广东省博物馆木陶瓷展英文讲解词

土火之艺——馆藏历代陶瓷展览 Exhibition of Pottery and Porcelain through Dynasties 2009/11/17 前 言 水、土、火的碰撞，产生了绚丽多彩的陶瓷文化。陶器是全人类共同拥有的财富。而瓷器是中华民族对世界文明的重要贡献，中国因此而拥有了“瓷之国度”的美称。 早在新石器时代，我们的祖先就已经学会制造和使用陶器。商周时期出现了原始瓷。成熟的青釉瓷器烧成于一千八百多年前的东汉时期。经过三国两晋南北朝的初步发展，到了唐宋时期，我国的制瓷业进入第一个发展高峰。明清时期，我国陶瓷业发展到了巅峰阶段。 至少在唐代，我国已开始大量出口陶瓷器。此后历经宋、元、明、清各朝，日益发展，长久不衰。从东海和南海通向东亚、东南亚、中西亚、非洲、欧洲以及美洲的各条航线，无不见证了这一辉煌。因此这条海外贸易通道也被称为“陶瓷之路”。 广东最早的陶器出现在新石器时代早期。晋代开始出现青釉瓷器。唐、宋、元时期广东的制瓷业飞速发展，并大量输出国外。明、清时期，石湾陶器、广彩瓷器成为斐声中外的著名品种。 一部中国陶瓷史，反映的不仅仅是整个中国文化史的面貌，而且也 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 写了经济贸易史、工艺美术史、航海史、对外贸易史等方面的华彩篇章。 Introduction Collision of water, clay and fire gave rise to colorful pottery and porcelain culture. Pottery is a treasure of humankind. However, porcelain is an important contribution of the Chinese nation to the world civilization. China won its name as "Country of Porcelain". As early as the Neolithic Age, Chinese people had already got to know how to make and use pottery. Proto-porcelain had been made in the Shang Dynasty. Mature green glazed porcelain was made in the Eastern Han Dynasty and had well developed in the Three Kingdoms, the Eastern and Western Jin Dynasties, and the Southern and Northern Song Dynasties. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, Chinese ceramic industry reached its first peak of development. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chinese ceramic industry developed to a summit stage. Porcelain had begun to export in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, large quantities of pottery and porcelain exported from the East Sea and the South China Sea to East Asia, Central and West Asia, Africa, Europe and America, which witnessed the glory .Therefore the oversea trade line was also named as “Road of Porcelain”. Pottery was first made in Guangdong in the early Neolithic Age. In the Jin Dynasty, green glazed porcelain was made. In the Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, ceramic industry developed well and exported to foreign countries. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Shiwan pottery and Kwon-glazed porcelain had enjoyed a high reputation at home and abroad. A history of Chinese pottery and porcelain reflects not only an overview of cultural history of China, but also shows the history in terms of economy and trade, arts and crafts, maritime, foreign trade and so on 制瓷：瓷器是如何制造出来的 1、采泥：制作瓷器的原料主要有瓷土、瓷石、高岭土、长石等。瓷土指粉碎瓷石所得之土或人工配制成的制瓷原料，由高岭土、石英、长石等组成，主要成份是二氧化硅（SiO2）和氧化铝（Al2O3）。瓷石由石英、长石、绢云母、高岭石等组成，完全风化后就是常见的瓷土。高岭土是一种以高岭石为主要成分的黏土，因发现于江西景德镇的高岭村而得名，国际上称为Kaolin。一般含二氧化硅（SiO2）46.5％，氧化铝（Al2O3）39.54％。因高岭土可塑性差、熔点高，所以单纯用高岭土是不能制成瓷器的，须掺入其它原料。长石是以二氧化硅（SiO2）和氧化铝（Al2O3）为主，并夹杂钠、钾、钙等金属的化合物。用含有较多长石的原料制成的瓷器，胎质坚硬，呈半透明状，并具有较好的化学稳定性。 2、练泥：从矿区采取瓷石或瓷土，经水碓舂细，淘洗，除去杂质，沉淀后制成砖状的泥块。然后再用水调和泥块，去掉渣质，反复翻扑或敲打踏练，把泥团中的空气挤压出来，使泥中的水分均匀、组织细密，以改善胎泥的成型性能。 3、拉坯 ：将练好的胎泥置于辘轳车的转盘中心，随手法的屈伸收放拉制出坯体的大致模样。 4、修坯：对已干燥（或半干）的坯体，进行外型的修平、磨光、挖底、钻眼等精修工作。分干修和湿修两种。前者因干燥后的坯体含水分低，修坯时不易变形，但粉尘较大。后者坯体水分含量较高，修坯时粉尘较小，但掌握不好，坯体容易变形。 5、晒坯：将加工成型的坯体摆放在木架上晾干。 6、装饰：美化瓷器的重要工序。一般是在瓷坯入窑前对其进行纹饰加工，以增强器物的审美效果。常见的装饰技法有印花、刻花、划花、镂空、贴花、剔花、绘画等。工具多为印模（或范）、毛笔、刻刀、划针、剔刀等。除了釉上彩以外，其他装饰均在施釉前进行。而印花则是在坯体半干湿时进行。 7、施釉：亦称上釉、挂釉、罩釉等。指在陶瓷坯体 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 面施一层瓷土（或陶土）、助熔剂加水调和成的釉浆。这层釉浆经焙烧后即成为光亮、坚硬的釉层。古代施釉的方法有多种，早期通常为刷釉，汉以后多为蘸釉、荡釉、浇釉。明清景德镇窑部分瓷器施釉时采用喷釉、吹釉、轮釉等方法，器物釉层厚薄均匀。 8、烧窑：是陶瓷制作的最后一道工序。分一次烧成和二次烧成（釉上彩瓷器）两类。将陶瓷坯件装入窑炉中焙烧，时间过程约一昼夜至三昼夜，温度在1100——1300℃左右。焙烧时，陶瓷器的胎、釉发生一系列的物理变化和化学反应，使产品获得所需要的强度、光泽、釉色和其他性能。 第一部分 初见窑火——陶器的起源与瓷器的滥觞 （新石器—三国两晋南北朝） 陶瓷器的出现，与人们的日常生活有着密切的关系。 我国目前发现最早的陶器碎片，距今已有一万多年。陶器的发明，在人类发展史上具有划时代的意义——它是人类最早的化学革命，促进了农业的发展，以及人类定居生活的更加稳定。 商周时期，在黄河、长江中下游的广大地区出现了原始瓷。最早的成熟瓷器是青釉瓷，出现在东汉时期的浙江地区。瓷器是我国人民的重要创造之一，丰富了人类的物质和文化生活。三国两晋南北朝时期，战乱频仍。江南地区较之北方相对安定，因而瓷业得以较大发展。北方地区的瓷业则发展相对缓慢。这一时期的陶瓷器型日渐增多，大量流行随葬用的陶明器，并出现了釉彩装饰瓷器。 Part One Origin (From the Neolithic Age to the Southern and Northern Dynasties) The emergence of pottery and porcelain had a close relationship with daily life. At present, pottery fragments dating back to more than 10,000 years ago are regarded as the earliest pottery found in China. As a significant epoch-making creation, pottery brought human beings the earliest chemical revolution, which promoted the development of agriculture and made life settlement more stable. Proto-porcelain was first made in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties .The earliest green glazed porcelain was first made in the Zhejiang area in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Porcelain is one of important creations of Chinese people. During the Three Kingdoms, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties, in contrast to the frequent wars and turbulence in the north of China, the stable social environment in the south of China helped the ceramic industry develop well. At this time, more shapes of pottery and porcelain were made .Funeral pottery objects were popular .Color glazed porcelain was made. *1、马家窑类型四山字纹彩陶钵 新石器时代（约1万年～4千年前） 马家窑文化是黄河上游地区新石器时代晚期，因最先发现于甘肃临洮马家窑而得名，主要分马家窑、半山、马厂三期。马家窑文化陶器胎体多为细泥红陶，其彩陶常见纹饰有弦纹、波纹、旋涡纹、网纹、圆圈纹等。这件展品为马家窑类型中较为精美的器物，年代约为公元前3300~前2900年。四山字纹在战国至西汉时期青铜镜上较多见，而在新石器时代陶器上十分罕见。 Painted pottery bowl, Majiayao Culture Neolithic Age (about 4000 to 10000 years ago) The Majiayao Culture, located in the upper reaches of the Yellow River in the late Neolithic Age, is named for its being first unearthed in the Majiayao, Lintao ,Gansu .Most pottery wares of the culture were red clay bodies with bow string pattern, whorl design and running-spiral design ,etc.This fine bowl represents the high workmanship of the culture. 2、马家窑类型双耳彩陶壶 新石器时代（约1万年～4千年前） Painted pottery pot with two ears, Majiayao Culture Neolithic Age (about 4000 to 10000 years ago) #3、半山类型双耳叶纹彩陶壶 新石器时代（约1万年～4千年前） 半山类型陶器为马家窑文化晚期的一个类型，年代约公元前2900~前2350年。其纹饰较复杂，动感强烈，以红彩和黑彩两色相间的锯齿纹为骨架构成各种图案。常见的图案有水波纹、漩涡纹、菱形网纹、方格纹、蛙纹和附加堆纹等。 Painted pottery pot with design of leaves, Banshan Culture Neolithic Age (about 4000 to 10000 years ago) The Banshan Culture is a late phase of the Majiayao Culture at about 2900 to 2350 BC. Pottery of the Culture was designed with complicated patterns, such as wave design, whorl design, running-spiral design, rhomboid mesh design and trellis pattern, etc. *4、半山类型五圆圈纹双耳彩陶罐 新石器时代（约1万年～4千年前） Painted pottery jar with double ears, Banshan Culture Neolithic Age (about 4000 to 10000 years ago) *5、半山类型叶纹双耳长颈壶 新石器时代（约1万年～4千年前） Long-necked pot with double ears, Banshan Culture Neolithic Age (about 4000 to 10000 years ago) 6、半山类型双耳圆圈纹彩陶壶 新石器时代（公元前3300～公元前2050） Painted pottery pot with double ears, Banshan Culture Neolithic Age (3300- 2050 B.C.) 7、马厂类型双耳蛙纹彩陶壶 新石器时代（公元前3300～公元前2050） 马厂类型是马家窑文化最晚期的一个类型，年代约公元前2350~公元前2050年。其陶器纹饰的特点是用很宽的黑边紫红条带构成圆圈纹、螺旋纹、变体蛙纹、波折纹等。或用黑色或红色单线画出波折纹、菱形纹、编织纹和变体蛙纹等。马厂类型的彩陶，是半山类型的继续与发展，品种类型繁多，如提梁罐、鸭形壶、彩陶鼓、人像彩陶壶等。 Painted pottery pot with double ears, Machang Culture Neolithic Age (3300 - 2050 B.C.) The Machang Culture is the last phase of the Majiayao Culture at about 2350 to 2050 BC. Painted pottery of the Machang Culture was the continue and development of the Banshan Culture. There were many kinds and shapes of pottery wares, such as jar with over-top handle, duck-shaped pot, painted pottery drum, painted pottery pot in shape of figure. 8、山东龙山文化白陶鬲 新石器时代（公元前2500～公元前2000） White pottery Li (cauldron for cooking meat and cereals), Longshan Culture, Shandong Neolithic Age (2500 - 2000 B.C.) *9、陶爵 商(约公元前16—11世纪) Pottery Jue (goblet) Shang Dynasty (16th – 11th century B.C.) *10、绳纹陶罐 商(约公元前16—11世纪) Pottery jar with rope pattern Shang Dynasty (16th – 11th century B.C.) *11、素陶鬲 西周（约公元前11世纪—前771年） Pottery Li (cauldron for cooking meat and cereals) Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century B.C. – 771 B.C.) 12、原始青瓷双耳兽首鼎 战国（公元前476—221年） 所谓原始青瓷，就是指各方面都接近瓷器的 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 ，胎体具备瓷石加高岭土的成分，经过人工施釉，用1200℃高温烧制而成。原始青瓷的出现，是我国陶器向瓷器飞跃的过渡阶段。 Proto-celadon Ding (tripod for cooking meat and cereals) decorated with animal head Warring States Period (476 B.C. – 221) The so-called proto-celadon approaches to the standards of porcelain in all aspects. It was fired under the temperature of 1200 ℃ after being glazed. Proto-celadon is the transition from pottery to porcelain in China. 13. 绿釉陶犬 东汉（25-220） Green glazed pottery dog Eastern Han Dynasty (25 – 220) *14、彩绘兽面纹带盖陶钫 东汉（25-220） 古代明器。泥质陶制品，器型仿青铜式样，方腹外鼓，方圈足外侈，方顶盖。陶钫为战国、西汉年间开始流行，西汉晚期产量增多，东汉以后逐渐消失。 Painted pottery Fang (rectangular pot) Eastern Han Dynasty (25 – 220) This article was a typical funeral object in ancient times in style of bronze ware. It was popular in the Warring States Period and the Western Han Dynasty, made on large scale in the late Western Han Dynasty and had died away gradually since the Eastern Han Dynasty. *15、绿釉凸兽纹陶壶 东汉（25-220） 这是一件汉代的典型器物，因为久埋地下而使绿釉氧化成银色，又称银釉。汉代发明了低温铅釉工艺，为后代各种低温釉的出现奠定了基础。铅釉以氧化铅为助溶剂，烧成温度约在700℃左右，主要着色剂是铜和铁，铜使釉呈现出美丽的翠绿色，铁使釉显黄色和棕红色。低温绿釉陶器在全国发现的范围很广，以河南、河北、山西、陕西、甘肃等省为最多 Green glazed pottery pot with design of animals in relief Eastern Han Dynasty (25 – 220) This pot was a typical pottery made in the Han Dynasty. Green glaze or silver glaze was oxidized into silver because of having been buried for a long time. Thanks to the invention of lower-temperature plumbic-glazed technique in the Han Dynasty, lower-temperature green glazed pottery wares were popular all over China, especially in Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Gansu. 16、青褐釉盘口壶 东汉(25 – 220) Bluish brown glazed pot Eastern Han Dynasty (25 – 220) 17、绿釉通花陶熏炉 东汉（25-220） Green glazed pottery incense burner figured on both sides Eastern Han Dynasty (25 – 220) 18、青釉印花盘口壶 西晋 (265-316) Celadon pot with stamped decoration Western Jin Dynasty (265 – 316) 19、青釉虎子 西晋 (265-316) 虎子，古代盛水器，一说是便器，因其形似卧虎而得名。茧形器身，圆筒形器口，外壁模印虎头，虎背装半环行提梁，器身阴刻虎腿结构，下装四伏卧虎爪。通体施不均匀的青黄色釉。虎子流行于汉至南北朝时期。该器为西晋典型之物。 Celadon water container Western Jin Dynasty (265 – 316) It is a water container or chamber pot in shape of a lying tiger, popular from the Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties. This is a typical one made in the Western Jin Dynasty. 20、青釉鸡头壶 西晋 (265-316) 鸡首壶，西晋时壶颈低矮，鸡头小而无流，后端为一小鸡尾；东晋时壶身、壶颈都比西晋的略高，鸡头高起可做流水使用，后端可为执，使用性明显高于前朝；南北朝时期，鸡头壶壶身、壶颈明显高于前朝，鸡头高高昂起，似正在打鸣的公鸡，鸡冠美丽，后端的执高于壶口，为龙柄形。 Celadon chicken-spout ewer Western Jin Dynasty (265 – 316) Chicken-spout ewer made in the Western Jin Dynasty is lower at spout with small chicken head and tail. The body and spout of a chicken-spout ewer made in the Eastern Jin Dynasty are higher and more practical than the ones made in the Western Jin Dynasty. The body and spout of chicken-spout ewer made in the Southern and Northern Dynasties are higher than the ones made in the prior dynasties. *21、青灰釉印方格纹洗 西晋 (265-316) Bluish gray glazed basin Western Jin Dynasty (265 – 316) 22、青釉蛙形水注 东晋(317-420) Celadon water dropper in shape of frog Eastern Jin Dynasty (317 – 420) *23、青釉卧兽水注 东晋(317-420) Celadon water dropper Eastern Jin Dynasty (317 – 420) *24、青釉点褐彩双耳罐 东晋(317-420) Celadon jar with brown splashes Eastern Jin Dynasty (317 – 420) 25、釉堆贴人物鸟兽谷仓 东晋(317-420) 谷仓又称魂瓶，流行于三国、两晋至唐代的器物，由东汉五连罐演变而来。五连罐是中间有一大罐，四周四个小罐，腹间互不连通。西晋的谷仓堆塑，顶部楼阁，器身堆塑各种人物、瑞兽、飞禽。腹壁贴塑不同造型的人物。通体施青釉，底无釉，浅灰胎。该件谷仓具有典型的西晋风格。 Model of granary with embossed decoration of figures, birds and beasts Eastern Jin Dynasty (317 – 420) Pottery granary was a funeral object, which was popular in the Three Kingdoms, the Western and Eastern Jin Dynasties, and the Tang Dynasty. This model was typical in the Jin Dynasty, 26、青釉鸡首壶 东晋(317-420) Celadon chicken-spout ewer Eastern Jin Dynasty (317 – 420) *27、青釉划花大圆盘 南朝(420-589) Celadon plate with incised floral design Southern Dynasties (420 – 589) *28、青釉点彩单把钵 南朝(420-589) Celadon bowl with colored splashes Southern Dynasties (420 – 589) *29、黄釉划花两系水丞 南朝（420-589） Yellow glazed water container with incised floral design Southern Dynasties (420 – 589) *30、黄釉陶盘 南朝（420-589） Yellow glazed pottery plate Southern Dynasties (420 – 589) *31、黄釉三足洗 南朝（420-589） Yellow glazed basin Southern Dynasties (420 – 589) *32、青釉瓶 南朝（420-589） Celadon vase Southern Dynasties (420 – 589) *33、青釉虎子 南朝（420-589） Celadon water container Southern Dynasties (420 – 589) *34、青釉灯 南朝（420-589） Celadon lamp Southern Dynasties (420 – 589) *35、青釉格型洗 南朝（420-589） Celadon basin with check design Southern Dynasties (420 – 589) 陶与瓷：陶与瓷的区别 陶的烧成温度一般在1000℃以下，制作原料除了普通黏土外，亦有瓷土、高岭土和特殊黏土。陶的吸水率较高，通常在0.5％以上。表面通常不施釉或施低温釉。因坯胎烧结度低，故击之声音不清脆。 瓷器的烧成温度一般在1200℃以上，制作原料主要是瓷土或瓷石，表面通常施有高温釉，烧成后具有较高的机械强度，抗弯强度达到700公斤/2以上。吸水率多在0.5％以下。由于坯胎已基本烧结，所以击之声如金石，薄胎者具有透光性。 瓷之用： 陶瓷器因成本低、耐冷热等优点，成为了我国古代人们喜爱的用品，从而促进了制瓷业的迅猛发展。相对而言，我国的古玻璃器因原料造成其成份是铅钡或钾等元素为主，而且是低温烧成。这种玻璃与西方的钠钙玻璃相比，质松、易碎、不耐冷和热，因而不为大众所普遍接受。而金、银、玉等质材的器皿，又因其昂贵而无法普及。因此作为日用品，陶瓷器以其经济、耐用的优点而大受欢迎。 彩陶： 装饰着彩绘图案的陶器，是我国新石器时代文化遗存中一种精美的陶器。主要特征是在陶胎上描画红、黑、赭、白等色的彩绘，经过压磨，然后用火烧结，为新石器时代人们的日常用具。北方生产彩陶最早的是距今约7000年的河北磁山文化，南方最早的是浙江河姆渡文化。其它比较著名的有：中原地区的仰韶文化、龙山文化，长江下游地区的马家浜文化、崧泽文化、良渚文化，长江中上游地区的大溪文化、屈家岭文化、青龙泉三期文化，黄河中上游地区的马家窑文化、齐家文化，黄河下游地区的大汶口文化等等。常见器物有饮食器、盛储器、汲水器等。纹饰图案主要包括植物花纹和几何形线条。 第二部分 瓷国崛起——陶瓷的发展期 （隋唐五代宋辽金） 唐宋时期迎来了我国陶瓷业的第一个发展高峰。 隋唐的统一，促进了经济的繁荣、民族的融合和中外经济文化的交流，也带来了制瓷业的迅猛发展。除了以越窑青瓷与邢窑白瓷为代表的“南青北白”以外，三彩陶器、绞胎瓷器和彩绘瓷器，以及黄、黑、绿、花等釉色瓷也有所发展。在工艺上，匣缽的广泛应用，大大提高了产品的质量。 宋代是我国陶瓷业突飞猛进的发展时期。如脂似玉的青釉瓷器，在釉色方面为陶瓷美学开辟了一个新的境界。著名的汝、官、哥、定、钧五大名窑体系，与磁州窑系、景德镇窑系，龙泉青瓷系、辽金陶瓷等等，共同构成了这一时期瓷业的繁荣。 从九世纪起，我国陶瓷大量输出国外，远销至东亚、东南亚、非洲东海岸等地区。 Part Two Development (From the Sui to the Jin Dynasties) In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Chinese ceramic industry reached its first peak. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, unity promoted prosperity of economy, national integration and foreign economic and cultural exchanges as well as rapid development of ceramic industry. Besides celadon wares made in the Yue Kiln ,white porcelain made in the Xing Kiln ,which were representatives of “green in the south and white in the north”, tricolor pottery , twisted glazed porcelain and painted porcelain as well as yellow ,black, green and painted glazed porcelain had well developed. Technique had greatly been enhanced. In the Song Dynasty, ceramic industry developed rapidly, opening up a new realm for ceramic aesthetics in pained glaze. Five famous kilns systems, such as the Ru Kiln, official kilns, the Ge Kiln, the Ding Kiln and the Jun Kiln, as well as systems of the Cizhou Kiln, Jingdezhen Kiln, Longquan Kiln, and porcelain made in the Liao and Jin Dynasties, etc. formed the prosperity of ceramic industry in the period. Since the 9th century, Chinese ceramics has exported on a large scale to East Asia, Southeast Asia and the east coast of Africa. 1、青釉三兽足龙柄鐎斗 隋（581—619） 板沿口，折腰，扁圆腹，平底，三兽蹄足，足较高长。龙首为提梁，全器满施青釉，造型美观，制作精细。鐎斗又称“刁斗”，盛行于汉、晋，与同期的青铜器形制相同。出土时多伴有火盆并搁置于火盆中，说明用途为温食炊具，军旅多用之。唐诗有“行人刁斗风沙暗”之句。 Celadon cooking utensil Sui Dynasty (581 – 619) This kind of utensil was popular in the Han and Jin Dynasties, used for warming food in the army. 2、青釉四耳盖罐 隋（581—619） Celadon covered jar with four ears Sui Dynasty (581 – 619) #3、青釉四耳罐 隋（581—619） Celadon jar with four ears Sui Dynasty (581 – 619) 4、巩县窑绞胎釉陶小方枕 唐（618-907） 枕作方形，抹角，前低后高，后壁有一小孔，通体用绿、黑两色胎泥绞出装饰纹饰，施绿色釉。绞胎是唐代出现的新的装饰技法，是借鉴于漆器犀毗工艺而来，宋以后不多见。此类器物以杯、碗、三足小盘、长方形小枕等为常见。烧制的窑口有唐代河南巩县窑、宋代河南修武当阳峪、宝丰清凉寺等。 Pottery pillow with the twisted colored body, Gongxian ware Tang Dynasty (618 – 907) Twisted colored body was a new decorated technique in the Tang Dynasty and had seldom been seen since the Song Dynasty. Cups, bowls, small plates with three legs and rectangular pillows were usually decorated with twisted colored body in the Gongxian Kiln in the Tang Dynasty and the Dangyangyu Kiln and the Qingliangsi Kiln in the Song Dynasty. 5、越窑青釉葵瓣口碗 唐（618-907） 碗浅腹，花瓣口，玉璧底。里外施青釉，有细小开片。底足露胎，见残留垫饼痕。胎灰白，碗心刻花卉，此器物为典型唐代越窑茶盏之一。越窑是我国烧瓷历史最早的瓷窑之一，窑址在浙江余姚、上虞、绍兴一带，烧瓷时间为汉至宋。唐、五代时越窑形成独特的风格，成为南方最著名的青瓷窑。 Celadon bowl, Yue ware Tang Dynasty (618 – 907) This is one of typical tea bowls made in the Yue Kiln in the Tang Dynasty. The Yue Kiln, located in Yuyao, Shangyu and Shaoxing of Zhejiang Province, is one of the earliest porcelain kilns in China. The kiln was used to make porcelain from the Han Dynasty to the Song Dynasty. During the Tang and Five Dynasties, it formed a unique feature and became the most famous celadon kiln in the south of China. #6、越窑葵瓣口碗 唐（618—907） Bowl, Yue ware Tang Dynasty (618 – 907) 7、河南登丰曲河窑绿釉绞胎小方枕 唐（618-907） Green glazed pillow with the twisted colored body, Quhe ware, Henan Tang Dynasty (618 – 907) 8、三彩镇墓兽 唐（618—907） Tricolor pottery tomb animal Tang Dynasty (618 – 907) 9、三彩文立俑 唐（618—907） Tricolor pottery tomb figurine Tang Dynasty (618 – 907) 10、三彩武士俑 唐（618—907） 俑头戴盔，身穿武士甲，锁眉睁目，高鼻阔口，满脸胡须，右手握拳于胸前，左手叉腰，双脚踏卧牛，三彩武士俑是唐代贵族墓中的陪葬品，用以显示死者生前的显赫地位。 Tricolor pottery figurine of warrior Tang Dynasty (618 – 907) Ttricolor pottery figurine of warrior was a funeral object of noble tombs of the Tang Dynasty, representing the celebrated position of the deceased. 11、三彩釜 唐（618—907） Tricolor pottery cauldron Tang Dynasty (618 – 907) 12、河南黄道窑黑釉双耳罐 唐（618—907） 口外卷，短颈，平底。肩间两侧贴拱形耳内外施黑釉，外釉不到底，釉色匀净温润，有细小黄点。底露灰黄胎，露胎处见批削痕，此罐为唐代河南郏县黄道窑器物。黄道窑为唐至元代瓷窑，唐代生产黑釉、黄釉、黑釉花瓷等品种；宋代有白釉绿彩器；元代器物有磁州窑风格的白地黑花、钧釉器等。 Black glazed jar with two ears, Huangdao ware, Henan Tang Dynasty (618 – 907) Huangdao Kiln had been used to make porcelain from the Tang Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty. Black and yellow glazed porcelain was made in it in the Tang Dynasty. Porcelain in green family was made in it in the Song Dynasty. Porcelain with decoration in style of the Cizhou Kiln or the Jun Kiln was made in it in the Yuan Dynasty. 13、河南鲁山窑黑釉加彩罐 唐（618—907） Black glazed jar with added color, Lushan ware, Henan Tang Dynasty (618 – 907) 14、长沙窑褐绿瓜棱壶 唐（618—907） 壶的腹部贴胡服杂技人物纹及武士人物纹，上覆盖大片斑状褐彩，突出堆贴图案装饰效果。灰白胎，质较细腻，通体施青黄色釉，釉不及足，有冰裂纹开片。贴塑装饰是长沙窑瓷器的特色之一，出现在中唐偏晚期， 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 材有人物、鸟兽、花叶、椰枣、双鱼等。 Brownish green glazed pot, Changsha ware, Hunan Tang Dynasty (618 – 907) Applied floral design was one of features of the Changsha Kiln in the middle and late Tang Dynasty with design of figure, bird and beast, flower leaves, date palm and double-fish, etc. 15、河南西关窑绿釉双耳葫芦瓶 唐（618—907） 小口，葫芦身，饼形足，腰间装三并条拱形耳，上部和中部印双弦纹一周，通体施绿釉稍泛黄，底无釉，胎呈灰黄色。为唐代河南密县西关窑产品。西关窑创烧于唐、终于宋，烧制白釉、黄釉、青釉、黑釉及珍珠地划花等品种。 Green glazed gourd-shaped vase, Xiguan ware, Henan Tang Dynasty (618 – 907) Xiguan Kiln was used to make porcelain from the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty. White, yellow, celadon, black glazed porcelain and porcelain with incised floral design over a pearl-pattern ground were made in it. 16、邢窑白釉罐 唐（618—907） White glazed jar, Xing ware Tang Dynasty (618 – 907) 17、邢窑白釉碗 唐（618—907） 碗撇口，浅腹，玉璧底，通体施白釉至足。外壁施白釉不均处，似流趟的泪痕，此物是唐代河北邢窑典型白瓷产品。邢窑是唐代重要瓷窑，所产白瓷被誉为“类银”、“类雪”，不仅广销国内，还远销至埃及、西亚等地。 White glazed bowl, Xing ware Tang Dynasty (618 – 907) This type of bowl was typical made in the Xing Kiln. The Xing Kiln was a main porcelain kiln in the Tang Dynasty. White glazed porcelain made in the kiln was regarded to be “as white as silver” or “as white as snow”, which not only was sold well in China, but also exported to Egypt and West Asia. 18、白釉兽头壶 唐（618—907） 盘口，颈细长，上饰凸眩纹三道，丰肩鼓腹，下腹渐收，平底。盘口和肩部两侧塑衔瓶龙柄一对。龙卷角，竖耳，睁圆眼。胎白细腻，胎骨坚硬，厚重，外壁施白釉不到底，器形高大，端正，反映唐代大瓶制作的高超技术，为唐代典型器物。 White glazed pot Tang Dynasty (618 – 907) It was a typical ware made in th