美国特工训练手册(格斗)

美国特工训练手册(格斗) CHAPTER 5 LONG-RANGE In long-range combatives the distance between opponents is such that thecombatants can engage one another with fully extended punches and kicks orwith handheld weapons such as rifles with fixed bayonets and clubs. As inmedium-range combatives a fighter must continuously monitor his availablebody weapons and opportunities for attack as well as possible defense measures.He must know when to increase the distance from an opponent and when toclose the gap. The spheres of influence that surround each fighter come intocontact in long-range combatives. See Chapter 6 for interval gaps and spheres ofinfluence. Section 1 NATURAL WEAPONS The most dangerous natural weapons a soldier posseses are his hands and feet. This section describes natural weapon techniques of various punches strikes and kicks and stresses aggressive tactics with which to subdue an opponent.5-1. EXTENDED ARM PUNCHES AND STRIKESExtended arm punches and strikes in long-range combatives like those inmedium-range combatives should be directed at vital points and nerve motorpoints. It is essential to put the entire body mass in motion behind long-rangestrikes. Closing the distance to the target gives the fighter an opportunity to takeadvantage of this principle. a. In extended punches the body weapon is usually the fist although thefingers may be used—for example eye gouging. When punching hold the fistvertically or horizontally. Keep the wrist straight to prevent injury and use thefirst two knuckles in striking. b. Another useful variation of the fist is to place the thumb on top of thevertical fist so that the tip protrudes beyond the curled index finger thatsupports it. The thumb strike is especially effective against soft targets. 5-1FM 21-150 Do not fully lock out the arm when punching keep a slight bend in the elbow to prevent hyperextension if the intended target is missed. 5-2. KICKS Kicks during hand-to-hand combat are best directed to low targets and should be simple but effective. Combat soldiers are usually burdened with combat boots and LCE. His flexibility level is usually low during combat and if engaged in hand-to-hand combat he will be under high stress. He must rely on gross motor skills and kicks that do not require complicated movement or much training and practice to execute. a. Side Knee Kick. When an opponent launches an attack—for example with a knife Figure 5-1 Step 1 it is most important for the defender to first move his entire body off the line of attack as the attacker moves in. As the defender steps off at 45 degrees to the outside and toward the opponent he strikes with a short punch to the floating ribs Figure 5-1 Step 2. Then the defender turns his body by rotating on the leading outside foot and raises the knee of his kicking leg to his chest. He then drives his kick into the side of the attacker’s knee with his foot turned 45 degrees outward Figure 5-1 Step 3. This angle makes the most of the striking surface and reduces his chances of missing the target.5-2FM 21-150 5-3FM 21-150 b. Front Knee Kick. As the attacker moves in the defender immediately shifts off the line of attack and drives his kicking foot straight into the knee of the attacker Figure 5-2. He turns his foot 45 degrees to make the most of the striking surface and to reduce the chances of missing the target. If the kick is done right the attacker’s advance will stop abruptly and the knee joint will break.5-4 FM 21-150 c. Heel Kick to Inside of Thigh. The defender steps 45 degrees outsideand toward the attacker to get off the line of attack. He is now in a positionwhere he can drive his heel into the inside of the opponent’s thigh femoralnerve Figure 5-3 Steps 1 and 2. Either thigh can be targeted because thekick can still be executed if the defender moves to the inside of the opponentrather than to the outside when getting off the line of attack. 5-5FM 21-150 d. Heel Kick to Groin. The defender drives a heel kick into the attacker’s groin Figure 5-4 with his full body mass behind it. Since the groin is a soft target the toe can also be used when striking it.5-6 FM 21-150 e. Shin Kick. The shin kick is a powerful kick and it is easily performedwith little training. When the legs are targeted the kick is hard to defendagainst Figure 5-5 and an opponent can be dropped by it. 5-7FM 21-150 The calves and common peroneal nerve Figure 5-6 are the best striking points. The shin kick can also be used to attack the floating ribs5-8 FM 21-150 f. Stepping Side Kick. A soldier starts a stepping side kick Figure 5-8Step 1 by stepping either behind or in front of his other foot to closethe distance between him and his opponent. The movement is like that in askip. The soldier now brings the knee of his kicking foot up and thrusts out aside kick Figure 5-8 Step 2. Tremendous power and momentum canbe developed in this kick. 5-9FM 21-150 g. Counter to Front Kick. When the attacker tries a front kick the defender traps the kicking foot by meeting it with his own Figure 5-9 Step 1. The defender turns his foot 45 degrees outward to increase the likelihood of striking the opponent’s kicking foot. This counter requires good timing by the defender but not necessarily speed. Do not look at the feet use your peripheral vision. When an attacker tries a front kick Figure 5-9 Step 2 the defender steps off the line of attack of the incoming foot to the outside. As the attacker’s kicking leg begins to drop the defender kicks upward into the calf of the attacker’s leg Figure 5-9 Step 3. This kick is extremely painful and will probably render the leg ineffective. This technique does not rely on the defender’s speed but on proper timing. The defender can also kick to an opponent’s kicking leg by moving off the line of attack to the inside and by using the heel kick to the inside of the thigh or groin Figure 5-9 Step 4.5-10FM 21-150 5-11FM 21-150 h. Counter to Roundhouse-Type Kick. When an opponent prepares to attack with a roundhouse-type kick Figure 5-10 Step 1 the defender moves off the line of attack by stepping to the inside of the knee of the kicking leg. He then turns his body to receive the momentum of the leg Figure 5-10 Step 2. By moving to the inside of the knee the defender lessens the power of the attacker’s kicking leg. The harder the attacker kicks the more likely he is to hyperextend his own knee against the body of the defender but the defender will not be harmed. However the defender must get to the inside of the knee or an experienced opponent can change his roundhouse kick into a knee strike. The defender receives the energy of the kicking leg and continues turning with the momentum of the kick. The attacker will be taken down by the defender’s other leg with no effort Figure 5-10 Step 3.5-12FM 21-150 5-13FM 21-150 i. Kick as a Defense Against Punch. As the opponent on the left throws a punch Figure 5-11 Step 1 the defender steps off the line of attack to the outside. He then turns toward the opponent brings his knee to his chest and launches a heel kick to the outside of the opponent’s thigh Figure 5-11 Step 2. He keeps his foot turned 45 degrees to ensure striking the target and to maintain balance5-14 FM 21-150 Section II DEFENSIVE TECHNIQUES A knife or bayonet properly employed is a deadly weapon however using defensive techniques such as maintaining separation will greatly enhance the soldier’s ability to fight and win.5-3. DEFENSE AGAINST AN ARMED OPPONENTAn unarmed defender is always at a distinct disadvantage facing an armedopponent. It is imperative therefore that the unarmed defender understandand use the following principles to survive: a. Separation. Maintain a separation of at least 10 feet plus the length ofthe weapon from the attacker. This distance gives the defender time to reactto any attempt by the attacker to close the gap and be upon the defender. Thedefender should also try to place stationary objects between himself and theattacker. b. Unarmed Defense. Unarmed defense against an armed opponentshould be a last resort. If it is necessary the defender’s course of action includes: 1 Move the body out of the line of attack of the weapon. Step off the lineof attack or redirect the attack of the weapon so that it clears the body. 2 Control the weapon. Maintain control of the attacking arm by securingthe weapon hand wrist elbow or arm by using joint locks if possible. 3 Stun the attacker with an effective counterattack. Counterattack shouldbe swift and devastating. Take the vigor out of the attacker with a lowunexpected kick or break a locked joint of the attacking arm. Strikes tomotor nerve centers are effective stuns as are skin tearing eye gouging andattacking of the throat. The defender can also take away the attacker’sbalance. 4 Ground the attacker. Take the attacker to the ground where thedefender can continue to disarm or further disable him. 5 Disarm the attacker. Break the attacker’s locked joints. Use leverageor induce pain to disarm the attacker and finish him or to maintain physicalcontrol. c. Precaution. Do not focus full attention on the weapon because theattacker has other body weapons to use. There may even be other attackersthat you have not seen. d. Expedient Aids. Anything available can become an expedient aid todefend against an armed attack. The kevlar helmet can be used as a shieldsimilarly the LCE and shirt jacket can be used to protect the defender against aweapon. The defender can also throw dirt in the attacker’s eyes as adi t ti 5-15FM 21-150 5-4. ANGLES OF ATTACK Any attack regardless of the type weapon can be directed along one of nine angles Figure 5-12. The defense must be oriented for each angle of attack.5-16 FM 21-150 a. No. 1 Angle of Attack. A downward diagonal slash stab or striketoward the left side of the defender’s head neck or torso. b. No. 2 Angle of Attack. A downward diagonal slash stab or striketoward the right side of the defender’s head neck or torso. c. No. 3 Angle of Attack A horizontal attack to the left side ofthe defender’s torso in the ribs side or hip region. d. No. 4 Angle of Attack. The same as No. 3 angle but to the right side. e. No. 5 Angle of Attack. A jabbing lunging or punching attack directedstraight toward the defender’s front. f. No. 6 Angle of Attack. An attack directed straight down upon thedefender. g. No. 7 Angle of Attack. An upward diagonal attack toward thedefender’s lower-left side. h. No. 8 Angle of Attack. An upward diagonal attack toward thedefender’s lower-right side. i. No. 9 Angle of Attack. An attack directed straight up—for example tothe defender’s groin.5-5. DEFENSE AGAINST A KNIFEWhen an unarmed soldier is faced with an enemy armed with a knife he mustbe mentally prepared to be cut. The likelihood of being cut severely is less ifthe fighter is well trained in knife defense and if the principles of weapondefense are followed. A slash wound is not usually lethal or shock inducinghowever a stab wound risks injury to vital organs arteries and veins and mayalso cause instant shock or unconsciousness. a. Types of Knife Attacks. The first line of defense against an opponentarmed with a knife is to avoid close contact. The different types of knifeattacks follow: 1 Thrust. The thrust is the most common and most dangerous type ofknife attack. It is a strike directed straight into the target by jabbing or lunging. 2 Slash. The slash is a sweeping surface cut or circular slash. Thewound is usually a long cut varying from a slight surface cut to a deep gash. 3 Flick. This attack is delivered by flicking the wrist and knife toextended limbs inflicting numerous cuts. The flick is very distractive to thedefender since he is bleeding from several cuts if the attacker is successful. 4 Tear. The tear is a cut made by dragging the tip of the blade acrossthe body to create a ripping-type cut. 5 Hack. The hack is delivered by using the knife to block or chop with. 6 Butt. The butt is a strike with the knife handle 5-17FM 21-150 b. Knife Defense Drills. Knife defense drills are used to familiarize soldiers with defense movement techniques for various angles of attack. For training the soldiers should be paired off one partner is named as the attacker and one is the defender. It is important that the attacker make his attack realistic in terms of distance and angling during training. His strikes must be accurate in hitting the defender at the intended target if the defender does not defend himself or move off the line of attack. For safety the attacks are delivered first at one-quarter and one-half speed and then at three-quarter speed as the defender becomes more skilled. Variations can be added by changing grips stances and attacks. 1 No. 1 angle of defense—heck and lift. The attacker delivers a slash along the No. 1 angle of attack. The defender meets and checks the movement with his left forearm bone striking the inside forearm of the attacker Figure 5-13 Step 1. The defender’s right hand immediately follows behind the strike to lift redirect and take control of the attacker’s knife arm Figure 5-13 Step 2. The defender brings the attacking arm around to his right side where he can use an arm bar wrist lock and so forth to disarm the attacker Figure 5-13 Step 3. He will have better control by keeping the knife hand as close to his body as possible Figure 5-13 Step 4.5-18FM 21-150 5-19FM 21-150 2 No. 2 angle of defense—check and ride. The attacker slashes with a No. 2 an.