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2013年考研英语一真
题
快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D
on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making
individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1__ the ability to make
judgments which are unbiased by __2___ factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an
inability to consider the big __3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samles
of information they were working with. __4___ , he theorized that a judge __5___ of appearing
too soft __6__ crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7___ he had already
sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.
To __8__ this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the __9___
of an applicant should not depend on the few others __10___ randomly for interview during the
same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was __11___ .
He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews __12___by 31 admissions officers. The
interviewers had__13___applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale __14___ numerous factors
into consideration. The scores were __15___ used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the
Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is__16___ out of
800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.
Dr. Simonsoho found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees
was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one __17___that, then the score for the next
applicant would __18___by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to __19___
the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise
have been __20___.
1. [A] grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers
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2. [A] minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D] external
3. [A] issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]external
4. [A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle [D]Above all
5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C]capable [D] thoughtless
6. [A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for
7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless
8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C] share [D]test
9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success
10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified
11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise
12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured
13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged
14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took
15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather
16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced
17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below
18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate
19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard
20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpful
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
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Text 1
In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep,
scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly
explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion
shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her
garment.
This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds
with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast
fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such
as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.
Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These
labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable - meant to last only a
wash or two, although they don’t advertise that – and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.
By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion
cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.
The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a
$5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage
overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful
chemicals.
Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael
Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and
need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion
garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this
excess leads to waste.
Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah
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Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is
the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.
Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and
the environment – including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line – Cline believes
lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many
advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start
shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.
21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her
[A] poor bargaining skill.
[B] insensitivity to fashion.
[C] obsession with high fashion.
[D] lack of imagination.
22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to
[A] combat unnecessary waste.
[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.
[C] resist the influence of advertisements.
[D] shop for their garments more frequently.
23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to
[A] accusation.
[B] enthusiasm.
[C] indifference.
[D] tolerance.
24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.
[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.
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[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.
[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.
25. What is the subject of the text?
[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.
[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.
[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.
[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.
Text 2
An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted - the trouble is, no one
knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By
watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at
those most likely to buy.
In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such
fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent
behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?
In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not
track "(DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want
to be followed. Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT; Google's Chrome
is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that
the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.
On May 31st Microsoft set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to
appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.
It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone
to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether
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someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default,
some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.
Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it
says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset
Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an
obviously huge selling point for windows 8 - though the firm has compared some of its other
products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy
officer, blogged: "we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?
26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:
[A] ease competition among themselves
[B] lower their operational costs
[C] avoid complaints from consumers
[D] provide better online services
27. “The industry” (Line 6, Para 3) refers to:
[A] online advertisers
[B] e-commerce conductors
[C] digital information analysis
[D] internet browser developers
28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default
[A] many cut the number of junk ads
[B] fails to affect the ad industry
[C] will not benefit consumers
[D] goes against human nature
29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?
[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose
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[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT
[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers
[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads
30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:
[A] indulgence
[B] understanding
[C] appreciation
[D] skepticism
Text 3
Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means
uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity,
leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.
Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range
of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to climate change. You might even be
tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.
But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured
for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the
universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not
hundreds, of thousands of years (see "100,000 AD: Living in the deep future"). Look up Homo
sapiens in the IUCN's "Red List" of threatened species, and you will read: "Listed as Least
Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no
major threats resulting in an overall population decline."
So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are
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now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation, based in San
Francisco, has created a forum where thinkers and scientists are invited to project the implications
of their ideas over very long timescales. Its flagship project is a mechanical clock, buried deep
inside a mountain in Texas, that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.
Then there are scientists who are giving serious consideration to the idea that we should
recognize a new geological era: the Anthropocene. They, too, are pulling the camera right back
and asking what humanity's impact will be on the planet - in the context of stratigraphic time.
Perhaps perversely, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the
more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences,
is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to
explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a
new publication dedicated to the near future.
But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable
assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the
long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based
forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.
This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a
passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy: while our species may flourish, a great many
individuals may not. But we are now knowledgeable enough to mitigate many of the risks that
threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come. Thinking
about our place in deep time is a good way to focus on the challenges that confront us today, and
to make a future worth living in.
31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by
[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment
[B] our faith in science and technology
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[C] our awareness of potential risks
[D] our belief in equal opportunity
32. The IUCN “Rod List” suggests that human beings are
[A] a sustained species
[B] the word’s dominant power
[C] a threat to the environment
[D] a misplaced race
33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?
[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.
[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.
[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.
[D] Our immediate future is hard to conceive.
34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to
[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources.
[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world.
[C] draw on our experience from the past.
[D] curb our ambition to reshape history.
35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Uncertainty about Our Future
[B] Evolution of the Human Species
[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind.
[D] Science, Technology and Humanity.
Text 4
On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law
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Monday - a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important
matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset
the balance of power between the federal government and the states.
In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of
Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The
Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of
Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had
attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.
Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled
that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the
congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s
privileged powers.
However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of
people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always
envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to
share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.
Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas agreed with this
Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.
The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust
defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.
The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his
objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that
Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal
statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise
legitimate state law that it disagrees with.
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Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and
the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own
resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence
asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should
be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.
36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they
[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.
[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.
[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.
[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.
37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4
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