英美文化基础教程 lecture 4

null Lecture 4 Religion in the United Kingdom Lecture 4 Religion in the United KingdomnullQ1: What is religion? What is good or bad about religion?null Religion is the belief in a god or gods ( the supreme being, creator and rule of the universe) and the activities that are consented with this belief, such as prayer or worship in a church or temple.null Religion has its double features. On one hand, it has its class nature and bad effect. On the other hand, it persuades people to be kinds, to do good deeds, and to observe the law. This is the positive side of religion. nullQ2: What do you know about Christianity? nullThe Bible GodprayingKey words on textbook: (p144) Key words on textbook: (p144) Jesus Christ Son of god orthodox crucifixion Apostle （disciple） love the Bible Trinity I. Jesus ChristI. Jesus Christ Jesus was a Jew. He was son of Virgin Mary and was born in Bethlehem [`beθlihem] 伯利恒, Jerusalem.耶路撒冷 He observed the Jewish faith and was well acquainted with the Jewish Law. In His early thirties, Jesus traveled from village to village, teaching in the synagogues(犹太教堂 ）and healing those who were suffering. Jesus‘ teaching was revolutionary. He challenged the established religious authorities to repent from their self-righteousness and hypocrisy and realize that the Kingdom of God is rooted in service and love. Jesus’ teachings stirred the hearts of people and created instability, something the Jewish religious authorities feared. nullSoon, a faithful group of men began to follow Jesus and call him teacher. These men became His disciples. Jesus taught His disciples about the will of God and about the “new covenant（盟约）" God will bring to humanity through Him. Jesus helped them to see that mankind is bound to the pain and futility of life as a result of sin. Due to sin, mankind lost its relationship with God. The purpose of this "new covenant" is to restore those who accept it into a renewed fellowship of forgiveness and love with God. What is this new covenant? Jesus himself would pay for the sins of all humanity by being crucified unjustly on a Roman cross.nullnullThree days later, He would rise to life, having conquered death, to give hope to a hopeless world. Well, it happened just as Jesus taught, and His disciples were witnesses to an amazing miracle. Their teacher, Jesus, died and three days later rose again to become their Messiah（弥赛亚，希伯来语中的“救世主”）. Compelled by a great commission to share the love that the God of this universe had imparted upon them, the disciples began to proclaim this gospel（福音,基督教教义） of hope throughout the territory. nullThus, from a small group of ordinary men that lived in a small province in Judea about 2000 years ago, the history of the Christian Church began, and the Christian Faith has since spread to the rest of the world. Their gospel message was simple: "For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in Him should not perish, but have everlasting life."nullP.S.： Belief in Jesus and redemption is the essential difference between Christianity and Judaism(犹太教）.II. Basic BeliefsII. Basic BeliefsA. God The Father Almighty, maker of heaven and earth. B. trinity(三位一体） God the father God the Son God the Holy Spirit C. God’s creation of the world (seven days) D. Sin Original sin (原罪) personal sin(本罪) nullAccording to the doctrine of the original sin, when Adam disobeyed God in the Garden of Eden, all of his descendants shared in his sin, Christ was placed on earth to redeem [ri`dim] 拯救 mankind by sacrificing himself on the Cross.nullE. Redemption （救赎） eternal life（永生） F. Last Judgment（末日审判） G. Ethnics (Virtues) love, unceasing forgiveness, brotherhood among members, honesty, obligationApostle （disciple）Apostle （disciple）耶稣十二门徒指的是耶稣的十二个弟子，他们是： 彼得(Peter)：原名「西门」(Simon)，耶稣为他起名「矶法」，翻译出来就是「彼得」，意为盘石；首位教宗 安德烈(Andrew) 彼得的兄弟，伯赛大 (Bethsaida)的渔夫，施洗约翰的门徒 雅各(James)，西庇太(Zebedee)的儿子，耶稣为他们起名为「半尼其」(Boanerges)，意为「雷子」(Thunder Brother) 约翰(John)，西庇太(Zebedee)的儿子，耶稣为他们起名为「半尼其」(Boanerges)，意为「雷子」(Thunder Brother) 腓力(Philip)，来自伯赛大(Bathesda) null巴多罗买(Bartholomew) 马太(Matthew)，又名「利未」(Levi)，原为税吏 多马(Thomas) also known as Judas Thomas Didymus, Aramaic T'oma' = "twin" 亚勒腓的儿子雅各(James son of Alphaeus) 奋锐党的西门(Simon the Zealot)，又称迦南人西门(Simon the Canaanite)) 加略人犹大(Judas Iscariot)，出卖耶稣的那一位 达太(Thaddaeus) P.S. 还有一种说法为十三门徒，包括“圣保罗”，而犹大位列十三，这也是为什么13在西方是个不祥的数字。Ⅲ. The Bible/ Scripture- the holy book of ChristianityⅢ. The Bible/ Scripture- the holy book of ChristianityA. the Old Testament（旧约) It’s about God and the Laws of God( Ten commandments 十戒)and the history of Hebrews( ancestors of the Jews) It consists of 39 books: nullPentateuch(摩西五经）: Genesis（创世记）, Exodus（出埃及记）, Leviticus（利未记）, Numbers（民数记）, Deuteronomy(申命记). The Historical Books( 历史书，共１２卷）: history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C. till the fall of Palestine. Poems（诗歌， 共５卷） The Prophets (先知书，共１０卷）nullB. the New Testament 1. It is about life and doctrines of Jesus. 2. It consists of 27 books—4 gospels( 福音书）．Acts of the Apostles（使徒行传）, Epistles（保罗书信）, Revelation( 启示录） Bible Stories:Bible Stories:[一只小母羊羔] One’s ewe lamb <旧·撒下>中记载拿单对大卫说的一个故事他说：一个穷人除了买卖养活的一只小母羊羔之外，别无所有，羊羔在他家时和他儿女一同长大，吃他所吃的，喝他所喝的，睡在他怀中,在他看来如同女儿一样。西方据此, 以“一只小母羊羔”喻最珍爱的东西。 null分别绵羊和山羊 Separateth the sheep from the goats 将万民分为善人与恶人。就象牧羊人分绵羊、山羊，将绵羊安置在右边，将山羊在左边一样。耶稣让善人在右边让他们永生。让恶人在左边，永世受罚。据此，西方以好人比作绵羊恶人比作山羊。 null三十块钱 Thirty pieces of silver 指耶稣的门徒加略人犹大因为向犹太祭司长出卖了耶稣而得到30块钱。西方后以“三十块钱”喻由叛卖所得不义之财。nullnull从眼睛上掉下来的鳞片 scales fell from his eyes 据，<新·徒>说，保罗在大马色被光照后失明，当亚拿尼亚受耶稣指派用手按在保罗 身上后，保罗的眼睛上好象有鳞片掉下来。于是，眼睛复明，据此，后西方以“从眼睛上掉下鳞片”喻重见光明。null手扶着犁 Put one’s hand the Plow <新·路>中说，一个人要跟从耶稣，但要求容他先去辞别家里的人。对此，耶稣说“手扶着犁向后看的，不配进上帝的国”。意思是不专心致志地与耶稣一起工作的人，不能进天国。据此，英语中的“手扶着犁”，意思是着手工作、从事工作。null[以眼还眼，以牙还牙 Eye for eye, tooth for tooth 摩西律法规定：对待行恶的人，“要以命偿命，以眼还眼，以牙还牙，以手还手，以脚还脚。”后人截取其中的“以眼还眼，以牙还牙”用为俗语，表示“冤怨相报”的意思，颇似中国的“以其人之道，还治其人之身。” null [世上的盐]Salt of earth <新·太>中，耶稣教训门徒时，形容他们是“世上的盐”。其含意是社会中坚。据此，英语中以“世上的盐”喻社会中坚，为人师表null有人打你的右脸，连左脸也转过来由他打Whosoever Smiteth thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the otheralso 在<旧·出>中，摩西向民众传达耶和华的话，谈到“人若彼此争斗”时，要“以命偿命、以眼还眼、以牙还牙、以手还手、以打还打”。《新约》中的耶稣，则劝人安心受苦，针对上述耶和华的话，谈到“不要与恶人作对,有人打你的右脸，连左脸也转过来由他打。有人想要告你，要拿你的里衣，连外衣也由他拿去.有人强迫你走一里路，你就同他走二里。” 后来“有人 打你的右脸，连左脸也转过来由他打。”这句话被用来比喻无原则的妥协 null先拿石头打他 cast the first stone 耶稣在传道时，文士和法利赛人带来一个行淫时被捉拿的妇人，大家问耶稣说：摩西在律法上吩咐我们，把这样的妇人用石头打死，你说该把他怎么样呢？耶稣对他们说：你们中间谁 是没有罪的，谁就可以先拿石头打他。据此，“先拿石头打他”（先扔第一块石头），在西方用以喻首先发难，类拟我国先打第一抢的说法。 null吃喝吧！因为明天要死了 Let us eat and drink, for to morrow we shall die <旧约>中说，耶稣撒冷将遭毁灭，本应哀哭，结果人们宰牛杀羊，吃肉喝酒， 说我们吃喝吧！因为明天要死了。据此 说，西方以“吃喝吧！因为明天要死了 喻及时行乐，人生几何。 null新酒装在旧皮袋里new wine in old bottle <新·太>中，针对法利赛人僵化地对待津当法，耶稣比喻说“没有人把新酒装在旧皮袋里。若是这样，皮袋就裂开，酒漏出来，连皮袋也坏了”意在说明履行律法应随时代演化而改变英语中以“新酒装在旧皮袋里”喻新时期应有新形式.类似于中国人说的“换汤不换药”。 null背起他的十字架bear one’s cross <新·太>中语，耶稣对门徒说“若有人要跟从我就当舍己，背起他的十字架，来跟从我”，意思是说跟随耶稣信教的人要舍得自己，要忍受苦难。据此，在英语中，以“背起他的十字架”喻忍受苦难。 IV. History and Development of ChristianityIV. History and Development of Christianity1.In the 1st and 2nd centuries, Christianity was forbidden by the Roman Empire. 2.In 391, the Roman Emperor declared that Christianity was the official religion of the Roman Empire. 3.In 664, England was under the authority of the Roman Catholic Churchnull313年，君士坦丁大帝决定把基督教作为帝国的精神支柱，与帝国东部罗马大将西尼乌在米兰联合发表《米兰敕令》（亦称《宽容敕令》），第一次在罗马法律上承认基督教的合法权利。 君士坦丁统一罗马帝国后，于325年主持召开了第一次世界性基督教主教会议，即尼西亚公会议，确定了《尼西亚信经》。君士坦丁本人亦于337年复活节后受洗入教。 380年罗马皇帝狄奥多西正式宣布基督教为罗马帝国的国教。并在392年颁布帝国法令，禁止其他宗教的活动。这样，基督教从此成为在西方世界占主导地位的宗教信仰。nullThe First schismThe First schism1054年发生了基督教历史上的第一次大分裂。这次分裂的结果，希腊地区的教会称为东方正教（orthodox），简称东正教，意为正统的教会。罗马为中心的教会称为罗马公教（Catholicism），简称公教，意为全世界的教会。罗马公教于1582年（明万历十年）经耶稣会士、意大利人利马窦传入中国，汉译为天主教，俗称旧教。（“天主”源于《史记》第28卷《封禅书》，意为至高无上的主宰。 ）The Second SchismThe Second Schism基督教的第二次大分裂始于16世纪，首先在德国爆发了马丁·路德领导的宗教改革运动，接着在瑞士出现了加尔文的宗教改革以及英国的宗教改革，产生了一批脱离罗马教会的新型教会，统称为抗议宗(Protestantism)。1807年这些教派开始传入我国，汉译名称有基督教、耶稣教、抗罗宗等，学术界习称为新教。 16世纪产生的三个主要教派是： 1）路德宗Lutheran church ，亦称信义宗，流传于德国、美国等地，传入我国后称为中华信义会。 2）加尔文宗Calvinists，or Reformed Church亦称改革宗或长老宗，流传于瑞士、法国、德国、苏格兰、荷兰等地，传入我国后称为长老会。 3）安立甘宗Anglican church，又称圣公会或英国国教，传入我国后称为圣公会。 IV. Henry VIII’s Reformation (p145)IV. Henry VIII’s Reformation (p145)Henry VIII wanted to enlarge his political power He needed money He wanted to divorce his first wife (the direct trigger)nullIn 1535, the act of supremacy 《至尊法案》 which made the English monarch the Supreme Head of the church of England. He created Anglican Church(英国国教) in anger over the Pope's refusal to grant his divorce. nullAnglican Churchnull The Anglican Church is one of the many protestant sects which began in English after Henry VIII(1497-1547) declared that the King , not the Pope, was the supreme head of the English Church. The Anglican Church or Church of England is the established Church（宪法确立的） of the English nation. Its head is sovereign, and its religious head is the Archbishop of Canterbury. nullStructure of churchStructure of churchChurch of England ↓ Two Provinces led by archbishops(大主教） ↓ 43 dioceses led by bishops ↓ Parishes lead by priests Elizabethe II--Supreme Governor of the Church of EnglandRowan William--Archbishop of Canterbury of the Church of EnglandnullEngland is divided into 42 dioceses,教区[dai`ɒsis] each with a bishop. Every diocese has a cathedral as its central church . The 42 dioceses total some 13,500 parishes with a vicar [ `vikә:] (priest) in charge of each parish. [`pæriʃ ] 教区 nullWestminster AbbeynullThe clergy, archbishops, bishops and deans, are appointed by the sovereign . Anglicanism agrees with Roman Catholicism on most issues, but like other Protestant groups, Anglicans reject the authority of the Pope. They believe that the Bible represents the final statement of life and religion. Certain Roman doctrine are rejected by the Anglicans.nullThe central one concerns the celebration of Holy Communion .圣餐 (eating of bread and drinking of wine) Roman Catholic believe that the bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ and the Anglicans think they are simply representations.表示 There are different opinions within the Anglican Church on such matters as the Virgin Birth, the Miracle, the Resurrection, Ascension升天 and everlasting torment痛苦 in Hell as the punishment of sin. Roman Catholic Church Roman Catholic ChurchnullThe Roman Catholic Church was much persecuted and very weak in England for a long time after the Reformation. Its English hierarchy [`haiәra:ki] 教级 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 was from the sixteenth century until 1850. Now England and Wales have four Roman Catholic archbishops and fourteen bishops. Roman Catholics believe that their is the only true religion. nullA faithful Catholic is one who accepts the teachings of Christ as revealed in the Bible, the laws of the Church , and the encyclicals [en`siklikәl] 通渝 of the popes. Roman Catholics believe the Trinity.( one God in three persons, the Father, the Son, and the Holy ghost) nullCatholics hold that the soul is immortal. At death, each man and woman will be sent to heaven or hell, depending on what they have earned by their deeds during life and their obedience 服从 to the laws of God.Roman catholic churchRoman catholic churchnull Nonconformist非国教徒 Churches Nonconformist非国教徒 ChurchesChurch of England, Quaker教友派信徒 Church of England, Quaker教友派信徒 Free Church of EnglandFree Church of EnglandnullThe Nonconformist churches are also called free churches. It is a collective name for all non-Anglican and non-Roman Catholic Christian churches in Britain. They are Methodist, the Presbyterian, the Quakers and the Puritans. Presbyterian Church [,prezbi'tiəriən] 基督教长老会 Presbyterian Church [,prezbi'tiəriən] 基督教长老会 Presbyterians churchPresbyterians church nullnullPresbyterianism is the established religion in Scotland, which was inspired by the teachings of the Swiss Protestant reformer John Calvin , who started a movement that spread to France, Germany, and other parts of Europe. The growth of Presbyterianism was so complete that by 1560 it was the official religion of the Scotland nation.nullWhen Puritanism took power in the 17th century England, the Presbyterians were the largest faction within it. The Westminster Confession教条(1645-1647) , the most famous statement of English Calvinism, is the basis of the Presbyterian creed.教条 Presbyterian believe that the Scriptures are the only infallible绝对正确的;永无过失的 rule of faith and practice.nullThey also believe in the Trinity and existence of heaven and hell. The individual church is governed by the session in Scotland , consisting of a “teaching elder “ and “ruling elders” null According to the statistics of 1994, about 27 million are Anglicans, 5.3 million Roman Catholics, 2 million Presbyterians, 760,000 Methodists卫理教徒 and 450,000 Judaists ['dʒu:deiist]犹太教徒 . The Decline of Religion （p148）The Decline of Religion （p148）AssignmentsAssignmentsPreview the part of American history on P229.