 分为 tie with be equal to an opponent in a competition与……战平 a bunch of several, some, a few, a little一群，一串 aside from except form as well as 除了……以外尚有;除了 Exercises I. Reading Comprehension Answer the following questions based on the text. 1. What is the function of litle VII? (Para. 1) 2. What do you understand from the subtitle: More Are Less Equal Than Others —Wage bias? 3. What is the relationship between wage inequality and the glass ceiling? 4. In paragraph 3, the writer says “you are worth as much as your male colleague in terms of employee value” and then adds “maybe he is worth only as much as you”. What are the differences between these two sentences? Why does the author say so? 5. In paragraph 7, it is said “those who do fight on the job equality may find themselves in double trouble: victims first of sexual discrimination and later of sexual harassment.” Is this paragraph a must? Defend your choice with reasons. 6. In paragraph 8, why does the author think it “ironical” that “some of the most frequently cited sources of gender bias occur in professions where women not only do the same jobs but also wear the same or similar uniforms as men”? 7. According to paragraph 12, what is the author's attitude towards the idea of denying certain jobs to women to protect them and the possible fetus? 8. Why does the author cite the examples about a job in a trucking company and a job of restroom attendant? (Para. 14) II. Structure of the text Complete the following outline based on the text. 1. Introduction (Para.1) Title VII makes it unlawful______________________________________________________. 2. Body (Paras. 2-12) 1)The on-the-job gender discrimination (Paras. 2-7) A. Wage bias, which means____________________________________________________. B. The glass ceiling, which means_______________________________________________. C. The unlawful wage bias exists because women___________________________________ and companies______________________________________________________________. D. Workplace gender discrimination works both ways, that is to say both men and women can be discriminated_______________________________________________________. 78 2) The uniformed cases: gender discrimination in the _____________________________ ______________________________________________________________. (Paras. 8-12) A. Women __________________________________________________________________ by their male peers, which is proved by what happened to two policewomen. B. The WANDAS Watch and FLATS cases show that women in the military have been _______________________________________________________ by their male peers. C. Women denied ______________________________________________ for which they are qualified. 3. Conclusion (Paras.13-15) While Newt Gingrich's view is_____________________, in some cases sex can be ________ ___________. However, it is unlawful to neglect a person?s ____________________________ and __________________________________ and deny a person?s job opportunity simply because of one's gender. III. Topics for Discussion Discuss the following questions in small groups or in class. 1. What factors lead to the low employment rate among Chinese college students in recent years? 2. What does Simone de Bouvir mean by saying that one was not born, but became, a women? 3. Do you agree that everyone needs to retire at the same age regardless of one?s health condition and mental capacity? Why or why not? IV. Reading and Reciting A. Read and recite the following paragraphs from the text. Para.1 and Para.12 B. Study and recite the following sayings or quotations. 1. More countries have understood that women?s equality is a prerequisite for development. -------- Kofi Annan 越来越多的国家已经理解到妇女的平等是发展的前提。 2. Democracy does not guarantee equality of conditions—it only guarantees equality of opportunity. -------- Anonymous Speaker 民主并不保证条件的平等——它只保证机会的平等。 3. The earth is the mother of all people, and all people should have equal rights upon it. -------- Chief Joseph 地球是所有人的母亲，所以人在地球上应该有平等的权力。 V. Vocabulary A. Complete the sentences with words given below, making sure that each word is used in the right form. uniformity counterpart stereotypical patrol advocate perceive dismissal infuriate skew detriment 1. She took a long leave of absence without ____________ to her career. 79 2. The Foreign Minister held talks in Paris with his French ________ on April 2. 3. It is very __________to read such a ridiculous novel. 4. A woman with hardly any make-up and short haircuts is thought to be a ________ lesbian. 5. My own solitude was as nothing compared with their constantly __________ loneliness. 6. His conception of humans is _________and none of us can win his trust. 7. After the __________of the cook, we had to make our meals ourselves. 8. The professor has been a(n)__________of changes to English teaching. 9. This is variable, depending on how the two parties _____________the relationship. 10. We can see both variety and________ in these Hollywood movies. B. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the boldfaced part of the sentence. 1. Israel?s insecurity was so pervasive that even words are daggers. A. powerful B. pervading C. general D. deep-rooted 2. The opinions of the youth?s peers are more important to them than their parents? ideas. A. equals B. allies C. aliens D. counterparts 3. His performance of Hamlet was topnotch in the recent 20 years. A. engaging B. impressive C. unique D. best 4. For basketball players, injuries are a job-related hazard. A. occupational B. principal C. rational D. hypothetical 5. These factors are unlikely to impinge on the development of agriculture. A. depend on B. carry on C. influence D. devote to 6. It is announced that people are appointed solely on the basis of merit. A. promptly B. only C. unanimously D. ultimately 7. Any climate shift adversely affecting the earth will be discussed at the conference. A. ardently B. reversely C. inversely D. unfavorably 8. Given the above differences, East Asia and the West do not always hold the same views on human rights. A. typical B. identical C. reciprocal D. superficial 9. This newspaper story could not damage their reputation; conversely, it will give them a lot of free publicity. A. controversially B. inversely C. contrarily D. consistently 10. You can?t park here, since this is only for the bona fide guests. A. real B. important C. honored D. disabled ?.Cloze Choose an appropriate word from the following list to fill in each of the following blanks. Each word can be used only ONCE. Change the word form where necessary. hire think interview face foot time arrange recognize lead of candidate join background same take resume obvious fellow personnel for I saw an ad for an employment agency that claimed to have job openings available for recent college graduates in a few different majors. My major, marketing, was one 1 them. I quickly called to 2 an appointment. When I arrived at the agency?s office I was given an application form to complete, and then was 3 by a placement counselor (顾问) who went over my 4 . “Very nice. We have some administrative assistant jobs, just to help you get a 5 in the door,”she said and then 80 asked me to take a typing test. She 6 me to a testing room where I sat at a desk that faced the door. She gave me some 7 to practice before starting the test. While I was practicing, a young man walked into the office. I 8 him as being someone with whom I had 9 some classes in my major. I planned to say hello when he 10 me. He never did. I saw him complete the application and saw him interviewed by the 11 placement counselor who had interviewed me. It was 12 it was their first meeting. Next she was on the phone with the 13 (now called human resources) office of one of the agency?s clients. “We have a great 14 for you. I think you should interview him 15 that marketing assistant position.” “Hey, wait a minute,” I 16 . “What about his typing test?” I was being placed on one career path while a man with a similar 17 was being placed on another. I checked around. I wasn't the only woman 18 this problem. This was happening to my 19 female graduates as well. It wasn't exactly discrimination since they weren?t refusing to 20 me because I was a woman. They just tried to push me onto a career path that was different than the one I desired. ?. Translation A. Translate the following sentences into English. 1( 就此而言，你并不比玛丽或者其他同事更符合条件。 (for that matter) 2( 这是我们在这种情况下渴望的最好结果 (under the circumstances) 3( 性别歧视影响到我们职业生涯的各个方面，从薪酬到升职。(neglect one?s duty) 4( 他被公司开除了，这证明玩忽职守必被追究。 (get way with) 5( 他长时间地工作，损害了健康和家庭生活。(to the detriment of) 6( 该章可以分为三节，但最后一节似乎偏离了女权主义主题。 (fall into) 7( 除了玻璃天花板和工资不平等外，公开的歧视也随处可见。 (aside from) 8( 开始许多人对这支乐队的反应是他们只是一伙漂亮的男孩，没有什么天赋。(a bunch of) 9( 就实际的销售情况而言，这本书完全失败了。 (in terms of) 10(根据一次民意调查就预测选举结果稳妥吗?(on the basis of) B. Translate paragraph 2 into Chinese. ?. Writing Write an essay of no fewer than 200 words to express your ideas. The suggested title is Gender Discrimination in Job- Hunting. Unit Ten It Takes a Village Preparing to Read Nowadays there are more reports on academic misconduct in the news media. Have you ever cheated in exams? What punishments are there for academic dishonesty on your campus? Are they effective? Talk with your classmates about your own experience or the stories you heard or read about campus cheating, then try to find out what could be done to prevent students from cheating and plagiarizing. Text It Takes a Village by Donald L. McCabe Donald L. McCabe, Professor of Organization Management at Rutgers University, is the leading researcher on academic integrity in the United States. The text is an extract from his essay It Takes a Village: Academic Dishonesty & Educational Opportunity, which was 81 published in Liberal Education in 2005. I have always been intrigued by the African tribal maxim that it takes a village to raise a child. In a similar sense, I would argue it takes the whole campus community —— students, faculty, and administrators ——to effectively educate a student. If our only goal is to reduce cheating, there are far simpler strategies we can employ. But if we have the 1courage to set our sights higher, and strive to achieve the goals of a liberal education, the challenge is much greater. Among other things, it is a challenge to develop students who accept responsibility for the ethical consequences of their ideas and actions. Our goal should not simply be to reduce cheating; rather, our goal should be to find innovative and creative ways to use academic integrity as a building block in our efforts to develop more responsible students and, ultimately, more responsible citizens. Our campuses must become places where the entire “village” —— the community of students, faculty, and administrators—— actively works together to achieve this goal. As Ernest Boyer observed almost two decades ago, “integrity cannot be divided. If high standards of conduct are expected of students, colleges must have impeccable integrity themselves. Otherwise the lessons of the „hidden curriculum? will shape the undergraduate experience. Colleges teach values to students by the standards they set for themselves.” In setting standards, faculty have a particularly important role to play; students look to them for guidance in academic matters ——not just to their peers. In particular, to help students appropriately orient themselves and develop an appropriate mental framework as they try to make sense of their college experience, faculty must recognize and affirm academic integrity as a core institutional value. Without such guidance, cheating makes sense for many students as they fall back on strategies they used in high school to negotiate heavy work loads and to achieve good grades. While faculty can do much to improve the climate of academic integrity in their campus “villages”, they should not be expected to shoulder this burden alone. University administrators need to look more carefully at the role they play. Instead of reacting to an increasing number of faculty complaints about Internet plagiarism by simply subscribing to a plagiarism detection service, for example, perhaps these schools should take a more comprehensive look at their integrity policies. While some may decide that plagiarism detection software is an appropriate component of their integrity policy, I trust many more will conclude that it's time to abandon their almost exclusive reliance on deterrence and punishment and to look at the issue of academic dishonesty as an educational opportunity as well. Over the last fifteen years, I have become convinced that a primary reliance on deterrence is unreasonable and that, if we truly believe in our role as educators, we would do better to view most instances of cheating as educational opportunities. While strong sanctions clearly are appropriate for more serious forms of cheating, it's also clear that most students? cheating is far less egregious. What, for example, is an appropriate sanction for a student who cuts and pastes a few sentences from a Web site on the Internet without citation? In some cases, this behavior occurs——out of ignorance of the rules of citation or is motivated by a student?s failure to properly budget his or her time. In a last minute effort to complete the 82 two papers he/she has due that week, as well as study for a test on Friday, he/she panics. If the student is a first-time “offender,” what?s the educational value of a strong sanction? Having decided that sanctions do little more than to permanently mar a student?s record, an increasing number of schools are taking a more educational approach to academic dishonesty. They are striving to implement strategies that will help offending students understand the ethical consequences of their behavior. These strategies seem often to be win-win situations. Faculty are more willing to report suspected cheating, or to address it themselves, when they understand that educational rather than punitive sanctions are likely to result. A common choice now is to do nothing or to punish the student privately, which makes it almost impossible to identify repeat offenders. On a growing number of campuses, however, faculty are being encouraged to address issues of cheating directly with students. As long as the student acknowledges the cheating and accepts the faculty member?s proposed remedy, the faculty member simply sends a notation to a designated party and never gets involved with what many consider the unnecessary bureaucracy and legalisms of campus judicial systems. When more faculty take such actions, students who cheat sense they are more likely to be caught, and the overall level of cheating on campus is likely to decline. Administrators, especially student and judicial affairs personnel, can then devote more of their time and resources to proactive strategies. For example, several schools have developed mini-courses that are commonly part of the sanction given to first-time violators of campus integrity policies; others have devoted resources to promoting integrity on campus, rather than investing further in detection and punishment strategies. A common outcome on campuses implementing such strategies is a greater willingness on the part of faculty to report suspected cheating. They view sanctions as more reasonable, designed to change behavior in positive ways, demonstrating to students that inappropriate behavior does have ethical consequences. As students quickly learn that second offenses will be dealt with much more strongly, increased reporting also serves as an effective deterrent to continued cheating. Of course, the most effective solution to student cheating is likely to vary from campus to campus, depending on the unique campus culture that has developed over the course of a school?s history. Indeed, no campus is likely to reach the ideal state where the proactive strategies I have described are sufficient in and of themselves. Rather, some balance of punishment and proactive strategies will be optimal on each campus and, although that optimum will vary from campus to campus, punishment will always have some role. The stakes are high for most college students today, who think their entire future—— their chances of gaining admission to professional school, getting job interviews with the best companies recruiting on campus, etc. ——depends on a few key grades. It is, therefore, unrealistic to think that none will succumb to the temptation to cheat. Students, even the most ethical, want to know that offenders will be punished so that other students will be deterred from engaging in similar behavior. In fact, I am often surprised by the comments many students offer in my surveys calling for stronger punishments for students who engage in serious cheating. While they are willing to look the other way when someone engages in more trivial forms of cheating to manage a heavy workload, for example, they are far less forgiving of students who cheat in more explicit ways on major tests or assignments. The difficult task for every school is to find the 83 appropriate balance between punishment and proactive strategies that deters students who would otherwise cheat when the opportunity arises yet that also works to build a community of trust among students and between students and faculty, a campus community that values ethical behavior and where academic integrity is the norm. ————————————————— (1,208 words) 1. liberal education: 自由教育，通才教育，人文教育，博雅教育 New Words intrigue /in'tri:g/ v. arouse sb?s interest or curiosity greatly 激起兴趣或好奇心 maxim/'mæksim/n. a rule for good or sensible behavior格言 administrator/?d'ministreit?/n. a person whose job involves helping to organize the way that an organization functions管理人员 ethical/'eθik?l/adj. relating to beliefs about right and wrong伦理的 innovative/'in??veitiv/adj. new and original 创新的 integrity / in'tegriti /n. moral uprightness, honesty正直，诚实 impeccable /im'pek?bl /adj. perfect, without faults 没有缺点的 orient / '?:ri?nt /v. find one?s position in relation to new and strange surroundings 确定方向，确定方位 affirm / ?'f?:m/v. state firmly and publicly, declare 断言，确认 plagiarism/ 'pleid?i?riz?m /n. the practice of using or copying someone else's idea or work as one's own剽窃 deterrence/di'ter?ns/n. the act of making someone less likely to do sth阻止 egregious /i'gri:d??s /adj. very bad indeed(缺点)异乎寻常地坏的 citation/ sai'tei??n /n. quotation引用 mar/ mɑ:/v. spoil or damage 损害 notation/ n?u'tei??n /n. a set of written symbols that are used to represent sth designate/ 'dezigneit /v. appoint 指派 bureaucracy/bju'r?kr?si/n. all the rules and procedures followed by government departments and similar organizations which are complicated and cause long delays 官僚 legalism/ 'li:g?l iz?m/n. excessive adherence to law or formula拘泥于法律 judicial / d?u(:)'di??l/adj. relating to the legal system and to judgments made in a court of law司法的 proactive/pr?u'æktiv /adj. causing changes, creating or controlling a situation by taking the initiative积极的 optimal/ '?ptim?l /adj. the best or most ,suitable最佳的 succumb/ s?'k?m /v. be forced to give way, be overcome屈从 trivial/'trivi?l/adj. of little worth or importance无足轻重的 Phrases and Expressions in a sense if the statement is understood in a particular way 在某种意义上 have a role to play take a part in life or in an activity 起作用 make sense to be a wise course of action 有道理 fall back on resort to when there is failure or lack of other means求助于 serve as work as 起到……作用的 subscribe to contract to receive and pay for a given number of issues of a periodical, for tickets to a series of performances, or for a utility service 84 预订 Exercises I. Reading Comprehension Answer the following questions based on the text. 1. What does the word “village” in the title refer to? 2. What does the author believe is the ultimate goal of our fight against campus cheating? 3. Who plays a vital role to achieve this goal? 4. What kind of role should the faculty play in achieving this goal? 5. What should administrators do against academic dishonesty? 6. What is the function of punishment in the author?s eyes? 7.Why does the author recommend an appropriate balance of punishment and proactive strategies? 8. Why couldn?t the students stop cheating? II. Structure of the Text Complete the following outline based on the text. 1. Introduction (Para. 1) Thesis statement: It takes the whole campus community —— students, faculty, and administrators —— effectively educate a student. 2. Body: The roles of faculty and administrators (Paras. 2-7) 1 ) The role of faculty (Para. 2) To guide the students in academic matters, help them ___________________________ and__________________________________________________________________________. 2) The role of the university administrators (Paras. 3-7) To take a more comprehensive look at___________________________________________; to abandon ____________________________________________________; to look at the issue of academic dishonesty as____________________________________________________. A. Stong sanctions don?t have much educational value. (Para. 4) B. Advantages of more educational approach to academic dishonesty: (Paras. 5-6) They help the offending students understand____________________________________. They encourage faculty to_________________suspected cheating, to________________ it__________________________________________________ themselves. They allow administrators to________________________________________________. C.Some balance of _______________________________________________________ and ____________________________________________ will be optimal on each campus. (Para. 7) 3. Conclusion (Para. 8) The difficult task for every school is to find__________________________ between punishment and proactive strategies that _______________students while also works to build a campus community of trust that___________________________________________ and where _____________________________________________________. 85 III. Topics for Discussion Discuss the following questions in small groups or in class. 1. In your opinion, what factors contribute to the deteriorating academic integrity? 2. What proactive strategies have been adopted by the authorities of your university against academic deterioration? Are they effective? 3. What role do you think the university students should play in the strife against academic dishonesty? IV. Reading and Reciting A. Read and recite paragraph 1. B. Study and recite the following sayings or quotations 1.The first principle is that you must not fool yourself——and you are the easiest person to fool. -------- Richard Feynman 首要原则是你不能愚弄自己——你自己是最容易被愚弄的人。 2. Truth never damages a cause that is just. -------- Mahatma Gandhi 真理绝不会损伤正义之事。 3. Honesty is the cornerstone of all success, without which confidence and ability to perform shall cease to exist. -------- Mary Kay Ash 诚实是一切成功的基石，没有诚实，信心和能力就无法展现。 4. Integrity is the first step to true greatness. -------- Charles Simmons 正直是迈向伟大的第一步。 5. Honesty is the best policy. -------- Benjamin Franklin 诚实是最好的方针。 ?.Vocabulary A. Complete the sentences with words given below, making sure that each word is used in the right form. innovative reliance budget affirm sanction suspect panic exclusive sufficient temptation 1. To most women, diamond is an irresistible_____________. 2. Don?t worry. Even if the road is cut off by snow, we have __________food to last a week. 3. Much should be taken into consideration when one _________ for a research project. 4. People doubt whether prison is the best _______against a crime like this throughout the country. 5. I don?t think he is qualified for the position. He_________ easily and is therefore useless in an emergency. 6. With a 30-year effort, the company has built a reputation of _designs, and quality manufacturing. 7. A_________kidnapper was caught after a rush-hour police chase along a London Underground tunnel yesterday. 8. Intellectual property rights represent ________rights for intellectual wealth created in the field of science, technology, literature and arts. 9. Since there is no better way to evaluate one's intelligence, we have to place our___ on IQ tests. 10. I hereby __________hat all the information given in this form is true and correct. B. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence. 86 1. If someone is honest and firm in his moral principles, he is a man with ________. A. optimum B. ethnics C. reputation D. integrity 2. The director tried to wave aside these issues. He said they are _______details and couls be settled later. A. trivial B. partial C. exclusive D. extra 3. The symbols and __used in this document are essentially those in current use in North America. A. signatures B. labels C. notations D. notes 4. In China ginger is not only a spice for food but also a _______for colds. A. strive B. remedy C. harness D. mend 5. We can?t just wait for new technologies to solve our problem. We shall make ______use of existing technology. A. proactive B. impeccable C. egregious D. optimal 6. I was ______by the report about a new plagiarism detection software. A. intrigued B. marred C. suspected D. recruited 7. The taxis in this small town have no meters so it is essential to ____ the fare before setting off. A. communicate B. negotiate C. determine D. budget 8. The organization aims to support projects which _______the issue of campus integrity. A. affirm B. implement C. designate D. address 9. You need to ______someone to take over your affairs while you are in hospital. A. direct B. assignate C. designate D. attribute 10. Using another person?s phrases or sentences without putting quotation marks around them is considered _____________. A. temptation B. plagiarism C. convenience D. strategy ?.Cloze Choose an appropriate word from the following list to fill in each of the following blanks. Each word can be used only ONCE. Change the word form where necessary. access store option advance suspect opposite catch-up answer decade since property adapt accuse technology instant bridge difficult prevent sophisticated acknowledge Students are getting better and better at cheating, and it?s time for college faculty and administrators to do something about it. The latest scandal to rock the academic world happened last month at the University of Maryland, where 12 students in the undergraduate business school were 1 of using their cell phones and PDAs to cheat on an exam. Academic cheating has been around ever 2 the first time a student successfully stole an answer key, or took someone else?s intellectual 3 and put their own name on it. What?s new is how easily students are exploiting 4 to get the right answers—— or produce the perfect essay ——without their professors 5 a thing. Whether or not it is always 6 , students and professors often stand on 7 sides of a digital divide. The current generation of college kids has grown up on 8 communication in the form of computers, the Internet and cell phones. They 9 quickly to new technology. Most professors, however, are constantly playing a 10 game when it comes to technological gadgets. 87 Sending signals with pencil-tapping or hand gestures used to be the most 11 way students could cheat on exams in the classroom. They could also steal answer keys and memorize them in 12 , or write 13 on small pieces of paper and sneak them into the exam room. Now, students have many more 14 , thanks to the explosion of technology in the past 15 . Students can 16 information on their calculators and 17 them discreetly during tests—— making it more 18 for watchful exam proctors to detect cheating. The creation of committees to 19 hi-tech academic fraud would help make professors aware of such cheating tools and help college campuses 20 the digital divide between faculty and students. In the meantime, professors and students should work hard to prevent a repeat of what happened at the University of Maryland. VIII. Translation A. Translate the following sentences into English. 1(我们应该常常回顾过去，让过去的经验为我们提供指导，这样我们就不会再重复同样的 错误。(look to…for guidance) 2(一些教育家认为，与严厉的惩罚相比，积极的策略是制止学生考试作弊的更好办法。 (serve as…) 3. 为了提高办公室的工作效率，经理决定订购这一套管理软件。(subscribe) 4(我想弄清试卷上这些英语单词的意思，但没能成功，所以我忍不住偷偷看了看电子词典。 (make sense of) 5(如果这些新方法不管用，我们只好再依靠旧系统。(fall back on) 6(校方接到报告后，对这次作弊事件进行了全面的调查，抓出了五个用无线耳机作弊的学 生。(comprehensive) 7(他不是故意违纪，由于不知情，他才做出这个错误的决定。(out of ignorance) 8(学校领导 承诺 党员整改承诺书工程质量保证服务承诺书供货时间与服务承诺方案食品安全承诺书我公司的设计优势和服务承诺 使用一套新系统来对付作弊。(implement) 9(她赶在最后期限前做出最后努力，从网上下载了一篇文章交了上去。(in a last minute effort) 10(随着科技的发展，电脑在学习中起的作用越来越大，现在甚至一些考试也在电脑上完 成。(have a… role to play) B. Translate the underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese. The most appropriate response to student cheating depends in large part on the goals of the institution. (1) If the primary goal is simply to reduce cheating, then there are a variety of strategies to consider, including increased proctoring, encouraging faculty to use multiple versions of exams and not to recycle old tests and exams, aggressively using plagiarism detection software, and employing stronger sanctions to punish offenders. (2) But while such strategies are likely to reduce cheating, I can?t imagine many people would want to learn in such an environment. (3) As educators, we owe our students more than this, especially when cheating may reflect cynicism about what they perceive as eroding moral standards in the academy and in society. (4) Today?s students seem to be less concerned with what administrators and/or faculty consider appropriate behavior and much more concerned with the views and behavior of their peers. Students do expect to hear the president, the provost, a dean, or some other 88 official tell them during orientation how they are about to become academic “adults,” adults who respect the learning process and who, among other things, don?t cheat. And many students want to hear this message. But it's clear from student comments in my surveys that the real “proof” for students is in the behavior of their peers and the faculty. (5) Regardless of the campus integrity policy, if students see others cheating, and faculty who fail to see it or choose to ignore it, they are likely to conclude that cheating is necessary to remain competitive. Many students ask, “if faculty members aren?t concerned about cheating why should i be?" ?. Writing Recently there are increased allegations of academic misconduct in China, and this is becoming a nation-wide concern in newspapers and on internet websites. Write an open letter of no fewer than 200 words to a column editor of a newspaper expressing your opinion on this issue. The suggested title is An Open Letter on Academic Integrity in China. 89 Unit 1 Information Section A Listening for Gist Task 1 Directions: You will hear ten people talking . Listen and write down what you think they are. Number Job Key Words 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Task 2 Directions: listen again. Then write down one or two important words, which helped you make a decision. Section B Taking Messages Task 3 Directions: Marcy has a telephone answering machine. She’s not at home and has asked her roommate, Ellen, to listen to her messages. Listen to each message on the machine. Check the messages and make some corrections if necessary. Message One Meet Stacey at school at 3:30. Tell the others. Bring volleyball. Bring Stacey?s shoes and money. Message Two Dinner with Tim on Tuesday. Will meet at 6:30 instead of 7:00. Will pick you up here. Message Three Dental check up. Tuesday 2 p.m. Office will call back. Message Four 90 Diane called. She needs a ride to the doctor tomorrow. Can you take her? Call her, 547-6813. Message Five Garage says car ready this Tuesday. Tuesday. Still working on starter. Car needs a lot of work. Will cost about $530. You need new snow tires, too. Task 4 Directions: Listen to it once again. Then put your correct messages on the lines provided. Section C Leaving a message Task 5 Directions: Read the questions below carefully. Then answer these questions in the space provided on the right after you have heard the conversation on the telephone. 1. Who is making a telephone? 2. Who is receiving the call? 3. How many things are mentioned by the called over the telephone? Task 6 Directions: Listen again and complete the sentences below. 1. The caller wants to borrow . 2. The caller wants Anne to her soon. 3. The caller?s cousin will come at . 4. The missing was under the wardrobe. Task 7 Directions: Read the following sentences carefully. Then listen to it once more and number the nine sentences in their correct order in the conversation. Number 1 is done for you, and try to number the rest. ( )1. It was under the wardrore. ( )2. Please ring me when she gets home. ( )3. I want to borrow her hairdryer. ( )4. I found the missing shoe. ( )5. I want to leave a message. ( )6. Something?s wrong with my hairdryer. ( )7. My cousin?s written to me. ( )8. It must have hidden itself. ( 1 )9. Anne will be here in an hour. Section D What?s happening Task 8 Directions: You will hear six short conversations. Where are the speakers?Write the place that the conversation took place. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Task 9 Directions: Listen again and decide if the people like the activity or place. On the lines provided below write down your answer and some words or sentences which helped you decide. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 91 Listening Comprehension Test Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations concerning different occupations. After you have heard each conversation, try to choose the best answer. 1. A. office clerk B. post officer C. student D. school master 2. A. weatherman B. salesman C. repairman D. door-keeper 3. A. house painter B. mailman C. tax inspector D. carpenter 4. A. store detective B. customs official C. saleslady D. waitress 5. A. florist B. dentist C. teacher D. pharmacist 6. A. grocer B. taxicab dirver C. carpenter D. bank clerk 7. A. pupils B. students C. businessman D. chemists 8. A. nurse B. saleswoman C. nun D. doctor 9. A. weathermen B. reporters C. farmers D. vacationers 10.A. saleswoman B. cashier C. waitress D. cook Unit 2 Housing Section A Listening for Gist Task 1 Directions: There are ten short passages. Listen and try to identify the situation which is taking place. Number Situation Speaker 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Task 2 Directions: Listen to it again. Then try to identify who is speaking. Write your answers in the places above. Section B Looking for a Flat Task 3 Directions: Listen to the conversation, answer the following questions and then discuss with your partner. 1. What are they talking about? 2. What is Joe doing? 3. What is the relation between the two speakers? 4. Who is Mrs. Green? Task 4 Directions: Listen to the conversation again and use the information to complete the following chart for Joe. 1. Address of flat 2. Rent per week 3. Description 92 4. Name of landlady 5. Appointment Section C Finding out the House Rules Task 5 Directions: Listen to the conversation, answer the following questions and then discuss with your partner. 1. What is the relation between the two speakers? 2. Why is the man talking to the woman? 3. What is the woman?s response to the man? Task 6 Directions: Listen to the conversation twice and then make brief notes of each rule. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Section D Apartments for Rent Task 7 Directions: Listen to the conversation, decide what apartments he talks about, and then circle the advertisements. APARTMENTS FOR RENT (1) (2) (3) Apartment for rent Metcalf Street University Ave.area, 255 Glade Street, Quiet, 2 bedrooms, 1 bedroom, good view, 2 bedrooms, large living/dining $350, th10 floor, $475, room, $415, 356-7889 245-5433 453-3673 (4) (5) (6) Centerview Apts. Thomas Street, near park, 150 Washington Ave. rdNEW APARTMENT 1 bedroom, large living 3 floor of new building, Two bedrooms, room, $390, 2 bedrooms,2 bathrooms Furnished, $500, 577-2344 $460, 354-8792 Call: 633-4434 (7) (8) (9) 333 Kingwood Willim Street, Near station TAFT RD. LARGE ATUDIO 2 bedrooms, a swimming Near expressway, New furnishings with furnishings, two bedrooms, $325, 253-7390 745-2222 unfurnished $350, Call: 763-3499 Task 8 Directions: Now listen again. Write the name of a street beside each statement. 1. ____________________ quiet 2. _______________________ by the park 3. ____________________ noisy 4._____________________ needs furniture Listening Comprehension Test Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations concerning different relationships between the two speakers. After you have heard each conversation, try to choose the best answer. 1. A. brother and sister B. secretary and boss 93 C. waitress and customer D. boy student and girl student 2. A. clerk and customer B. policeman and motorist C. detective and spy D. policeman and thief 3. A. coach the race car driver B. policeman and driver C. garage mechanic and car owner D. car dealer and customer 4. A. doctor and patient B. passenger and bus driver C. daughter and father D. customer and merchant 5. A. wallet loser and policeman B. wallet loser and passerby C. policeman and passerby D. young lady and policeman 6. A. boss and secretary B. manager and shop assistant C. guide and tourist D. father and daughter 7. A. policeman and policewoman B. policeman and witness of an accident C. bus driver and victim D. policeman and theif 8. A. wife and hisband B. waitress and customer C. shop assistant and customer D. secretary and boss 9. A. student and teacher B. client and lawer C. waitress and customer D. patient and doctor 10.A. husband and wife B. teacher and student C. manager and secretary D. doctor and patient Unit 3 Description Section A Listening for Specific Information Task 1 Directions: Listen to the conversations and write down the topics being discussed, and the figure, date or amount that you hear. Number Topic Amount or Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Task 2 Directions: Listen to the conversations again and then answer the following questions. 1. How did Helen lose her weight in the first conversation? ____________________ 2. Why did the man refuse to buy the car in the second dialogue? _______________ 3. Did the people in the third dialogue get drinks? ___________________________ 4. Why did the first man give the second man his fax number? _________________ 5. Where did the fifth conversation take place? _____________________________ 6. Why did he come and pick up some foreign currency in the sixth dialogue? ____ 7. Why did they mention South America on the seventh dialogue? _____________ 8. What are they doing in the last dialogue? _______________________________ Section B Describing Different People Task 3 Directions: James Pond, Agent 006 the famous British spy, is in the Rome where he has 94 to make contact with certain people. He is listening to describtions of the people he has to meet. Complete his notes about each person. The first one has been partly started. 1. Agent X 2. Agent Y Sex: Female Sex: Age: about 35 Age: Height: about average Height: Hair: Hair: Other: Other: 3. Agent Z 4. The Boss Sex: Sex: Age: Age: Height: Height: Hair: Hair: Other: Other: Section C Taking a Photo Task 4 Directions: The man is going to get a photo, but he does not know how to use a photo booth. Listen carefully, and try to understand each steps. Task 5 Directions: Listen to the conversation again and complete the following sentences. And then with your partner, put the instructions below in the same order as the dialogue. ( ) Wait for the to come. ( ) Insert the . ( ) Adjust the . ( ) Move the to the four photos. ( ) Select the . ( ) Wait for the . Section D Express Company Task 6 Directions: The following is an advertisement from Express Company in the United States. You may hear the advertisement twice. As you listen, complete the grid with the information you hear. Some of the information has been partly filled in for you. No. Types of Service Where do they Cost of Others deliver to? Service 1 Prepaid express Major_________ $10 Buy a bag ________ ______________ Call for a _________ 2 Same _________ Within the ______ $8 They will go to ____ 3 Express _______ Any____________ Depends For _____________ For further datails call: Tel: Ask: Listening Comprehension Test Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations concerning different locations. After you have heard each conversation, try to choose the best answer. 1. A. in a parking lot B. at a service sation C. on the sports ground D. on a highway 2. A. outside a sports center B. at a booking office 95 C. at a raiway station D. outside an art museum 3. A. in a restaurant B. in a doctor?s office C. in an employment agency D. in a police station 4. A. in a booking office B. in a library C. in a coffee shop D. in a laboratory 5. A. at a ticket office B. in front of a furniture store C. in front of their house D. at a train station 6. A. at a hairdresser?s B. at a tailor?s C. at a butcher?s D. at a photographer?s 7. A. in a book shop B. in the hospital C. in the lecture hall D. in a museum 8. A. to the beach B. to the mountains C. at home D. to a picnic area 9. A. at a restaurant B. in a drug store C. at a supermarket D. in orchards 10.A. in the skating rink B. in a shoe shop C. at a bowling alley D. at a golf supply store Unit 4 Jobs Section A Listening for Gist Task 1 Directions: Listen carefully and find out which jobs they talk about. Then Write them down. 1. 2. 3. 4. Task 2 Directions: Listen to it once again and then complete the following table with the necessary information about each job. Information 1. Job at Power Record Store 2. Job at Ronny?s Restaurant 3. Job at Jack?s Watering Hole 4. Job at Queen?s Hotel Section B Talking about Jobs Task 3 Directions: You will hear Diane, Tracy, Greg, and Joe talking about their jobs. What does each person do? Draw a line from each person’s name to his or her job. Diane Tracy Greg Joe Waitress businessman traffic police worker taxi driver car salesman teacher typist Task 4 Directions: Listen again and tell if these statements are Ture(T) or False(F). ( ) 1. Diane is not very happy with her work. ( ) 2. Diane eats a lot. ( ) 3. Tracy doesn?t like the kind of work she does. ( ) 4. Tracy likes her boss. ( ) 5. Greg is not too busy at work these days. ( ) 6. Greg?s friend doesn?t drive. ( ) 7. Joe enjoys working with young people. Section C A Same Job or a New Job? Task 5 Directions: You will hear people talking about their jobs. Check below if they have the same job or a new job. 96 1. Liza 2. Tom 3. Brian 4. Kay 5. Janice Same Job New Job Section D Interview about a Job Task 6 Directions: You are going to hear a conversation between a man in an employment agency and a lady who has gone in to look for a job. First, study the form carefully. Now listen and fill in the information on the form. A1 Employment Agency 1. Full Name: 2. Address: 3. Date of Birth: 4. Education: 5. Examinations passed: “O” Levels 6. Interests (hobbies & sports): 7. Experience? Previous posts: 8. Post or position required: 9. Any special requests: Listening Comprehension Test Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations concerning different calculations between the two speakers. After you have heard each conversation, try to choose the best answer. 1. A. 40 minutes B. 50 minutes C. 45 minutes D. 55 minutes 2. A. one B. two C. three D. more than three 3. A. 5 B. 8 C. 11 D. 14 4. A. at 6:30 B. at 7:00 C. at 7:30 D. at 8:00 5. A. 6 B. 12 C. 18 D. 24 6. A. at 6:30 B. at 6:00 C. at 7:00 D. at 10:00 7. A. $40 B. $10 C. $8 D. $25 8. A. 100 B. 200 C. 150 D. 300 9. A. 12 B. 6 C. 8 D. 14 10.A. 2:05 B. 1:50 C. 2:10 D. 2:00 Unit 5 Shopping Section A Guessing the Meaning Task 1 Directions: Listen to the conversation and write down what he or she wants. Number What does he or she want? Situation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 97 8 9 10 Task 2 Directions: Listen again. Decide where the person is and then put your answer in the table above. Section B Shopping Task 3 Directions: Mrs. Coleman is in a department store. She is asking the clerk about the prices of different things. Listen to the conversation and write down each object and its price. Object Price Task 4 Directions: Listen again. What does Mrs. Coleman say is wrong with everything? Write the name of each item below. 1. too big _____________________ 2. not the right design ________________ 2. too heavy ___________________ 4. not the right shape _________________ 5. What is the real reason Mrs.Coleman doesn?t buy these things? ________________________________________________________________. Section C Paying for the Things Task 5 Directions: Listen to these conversations. How do people pay for the things they buy? Check the correct answer. Credit card Traveler?s check Personal check Cash 1 2 3 4 5 Section D Andrew?s Complaint Task 6 Directions: You are going to hear a conversation over the telephone. Now read the following complaint form carefully and try to imagine the conversation you are going to hear. Then listen to it and complete the form. Johnson?s Electric Service Department Equipment _________________________________________________ No. _______________________________________________________ Size _______________________________________________________ Made in/date ________________________________________________ Purchaser ___________________________________________________ Address: ____________________________________________________ Phone No. ___________________________________________________ Listening Comprehension Test Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations concerning different suggestion, implication and agreement between the two speakers. After you have heard each conversation, try to choose the best answer. 1. A. She doesn?t know the novel B. She agrees with the man C. She enjoys the novels very much D. She has no opinion 2. A. She can go with him this morning B. She is almost as busy as he is 98 C. She has a lot to do today D. She might be finished by noon 3. A. The man should buy a different meal ticket each month. B. Buying a meal ticket won?t save the man money. C. Individuals eat different amounts. D. The price of a meal varies from month to month 4. A. The application isn?t available in the library. B. The woman should mail a copy of her application. C. The photocopy machine isn't there anymore. D. The woman can make copies in the library. 5. A. He is taller than anyone in the school. B. He is the best player of the school rugby team. C. He is studying at college to be an actor. D. He is the best actor in the school drama group. 6. A. He?ll only give her part of his notes. B. He doesn?t know anything about physics. C. He?s not taking a physics class. D. He is happy to lend her his notes. 7. A. she doesn't like the professor very much. B. She doesn't want to attend the conference. C. She doubts class will canceled. D. She wonders whether the professor is an accountant. 8. A. The man should listen to the program too. B. The program will be over soon. C. The man should leave the radio on. D. The program is important to my lesson. 9. A. There?s no more work for anyone to do. B. No one is willing to work with them. C. The woman should do it herself. D. The woman knows a lot about everyone. 10.A. They?ll have to get some more paint. B. They should get someone to help them. C. They shouldn?t delay any longer. D. They don't have to paint the room again. Unit 6 Weekends Section A Listening for Gist Task 1 Directions: Listen to the tape, and write down the topic being discussed. Number Topic Key words 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Task 2 Directions: Listen again and wrote down the key words which have helped you decide in 99 the table above. Section B Plans for Weekends Task 3 Directions: You will hear six of people about what they like doing in their free time. What does each person like doing? Listen to the conversations and give the brief answers. 1. _________________ 2. __________________ 3. ___________________ 4. __________________ 5. __________________ 6. ___________________ Section C Discussing Plans for the Weekend Task 4 Directions: You will hear people discussing plan for the weekend. Circle the letter of the phrase that discribes their plans. 1. Lisa A. meet a friend at the pool B. go out on a date C. go out with Cathy D. stay at home and watch TV 2. Kim A. go to a movie B. go to a football game C. meet some friends D. study for the test 3. Kate A. meet friends at the airport B. go to a party C. go to Mary?s house D. go to a movie 4. Jeff A. study for exams B. meet Clint C. go to a movie D. go to see a friend 5. Jenny A. paint the kitchen with Tony B. paint Tony?s kitchen C. clean up the kitchen D. cook in the kitchen 6. Christy A. stay in town B. visit cousins C. visit friends D. travel to New York Section D Making Arrangements Task 5 Directions: You will hear people making arrangements to do something over the telephone. Listen carefully. Task 6 Directions: listen again and write down what will bring and where they will meet. 1. _________________________________________ __________________ 2. _________________________________________ __________________ 3. __________________________________________ __________________ 4. __________________________________________ __________________ Listening Comprehension Test Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations about cause and effect. After you hear the question at the end of each conversation, choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter A,B,C or D. 1. A. The man got the flu. B. It was weekend. C. Many students caught flu except him. D. There was no school because of the flu. 2. A. He went to see the movie. B. He fell asleep. C. He played football. D. He watched the football game. 3. A. It was entirely destroyed by fire. B. It was fine in the room. C. It went bankrupt. D. It has been in the black since December. 100 4. A. Because something was wrong with the lights. B. Because the electricity failed. C. Because the engineer made an error. D. Because the woman hadn?t paid the electricity bills for months. 5. A. There?s no time to fit in a course. B. She hasn?t started to work yet. C. It?s too early to register for the course. D. She stil has more forms to sign. 6. A. Because her paper was destroyed B. Because her paper hasn?t been returned. C. Because she got a bad sunburn when doing research for her professor. D. Because her research was ikncomplete. 7. A. satistied B. happy C. tired D. discouraged 8. A. Joe hasn?t turned in Mr. Johnson?s coat yet. B. Joe lost a coat in Mr. Johnson?s class. C. Joe found a coat in Mr.Johnson?s class. D. Joe hasn?t found Mr. Johnson?s coat yet. 9. A. The rooms are better but not the meals. B. The meals are better but not the rooms. C. They are even worse. D. Both meals and rooms are better. 10.A. He is teaching junior high school now. B. He is doing business with his brother now. C. He is going to be out of the army in June. D. He is going to do business with his brother. Unit 7 Car Section A Owning a Car Task 1 Directions: You are going to hear a passage about the advantages and disadvantages of owning a car. Listen to the passage and then fill in the form with the information you hear from the tape. Reasons for owning:1. 2. 3. Reasons against owning a car: 1. 2. Task 2 Directions: Listen to the passage again and complete the following sentences. 1. With a car there is no need to _____ _____ _____ _____ or wait for _____ _____. 2. In bad weather, the driver stays _____ and _____, while the poor bus or train rider is usually feeling _______ and _______. 3. The bus rider might need to _______ _______ a dark street to get to _____ ____ or wait on a _______ _______. 4. In addition, it is expensive to _______ and _______ a car. 5. In an _______ area, it might also be expensive to _______ the car. 6. If you leave your car _______ _______ _______, it might _______ _______. This is ________ to worry about. Section B The Self-drive Car Hire Centre 101 Task 3 Directions: You are going to hear a dialogue over a telephone between a customker and a saleswoman at the Self-drive Car Hire Center. Listen carefully and then fill in the form with the imformation you hear. 1. Time to pick up the car 2. Time to return the car 3. Basic cost 4. Distance free of charge 5. Price after distance free of charge Task 4 Directions: Listen to the dialogue again. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket at the end of each statement. 1. There are no special rates in hiring a car at the weekend. ( ) 2. The customer hired the car for a family of five. ( ) 3. The customer didn?t know what type of car he wanted to hire. ( ) 4. The saleswoman offered him four types of cars. ( ) 5. The cost doesn?t include insurance. ( ) Section C Car Pool Task 5 Directions: Listen to the dialogue and answer the following questions. 1. Where are these people? 2. What is the geography of Manhattan? 3. Where did New York government stop motorists and charge tolls? 4. Under what condition do you have to pay a high toll to get into Manhattan? 5. What do some people do in order to avoid a parking problem in the city? Task 6 Directions: Listen to the dialogue once again and decide whether the information is true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the brackets. 1. You have to get into Nw York by tunnel or bridge. ( ) 2. A few years back, traffic conditioin was better than now. ( ) 3. All people traveling in cars have to pay for an express lane. ( ) 4. Four or more people in a car can go free. ( ) 5. A person driving without passengers has to pay a toll. ( ) 6. Parking is free in the city according to the speaker. ( ) 7. The express lane is just for lorries. ( ) 8. Now people in New York have got into the habit of using car pools. ( ) Section D Drunk Driving Task 7 Directions: You will hear a short passage. As you listen to the passage, fill in the missing parts of the following outline. 1. General informaton about car accidents in the United States: A.The number of dead in car accidents in the U.S. is about _________ every year B.Half of these deaths are caused by ________ ________. C.Because of this, ________ ________ have been passed recently. 2. The story in the passage is about _______________ man in ________________. 102 A.One afternoon, he drank _______________________ at a bar. B.When he drove after his drinks, he was __________. C.He _______ _______ a stop signs and __________ __________ another car. 3. Different attitudes toward the punishment of the driver: A.Some feel his sentence was ________________. B.Others feel he was sentenced _____ _______, because ____________________. C.Those in favor of the sentence said this was _____________________________. D.Last time ________________________________________________________, this time ________________________________________________________. Task 8 Directions: Listen to the talk again, and then answer the following question. 1. Since lots of car accidents are caused by drunk drivers, what has the government of the United States done? 2. What does the law say of you kill someone while you are driving intoxicated? 3. Where did the man run into another car? 4. How many people were killed in this accident? 5. What happened to the drunk driver? Listening Comprehension Test Directions: In this section, you will hear two passages. After you have heard the passages and questions, try to choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter A, B, C or D. Passage I 1. A. The Rapid Increase of Vans B. Van?s Past and Present C. Decorations of a Van D. An Account of Commerical Trucks, Vans 2. A. a truck B. a palace C. a museum D. a luxurious car 3. A. a feast B. paintings C. abstract decoration D. various living facilities 4. A. university students B. small children C. young married couples D. high school students 5. A. Because vans can be used for traveling. B. Reasons are not clearly expressed. C. Because vanners need freedom. D. Because vans are wagons. Passage II 6. A. Everybody has a car. B. Almost every household has a car. C. It is harder to buy a car now than before. D. It costs Americans more money on cars than on food and housing. 7. A. 2,000 dollars and more. B. 2,000 to 3,000 dollars C. 3,000 to 4,000 dollars D. 4,000 to 5,000 dollars 8. A. better jobs B. great employment C. impact on steel and rubber industries D. freedom of movement 9. A. reliable B. quick C. flexible D. dependent 10.A. noise pollution B. air pollution C. fuel consuming D. occupation of much land Unit 8 Traveling Section A Safari Park 103 Task 1 Directions: Safari Park is a zoo. There are no cages. Listen to the tour of Safari Park. Where are the places? Write the numbers on the map(1-6). Task 2 Directions: Listen again and then answer the following questions. 1. What can the children do in the children?s zoo? 2. What are there in the Craft Center? _______________________________________________________ 3. What do you people at Safari Park believe? ________________________________________________________ 4. How does the speaker feel about the Life Science Center? ________________________________________________________ 5. What does the speaker refer to when she introduced the Animals of the Night? ________________________________________________________ Section B Safari Tour Task 3 Directions: You will hear the guide Mike giving some instructions to tourists. Listen carefully and then write down the four safety instructions in a note form. 1. ________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________ Task 4 Directions: Listen again and then fill in the blanks with the correct words or phrases. 1. If you left the ________________ on your own, you ______ _____ _______. 2. It?s a __________ __________ for tourists to _______ the paper. 3. The tourists are required not to __________ the animals because they are _____ and not as ______ as they are in _______. 4. They will travel about __________ altogether. That?s ______ kilometers. 5. We have got plenty of ________ __________ in the land-rover, 15 litters of _____ and plenty of _______________________. We are also providing a ___________ 104 Section C The Afternoon?s Tour Task 5 Directions: You are going to hear a guide talking about the afternoon’s tour. Listen carefully and then write down the main points of the guide’s introduction. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Task 6 Directions: Listen again and complete the following statements. 1. The cathedral was built in ___________. 2. It was designed by Hugo Derash, who came from ________ with his ________. 3. The cathedral is in the __________ style. 4. Psrt of a _______ is still standing. 5. There is a fountain which is very __________ indeed. 6. A market is held on __________ of each week. 7. In summer there is a __________ market in Saturday every _____ weeks. 8. The statue represents Venus, the Roman _______ _____ _______. 9. The water om the fountain comes from _______ _____ _____ _______. 10. The water is __________ ________. Section D Julie?s Vacation Task 7 Directions: Julie has just come back from her vacation. You are going to hear a dialogue between Julie and her friend Paul. Listen to the dialogue carefully and complete the following sentences according to what you hear. 1. It was so nice to take an _______ ________ for a change, although next year I?ll be glad to go __________ again. 2. We went to Stanley _______ and the aquanium, up Grouse __________ and to ___________and __________. 3. It was funny how on the _______ _______, everyone stayed out on the ______ to enjoy the view, but on the way back, we just _______ _______ like seasoned travelers and ______ ________. Task 8 Directions: Listen again and then answer the following questions. 1. What is the weather like in the city where Julie lives? ______________________. 2. What kind of city is Victoria according to Paul? ___________________________. 3. What small gift did Julie give Paul? ____________________________________. Listening Comprehension Test Directions: In this section, you will hear two passages. After you have heard the passages and questions, try to choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter A, B, C or D. Passage I 1. A. the English B. Peter Minuit C. the Indians D. the Dutch 2. A. Because of its people B. Because it is an old city C. Because of its location D. Because it has a lot of culture 3. A. Manhattan B. Queens C. Brooklyn D. The Bronx 4. A. 1,350 B. 15,000 C. 1,250 D. 13,500 Passage II 105 th5. A. Grandville Ohio looks like a 20 century town. B. Farmers from Massachusetts left New England and then settled down there. C. The Broad Way, the main street of the town is now the busiest and most prosperous district. D. Many new comers come to Grandwille to reside because they like the community spirit there. 6. A. Housewives spend a lot of time talking with friends when shopping. B. Old men sit in the cafe, reading newspaper. C. Small children run to school like birds. D. Adolescents meet outside the drugstore talking with classmates. 7. A. Festival celebrations B. A football game in spring C. Community events for different seasons D. Supper at a Presbyterian church. 8. A. A liberal arts college B. It is not a small college C. It is a fairly large college with 2,100 students. D. It is a very small college with only 50 faculty members 9. A. sports meetings B. theater and sympohony concerts C. art exhibits D. camping 10.A. They like change, yet still remain their conventional community life. B. They want change and give up their town?s sense of history. C. They oppose change. D. They want to keep the community life only. Unit 9 Stress SectionA Stress and Your Health Task 1 Directions: You are going to hear four people answer the question “How does stress affect your health habits?” Write the answers, but do not write everything that they say. Write only the important information. The first one is an example. Person 1 I can?t sleep. Person 2 ______________________________________________________ Person 3 ______________________________________________________ Person 4 ______________________________________________________ Task 2 Directions: You will hear a talk between a caller and a doctor about stress. After listening please write out some of the most common warning signs the doctor points out. Signals of high stress: 1. ____________ 2. ___________ 3. ________________ 4. ______________________________ 5. _____________________________ Section B Student Stress Task 3 Directions: You will hear two students Andrew and Rafael talk about their stress and study in college. Listen carefully and then try to complete the following outline. Why Andrew feels stressed out at school? 1. There was a lot of __________ on me from my ________ and from __________ to do well ___________. I haven?t __________ had a perfect _______ _______. 2. It?s a ________ _________, so basically it?s a __________ and an _______ with no _________. And you _______ _____ for one week and the whole quarter is _____ _____. So it?s like everything has to be ______ _______ and ________. 3. The finals was in the __________ week after a ____________ quarter. We had a real 106 short ______ _______ to review for the upcoming ________. 4. The finals are __________ and you need to be able to __________ everything you?ve learned to solve ________ ________ that they give you on the test. Task 4 Directions: Listen carefully and then try to complete the following outline. How does Rafael prepare her test? 1. I find a very _______ place to study, because tests make me really _________, I get __________ very easily, I can?t study when there are other people ________ or if there?s _______ playing, and I usually get _____ on my tests. 2. Sometimes I?ll go to the __________ during the very early morning hours when it?s actually silent. 3. I also like to study at my _______ in my ______ because I have all my books around me and it inspires me to study hard. I have a good __________ chair, which helps me to stay ________ since I can?t get too ___________ in it. 4. The best time me to study at home is at ________ because it?s ________ and nobody is around. Section C Techniques for Managing Stress (1) Task 5 Directions: Listen to the talk carefully and answer the following questions. 1. What is the main point of Smith?s question? ________________________________________________________________ 2. How many points does Dr. Houlton say about handling stress? What are they? ________________________________________________________________ 3. Why do you think a thankful attitude can make people take action in a constructive way? _________________________________________________________________ Task 6 Directions: Listen to another talk and take down notes when you listen. Ways that you can make your life less stressful: 1. to become ________________________________________________________ 2. to reduce _________________________________________________________ 3. to get proper ______________________________________________________ 4. to find a __________________________________________________________ Section D Techniques for Managing Stress (2) Task 7 Directions: You are going to hear three talks all dealing with how to manage stress. After hearing these talks, please write down the main ideas of these talks by answering the following questions: Talk 1 1. What?s Lori?s trouble? ______________________________________________ 2. What?s Dr. Sander?s suggestions? ___________________________________________________________________ Talk 2 3. What?s the Interviewer?s question? ____________________________________ 4. How does Andrew deal with his stress? ____________________________________________________________________ Talk 3 5. What?s Smith?s question? 107 ___________________________________________________________________ 6. What example did Dr. Houlton give? ___________________________________________________________________ Task 8 Directions: Listen again and try to decide if the following statements are true of false. ( )1. If Lori gets more sleep, she felt that she could not get everything done. ( )2. Having a more positive outlook and planned your day?s activities in your mind is also helpful, because there will be less stress. ( )3. Crew is a four of eight man boat, not a sport. ( )4. Andrew joined the crew to achieve the physical and mental balance. ( )5. There were very high odds of ever recovering, so Dr.Norman Cousins felt despair. ( )6. Allen Funt is probably a comic who makes people laugh. Listening Comprehension Test Directions: In this section, you will hear two passages. After you have heard the passages and questions, try to choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter A, B, C or D. Passage I 1. A. Reading magazine articles B. Reviewing book reports C. Writing research papers D. Selecting information sources 2. A. Gathering nonrelevant materials B. Stealing another person?s ideas C. Sharing notes with someone else D. Handing in assignments late 3. A. Research assisants B. Magazine publishers C. Unscrupulous authors D. Inexperienced students 4. A. In the student?s own words B. In direct quotations C. In short phrases D. In shorthand 5. A. It should be assimilated thoroughly B. It should be enclosed in quotation marks C. It should be paraphrased by the author D. It should be quthorized by the source Passage II 6. A. It is deucation B. It is a concept C. It is an organization D. It is development 7. A. to establish the students? confidence B. to face danger and challenge C. to enhance the students? ability D. to overcome discomfort and frustration 8. A. 3 B. 2 C. 4 D. 5 9. A. the first B. the second C. the first two D. the third 10.A. inevitable B. indispensable C. helpful D. amusing Unit 10 Celebrities Section A Personal Heroes Task 1 Directions: Listen to the tape. Try to understand the main ideas that Kate, Robert, and Nancy are talking about. Then listen to the tape again. Write what each hero did under his or her name. There is one done for you as an example. Dr. Martin Luther King Mother Teresa of Calcutta Navajo Code-Talkers 108 ___________________ hepled poor people __________________ ___________________ ______________________ __________________ ___________________ ______________________ __________________ Task 2 Directions: Listen again and complete the fullowing sentences. 1. Martin Luther King fought hard against ____________ and ______________, but he did it in a __________ way. That takes guts. 2. They got Navajos to ________ and __________ ___________ on the radio. They spoke in their Navajo ___________. The enemy never __________ ________ what the code was, because they couln?t speak Navajo. 3. She lived and worked with the very __________ people in Calcutta, ________. She helped ________ them and ______ ______ _____ them when they were ___. Section B Akio Morita (Mr. Sony) Task 3 Directions: You will hear a story about Akio Morita who started the Sony company. The brand name Sony is famous around the world. After hear the story, try to answer the following questions. 1. Where was Akio Morita born? _________________________________________ 2. What did the Morita family business make? ______________________________ 3. What did Sony produce in 1957? _______________________________________ 4. What did Morita call the small tape recorder people can carry around with them? 5. Why did people start buying Sony products? _____________________________ 6. When did Morita move his family to the United States? ____________________ 7. What name did people call Morita? ____________________________________ Task 4 Directions: Listen again and try to judge which happened first and which second, then write the number on the line before each statement. 1. _____ Morita wanted to have his own business. _____ Ibuka and Morita started their company, Sony. 2. _____ Sony produced a pocket radio. _____ Sony made an eight-inch television. 3. _____ Sony produced the walkman. _____ Morita had an idea for a portable tape recorder. 4. _____ Sony became the number one brand in the United States. _____ Morita moved his family to the United States. Section C Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955) Task 5 Directions: You will hear a story about Albert Einstein who established the theory of relativity which is famous around the world. After hear the story, try to answer the following questions. 1. What did Einstein use to mark a page? __________________________________ 2. In which country was Einstein born? ___________________________________ 3. Why did Einstein?s parents worry? _____________________________________ 4. At what age did Einstein begin reading math and science books? _____________ 5. When did Einstein get the Nobel Prize? _________________________________ 6. Where did Einstein die? _____________________________________________ Task 6 Directions: Listen again and try to judge which happened first and which second, then write the number on the line before each statement. 109 1. _____ Einstein began reading math and science books. _____ Einstein was a poor student. 2. _____ Einstein published his ideas. _____ Einstein became famous. 3. _____ Einstein left Germany. _____ Einstein got the Nobel Prize. 4. _____ Einstein traveled around the world. _____ Einstein worked at Princeton University. Section D Jane Goodall (1934 -- ) Task 7 Directions: Listen to the story of Jane Goodall and then match the words in column A and column B to make sentences. A B ____ 1. Goodall read stories a. the chimpanzees ____ 2. She went to b. a son ____ 3. She studied c. about Africa ____ 4. She had d. as a waitress ____ 5. The chimps used e. Kenya ____ 6. Goodall worked f. tools Task 8 Directions: Listen again and try to answer the following questions. 1. Where was Goodall born? ___________________________________________ 2. How did Goodall get to Kenya? _______________________________________ 3. How old was Goodall when she went to Kenya? __________________________ 4. Who did Goodall meet in Kenya? ______________________________________ 5. When did Goodall start to study chimpanzees? ___________________________ 6. How long did Goodall study chimpanzees? ______________________________ Listening Comprehension Test Directions: In this section, you will hear two passages. After you have heard the passages and questions, try to choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter A, B, C or D. Passage I 1. A. Sleep B. Dreamers C. Dream D. Insomnia 2. A. three to five B. seven to ten C. five D. three and seven 3. A. move restlessly B. say something C. open his eyes D. shake his head 4. A. When the machine indicated that the dream is over. B. Five minutes after when the dream is over. C. While subjects are dreaming. D. When subjects wake up naturally. Passage II 5. A. How to lead a long and healthful life. B. How to eliminate diseases. C. The cause of aging D. The effects of longer life 6. A. heart attacks B. stokes C. hypertension D. cancer 7. A. growing old B. the deterioration of the body C. getting old D. the life span 8. A. proper mental attitude B. early retirement 110 C. correct diet D. exercise and medical advice 9. A. He is investigating body cells. B. He is an expert in studying aging problems C. He is a person of a long life D. He is a doctor specializing in immunology. 10.A. Education and training to start new careers are much in need. B. Second-career communities have to increase. C. More pensions must be provided. D. Tragedy will occur. 111