武汉科技大学336专业综合(基础英语占三分之二，语言学占三分之一)2010／考研试卷／考研真题／笔记讲义／下载

武汉科技大学336专业综合(基础英语占三分之二，语言学占三分之一)2010／考研 试卷 云南省高中会考试卷哪里下载南京英语小升初试卷下载电路下试卷下载上海试卷下载口算试卷下载 ／考研真题／笔记讲义／下载 二O 一O年招收硕士研究生入学考试试题 考试科目及代码: 636专业综合(基础英语占2/3、语言学占1/3) 适用专业: 外国语言学及应用语言学 答题内容写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上一律无效考完后试题随答题纸交回。 考试时间3小时，总分值 150 分。 Section One Advanced English (60%) I. Explain each of the following cultural terms briefly. (15 points, 3 points for each item) 1. Red Cross 2. Frankenstein 3. Marx Weber 4. Gettysburg Address 5. Charles Darwin II. Identify the figures of speech used in the following underlined parts of the sentences. (10 points, 2 points for each sentence) 1. The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot breath of his oratory as he should have. 2. The Washington Post’s editorial fails to explain what is wrong with the definition, we can only infer from “so simple” a thing that the writer takes the plain, downright, man-in-the-street attitude that a door is a door and any damn fool knows that. 3. The young moon lies on her back tonight as is her habit in the tropics, and as, I think, is suitable if not seemly for a virgin. 4. Each hearth (炉子) in the schoolroom was immediately surrounded by a double row of great girls, and behind them the younger children crouched in groups wrapped their starved 姓名: 报考学科、专业: 准考证号码: arms in their pinafores (围裙). 密封线内不要写题 第 1 页 共 8 页 5. And then I like all the small noises of a ship: the faint creaking, as of the saddle-leather to a horseman riding across turf, the slap of a rope, the hiss of sudden spray. III. Vocabulary (10 points, 1 point for each sentence) Beneath each of following sentences, there are four choices marked A. B. C .and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence . 1. The little baby ____ several steps on the floor without losing his balance. A. plodded B. hobbled C. tottered D. strolled 2. They did their best to ____ the significance of their enemy’s victory. A. belittle B. minimize C. dwindle D. decrease 3. She ____ that her stay was not welcomed by the hostess. A. felt B. sensed C. was aware of D. was conscious of 4. The research team has a very good record of the day-to-day ____ in pollution in the atmosphere. A. variance B. variant C. variational D. variation 5. There is some ____ between the human heart and a pump. A. analogue B. analogy C. analogous D. analogical 6. The report is filled with ____; you must be more specific in your statements. A. generality B. generalization C. generalise D. general 7. Fuel scarcities and price increases ____ automobile designers to scale down the largest modles and to develop completely lines of small cars and trucks. A. persuaded B. promoted C. imposed D. enlightened 8. Prof. White, my research tutor, frequently reminds me to ____ myself of every chance to improve my English. 第 2 页 共 8 页 A. assure B. inform C. avail D. notify 9. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the ____ in the financial system will drag down the economy. A. shallowness B. scantiness C. stiffness D. shakiness 10. Poverty is not ____ in most cities although, perhaps because of the crowded conditions in certain areas, it is more visible there. A. rare B. temporary C. prevalent D. segmental IV. Reading Comprehension Passage One The following passage is followed by 5 multiple-choice questions. Read the passage and decide on the best answer. (10 points, 2 points for each item) NOW that the hype surrounding the 40th anniversary of the Moon landings has come and gone, we are faced with the grim reality that if we want to send humans back to the Moon the investment is likely to run in excess of $150 billion. The cost to get to Mars could easily be two to four times that, if it is possible at all. This is the issue being wrestled with by a NASA panel, convened this year and led by Norman Augustine, a former chief executive of Lockheed Martin, that will in the coming weeks present President Obama with options for the near-term future of human spaceflight. It is quickly becoming clear that going to the Moon or Mars in the next decade or two will be impossible without a much bigger budget than has so far been allocated. Is it worth it? The most challenging impediment to human travel to Mars does not seem to involve the complicated launching, propulsion, guidance or landing technologies but something far more mundane: the radiation emanating from the Sun’s cosmic rays. The shielding necessary to ensure the astronauts do not get a lethal dose of solar radiation on a round trip to Mars may very well make the spacecraft so heavy that the amount of fuel needed becomes prohibitive. There is, however, a way to surmount this problem while reducing the cost and technical requirements, but it demands that we ask this vexing question: Why are we so interested in bringing the Mars astronauts home again? 第 3 页 共 8 页 While the idea of sending astronauts aloft never to return is jarring upon first hearing, the rationale for one-way trips into space has both historical and practical roots. Colonists and pilgrims seldom set off for the New World with the expectation of a return trip, usually because the places they were leaving were pretty intolerable anyway. Give us a century or two and we may turn the whole planet into a place from which many people might be happy to depart. Moreover, one of the reasons that is sometimes given for sending humans into space is that we need to move beyond Earth if we are to improve our species’ chances of survival should something terrible happen back home. This requires people to leave, and stay away. There are more immediate and pragmatic reasons to consider one-way human space exploration missions. First, money. Much of the cost of a voyage to Mars will be spent on coming home again. If the fuel for the return is carried on the ship, this greatly increases the mass of the ship, which in turn requires even more fuel. The president of the Mars Society, Robert Zubrin, has offered one possible solution: two ships, sent separately. The first would be sent unmanned and, once there, combine onboard hydrogen with carbon dioxide from the Martian atmosphere to generate the fuel for the return trip; the second would take the astronauts there, and then be left behind. But once arrival is decoupled from return, one should ask whether the return trip is really necessary. Surely if the point of sending astronauts is to be able to carry out scientific experiments that robots cannot do, then the longer they spend on the planet the more experiments they can do. Moreover, if the radiation problems cannot be adequately resolved then the longevity of astronauts signing up for a Mars round trip would be severely compromised in any case. As cruel as it may sound, the astronauts would probably best use their remaining time living and working on Mars rather than dying at home. If it sounds unrealistic to suggest that astronauts would be willing to leave home never to return alive, then consider the results of several informal surveys I and several colleagues have conducted recently. Every member of the group scientists and engineers from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory on a geological field trip expressed their willingness to go on a one-way mission into space. We might want to restrict the voyage to older astronauts, whose longevity is limited in any case. Here again, I have found a significant fraction of scientists older than 65 who would be willing to live out their remaining years on the red planet or elsewhere. With older scientists, there would be additional health complications, to be sure, but the necessary medical personnel and equipment would still 第 4 页 共 8 页 probably be cheaper than designing a return mission. Delivering food and supplies to these new pioneers is likewise more reasonable and may be less expensive than designing a ticket home. Certainly, as in the Zubrin proposal, unmanned spacecraft could provide the crucial supply lines. The largest stumbling block to a consideration of one-way missions is probably political. NASA and Congress are unlikely to do something that could be perceived as signing the death warrants of astronauts. Nevertheless, human space travel is so expensive and so dangerous that we are going to need novel, even extreme solutions if we really want to expand the range of human civilization beyond our own planet. To boldly go where no one has gone before does not require coming home again. 1. The investment of sending humans to Mars is likely to be____. A. in excess of $150 billion B. spent mainly on departure trip C. two to four times that of the voyage to the Moon D. approved by Obama Administration and Congress soon 2. The biggest problem for NASA to send manned spaceships to Mars is _____. A. the complicated launching, propulsion, guidance or landing technologies B. delivering food and supplies to astranauts C. too expensive D. the radiation emanating from the Sun’s cosmic rays 3. Colonists and pilgrims for the New World is cited as an example to show that ____. A. their home countries were pretty intolerable B. they were determined to leave, and never return back home C. long distance travel is too dangerous D. they were willing to bear any hardship to fulfill their American dream 4. The main message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that ____. 第 5 页 共 8 页 A. there is a way to reduce the cost and technical requirements of a manned mission to Mars: to send the astronauts on a one way trip. B. the rationale for sending astronauts aloft never to return has both historical and practical roots. C. there are more immediate and pragmatic reasons to consider one-way human space exploration missions including money. D. many scientists would be willing to go on a one-way mission into space. 5. The writer’s attitude toward one way trip to Mars is _____. A. sarcastic B. favourable C. critical D. ambiguous Passage Two Read the passage and do the following as required: 1. Paraphrase the underlined sentences in the article. (30 points, 3 points for each sentence) 2. Write a summary of the passage in Chinese. (Word limit: 160 words) (15 points) An old Jewish saying has it that the difference between the wise man and the clever man is that the clever man can extricate himself from a situation into which the wise man never would have got himself in the first place. (1) Ours is a smart generation. We are the most educated and prosperous people of all time, capable of things so complex that they would have been seen as miraculous just a generation ago. (2) We can send images and text across the world in the time it takes to blink an eye. Small devices in our cars can guide us perfectly from one address in New York to another in San Diego without error. We can even cure many forms of cancer. On the other hand, things that seemed so incredibly simple and intuitive not too long ago are now utterly beyond us. We don’t know how to stay married. Inspiring our kids to make positive, moral choices is challenging to us. Heck, with all our money and high standards of living, we don’t even know how to be happy. One out of three American women is on an anti-depressant, and the United States consumes three-quarters of all the world’s anti-anxiety medication. Why do difficult things come so easily to us while easy things are difficult to impossible? Because 第 6 页 共 8 页 being smart involves mastering the world around us, while being wise involves mastering the world within. Smart is the ability to manipulate people, nature, and the elements and bend them to our will. But wise is the human capacity to find the one transcendent essence that underlies all things. King David was smart and used his cunning to conquer his enemies and build an empire. But King Solomon was wise and presided over a period of peace and prosperity. Being smart involves the ability to compare options and solve problems. But being wise involves an ability to intuit the options before they become problems. While smarts employ our higher cognitive faculties and human reason, wisdom taps into the human capacity for foresight and vision. Smarts comes from books and facts. Wisdom comes from experience and living. The smart man, through the process of marketing and manipulation, can conquer the world. But the wise man, by having values and discipline coupled with the benefit of hindsight, can conquer himself. (3) I’ve often seen that the Talmudic adage of men being smart and women being wise is accurate. This is not to say that women are any less intelligent than men, only that they have what modern-day sociologists would call emotional intelligence, a wisdom born of insight and intuition. (4) Men think they know women and use their cunning to conquer them. But women first know themselves and then extrapolate beyond their own experience to understand men. The smart man thinks he wants sex and is clever enough to know how to get a woman to acquiesce. But the wise woman knows she wants intimacy and waits until the man understands that as well. The smart man seeks recognition and therefore learns how to move markets and shake money from trees. But the wise woman knows that money should never become a currency by which to purchase self-esteem. (5) Men talk about sports, things that involve conflict. Women talk about relationships, things that involve connection. Smarts are showy and ostentatious. Wisdom is hidden and humble. (6)“The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom”, the Psalmist declares. Where cleverness shouts (Look how clever I am!) wisdom whispers (I am inwardly confident with nothing to prove). Since it is outwardly focused and externally directed, being smart is no guarantee that you’ll be wise, especially when it comes to your personal life. (7) Indeed, smart people are often the most complicated and the least serene. Paul Johnson’s 1990 book, Intellectuals, demonstrated just how monstrously warped the personal lives and values of some of the world’s leading intellectuals ---Rousseau, Marx, Tolstoy---could be. But the same is true in more modern times. Albert Einstein was one of the smartest men who ever lived. With his intellect he could create universes. What he could not do was master the microcosm of his own family. When, in 1917, his son Eduard got sick with lung inflammation, Einstein wrote to his best friend Michelle Besso, the little boy’s condition depresses me greatly. It is impossible that he will become a fully developed person. Who knows if it wouldn’t be better for him if he could depart before coming to know life properly? As if this 第 7 页 共 8 页 statement weren’t shocking enough, he then ruminated concerning Eduard to his friend Zanger about employing the Spartan method---leaving sickly children out on a mountain to die. One cowers in disbelief to witness a once-in-a-millennium intellect deliberating about whether to allow his own child to perish through starvation. (8) In our nation today, we see that America is a country that is smart but not wise. The erosion of our economy is a manifestation of our short-sightedness. We all knew that rampant materialism and insatiable greed would force a collapse. Had we had wisdom we would have decided to replace material greed with spiritual hunger, choosing to grow vertically through enlightenment and increased stature rather than horizontally through greater consumption and increased possessions. (9) Now, all we can do is pick up the pieces of our broken economy and our broken lives and discover once and for all that smarts without wisdom is just not that intelligent. (10) Section Two Linguistics (40%) I. Define the following terms briefly: (20 points, 4 points for each term) 1. Auxiliary 2. Inflection 3. Semantic feature 4. Stress 5. Standard English II. Consider the following dialogue between a man and his daughter. Try to explain the illocutionary force in each of the utterances. (20 points) [The daughter walks into the kitchen and takes some popcorn.] Father: I thought you were practicing your violin. Daughter: I need to get the [violin]stand. Father: Is it under the popcorn? III. Please differentiate aptitude, proficiency, achievement and diagnostic tests. (20 points) 第 8 页 共 8 页