Unit 2 Nine Years For A and B

NineYearsforAandB-ChristopherRicks15UnitTwoNineYearsForAandBChristopherisaBritishcritic.ThepresenttextishisreviewofCaughtintheWebofWords,abiographyofJamesA.H.MurrybyhisgranddaughterK.M.ElizabethMurray.————————————AboutthetextDr.Johnsonwasthegreatestmanwhomadeadictionary.----SamuelJohnson(1709—84)wasoneofthemostimportant18thcenturyEnglishwriters.HisDictionaryAppearedin1755.ItwasthemostfamousEnglishdictionarybeforeWebster,andperhapsthebestbeforetheOxfordEnglishDictionary.BeforeJohnsonnostandarddictionaryoftheEnglishexisted.ThewanthadtroubledspeakersofEnglishforsometime,bothbecauseItalianandFrenchacademieshadproducedmajordictionariesoftheirowntongues,andbecauseintheabsenceofanyauthority,Englishseemedtochangeutterlyfromonegenerationtoanother…Adictionarycouldhelpretardsuchchange.In1764agroupofLondonpublisherscommissionedJohnson,stillanunknownauthor,toundertaketheproject.Hehopedtofinishinthreeyears;ittookhimnine.Butthequantityandqualityoftheworkheaccomplished,aidedonlyby6part-timeassistants,madehimfamousas‘DictionaryJohnson’.Thedictionaryremainedastandardreferencebookfor100years.Hisachievementisnotablein3respects:1.itssize(40,000words)2.thewealthofillustrativequotations(about114,000quotationsgatheredfromthebestEnglishwriters)3.theexcellenceofitsdefinitions(Thoughasmallselectionconcentratesonafewamusingornotoriousdefinitions,thegreatmajorityarefull,clearandtotallyfreefromeccentricity.Indeed,manyofthemarestillrepeatedinmoderndictionaries.)JamesA.H.Murraywasthemanwhomadethegreatestdictionary.---Murray,SirJamesAugustusHenry,1837—1915,Englishlexicographer.From1879hewaseditoroftheNewEnglishDictionary(theOxfordEnglishDictionary),themajorworkofhiscareer;itwaspublishedin1928.TheOxfordEnglishDictionaryisthelargestdictionaryoftheEnglishlanguagethathaseverbeenpublished.TheO.E.D.Consistsof12volumesandcontainsover400,000words.Itsessentialfeatureiswhatweoftenrefertoasthehistoricalmethod.ThemeaningandformofeachwordintheDictionaryaretracedfromtheirearliestappearanceonthebasisofanimmensenumberofquotationscollectedbymorethan800volunteerreaders.JamesMurrayeditednearlyhalfoftheDictionary,theotherscholarsresponsiblefortherestoftheworkbeingHenryBradley,SirWilliamCraigieandDr.C.T.Onions.“aharmlessdrudge”----InDr.Johnson’sDictionarythewordlexicographerisdefinedas“awriterofdictionaries,aharmlessdrudge”.(18世纪英国文豪SamuelJohnson称字典编撰为successwithoutapplause,diligencewithoutreward<无偿劳作,虽成无荣>,又称编字典的人为unhappymortals[不幸的噍类],harmlessdrudges[无害的苦工],指的是惨淡经营充其量只指望无害的结果。------前言，英汉大词典)“Lexicographer:awriterofdictionaries,aharmlessdrudge,thatbusieshimselfintracingtheoriginal,anddetailingthesignificationofwords.”--SamuelJohnson“Everyotherauthormayaspiretopraise;thelexicographercanonlyhopetoescapereproach,andeventhisnegativerecompenserecompensehasbeenyetgrantedtoveryfew.”--SamuelJohnsondrudgery----hardboringworkIthoughtfeminismwasaboutliberatingwomenfromenforceddomesticandmaternaldrudgery.Electronicinformationretrievalwillremovemuchofthedrudgeryofresearchandleavetimeforthemoreinterestingbits.drudge----apersonwhodoeshardboringworkIfeellikearealdrudge–I’vedonenothingbutcleanallday!Hiswifeistreatedasameredrudge.vista----aviewthatislongratherthanbroad;prospectsorpossibilitiesHecouldseethroughthetallwindowsavistaofgreenfields.Asdean,heopenedupexcitingvistasof(=newpossibilitiesfor)inter-departmentallinks.Inanalreadytroubledregion,freshconflictlikethisraisesfrighteningvistas.Classicallyderivedwords----wordsofGreekorLatinoriginWill-o’–the-wisp----abluishmovinglightseenatnightoverwetgroundbecauseoftheburningofwastegasesfromdecayedplants;anundependablepersonoridea,aimthatcannotbereachedChaseup----takeactioninordertodiscoversomethingTheyhadtochaseuptheshoptodeliverthebed.black----Thewordisusedheretomean‘bad’or‘hopeless’.(Somepeopleavoidusingblacktomeanbad,asitmightoffendblackpeople.)Whenhisbusinessfailedheexperiencedblackdespair.Thefuturelookedblack(=withouthope).Ifyoupaintablackpictureofasituationyoudescribeitasextremelybad.Ifapersonisnotasblackashetheyarepaintedtheyarenotasbadaspeoplesaytheyare.Ablackcomedyisafilm,play,etc.Thatlooksattheamusingsideofthingsweusuallytakeveryseriously,likedeathorillness.Blackhumourisanamusingwayoflookingatortreatingsomethingthatisseriousorsad.Theblackmarketisthingsboughtandsold,moneychanged,etc.illegally.getamoveon----(slang)hurry;movequicklyHewillneverfinishtheworkifhedoesn’tgetamoveon.Thedictionaryistakinglongertorecordlinguisticeventsthantheytaketohappen----Newwordsandexpressionsconstantlyfindtheirwayintospeechwhilethedictionaryrequiresmuchlongertimetorecordtheselinguisticphenomena.keepup----continuedoingorhavingsomethingYouaredoingwell,keepitup.WhenIstoppedstudyingIwasstillkeentokeepupmyFrench.Ifyoukeepupappearancesyoupretendtobehappier,lesspoor,etc.thanyoureallyare,becauseyoudonotwantpeopletoknowhowbadyoursituationis:Theywereunhappilymarriedbutkeptupappearancesforthesakeoftheirchildren.gofor----betruefororrelatetoWhatMary’sjustsaidgoesformetoo(=Iagreewithwhatshesaid).Youreallyneedtosmartenupyourappearance,Chris,andIdon’tknowwhatyoulotaresmilingabout,becausethesamegoesfortherestofyou.return----revenues;profitThereturn/returnsonthemoneyweinvestedwas/wereverylow.nagging----criticizingorcomplainingrepeatedlyandannoyingly,oftenasawaytopersuade(someone)todosomethingThewayhekeepsonnaggingaboutthesmallestthingsreallygetsonmynerves.(Ifsomethingsuchasaworry,doubtorquestionisnagging(at)you,itiscontinuouslyandannoyinglyinyourmind:Severalworrieswerenagging(at)her.)falter----losestrengthorpurposeand(almost)stopThedinnerpartconversationfalteredforamoment.Herfriendsneverfalteredintheirbeliefinher.providence----aninfluencewhichisnothumaninoriginandisthoughttocontrolwhetherornotpeoplereceivethethingswhichtheyneedAsamonkhetruststodivinethathewillreceivefood.Willpower----theabilitytocontrolone’sthoughtsandthewayinwhichonebehaves;determinationIttookalotofwillpowertostaycalmandnotpanic.Hesucceededthroughanenormousexerciseofwillpower.Converge----movetowardsormeetatoneplaceAllthepathsacrosstheparkconvergeatthemaingate.Therewasonceabigdifferencebetweenthetwopoliticians,butnowtheirideasseemtobeconverging(=becomingsimilar).Wouldhehaveacknowledgedthatoneofthethingsprovidencedidforhimwasmercifullytowithholdafullsenseofthetaskthatwasnevertoendforhim?----Whenhestartedtoundertaketheenterprise,heobviouslydidn’thaveanyideaashowdifficultthetaskwas.Neitherdidheknowthathewouldneverseethepublicationofthewholedictionaryinhislife.MaybeallthishadbeenarrangedbyGod,whowassokindtohimastokeepallthisfromhisawareness(inordertokeepuphisspirits).MurraymighthavefeltobligedtoGodifhewereawareofGod’spainstakingintentionsthen.magnitude----thelargesizeorimportance(ofsomething)Theydon’tseemtograspthemagnitudeoftheproblem.setout(on,as,in)----begin(aplanofaction,esp.withaparticularaim)Shesetoutasanactresswiththehelpofthedirector.Likesomanyyoungpeoplebeforethem,theysetouttochangetheworld.tosetoutonone’slifeworkpertinacity----strongpersistenceordeterminationLikesomanysuccessfulpoliticians,hecanpursuehisgoalswithpertinacity.bealiveto----bethinkingaboutorawareof(something);bekeenorsensibletoIskifortheexcitement,butI’malsoalwaysalivetotherisks.HehadtoleaveScotland----Hisfirstwifewasseriouslyillandthedoctoradvisedhertomovesouthwheretheclimatemightsuitherbetter.SohewenttoLondonwithher.scholarship----seriousdetailedstudyHerrecentbookonChineseverbsisaworkofgreatscholarship.RecenthistoricalscholarshiphascontradictedmanycommonlyheldideasabouttheRomaninvention.indispensable----tooimportantnottohave;necessaryFirstpublishedin1927,thechartsremainanindispensableresourceforresearchers.Sheisgoodbutnotindispensable(fortheteam)–noplayeris.Otherremarkablephilologistsofhisday----HenrySweet,FredrickJ.Furnivall,andsomeothers.dedicate(oneselfto)----givecompletely(one’senergy,timeetc.)Hehasdedicatedhislifetoscientificresearch.ThenewPresidentsaidshewoulddedicateherselftoprotectingtherightsoftheold.illustrative----showingasexamplesorexplanationsFallinghousepricesareillustrativeof(areexamplesthatshow)thecrisisfacingtheconstructionindustry.cull----gathertogetherforbeingchoseCullimportantfactsfromthemassofevidence150musicians,singers,dancersandactorsculledfromalloverthecountrywinnow----reduce(alargenumberofpeopleorthings)toamuchsmallernumberbyjudgingtheirqualitywe’vewinnoweddownthebunchofpeoplethatweoriginallysawandcomeupwithashort-listofeight.“Scriptorium”----AnironshedwhichMurraysetupinthegardenofhishouse.Theshedwaslinedwithpigeonholesforword-slips.shape----cause(athing,anactivity,etc.)todevelopinaparticularwayItwastheGreekswhoshapedthethinkingofWesternman.…anddideveryotherkindofworkthatcouldmakethedictionaryasgoodashumanlypossible----andmadeeveryefforttoensuretheperfectionofthedictionary–asfarashumancapacitywasconcernedHebeavered----Beaversaresupposedtobeveryhard-working,hencetheexpressions“aneagerbeaver”and“toworklikeabeaver”.Thewordisusedhereasaverb,meaning“workhard”.Hebadgered----Thebadgerisakindofburrowinganimal.“Hebadgered”meanshewentdeeplyintohissubject.chasewildgeese----Awild-goosechaseisanattempttocatchorfindsomethingonecannotpossiblyobtain(esp.becauseitdoesnotexistorisnotthere):Thefalsecluesentusnorthonawild-goosechase,whilethecriminalsescapedsouthwards.[Fromakindof16Chorseraceinwhicheachhorsehadtofollowexactlytheerraticcourseoftheleader,formingstringlikethatofgeeseinflight.]RobertLouisStevenson----Stevenson,RobertLouis,1850-94,Scottishnovelist,poet,andessayist.Hisfirstbooks,AnInlandVoyage(1878)andTravelswithaDonkeyintheCevennes(1879),wereaccountsofhiswanderingsontheContinent.In1880hewenttotheUS,wherehemarriedFrancesOsbourne.FourplayswrittenwithW.E.HENLEYhadlittlesuccess,buttheadventurenovelTreasureIsland(1883)andAChild’sGardenofVerses(1885)wereverypopular.In1886cametwoofhisbest-knownworks,Kidnapped,anadventuretalesetinScotland,andTheStrangeCaseofDr.JekyllandMr.Hyde,asciencefictionthrillerwithmoralovertones.TheMsterofBallantrae(1889)wasbegunatSaranacLake,N.Y.,whereStevenson,atuberculosissufferer,hadgoneinsearchofacongenialclimate.In1889hesettledinSamoa,wherehewrotethreenovelswithLloydOsbourne,hisstepson.Hediedthere,leavingWeirofHermiston(1896)andSt.Ives(1897)umfinished.JamesRussellLowell----Lowell,JamesRussell,1819-91,Americanmanofletters;b.Cambridge,Mass.Hispoetryrangesfromthedidactic–TheVisionofSirLaunfal(1848)--tothesatiric–TheBigelowPapers(1848;2dseries,1867)–tothecritical–AFableforCritics(1848).AprofessorofmodernlanguagesatHavard(1855-76),hewasalsotheeditoroftheAtlanticMonthly(1857-61)andtheNorthAmericanReview(1864-72).Helaterturnedtoscholarshipandcriticism,andhisessayswerecollectedinFiresideTravels(1864),AmongMyBooks(1870;2dseries,1876),andMyStudyWindows(1871).AsU.S.ministertoLondon(1877),LowelldidmuchtoincreaseEuropeanrespectforAmericanlettersandinstitutions,andhisspeechesinEngland,publishedasDemocracyandOtherAddresses(1887),areamonghisbestwork.apt----suitableorrightforaparticularsituationChrisproducedanaptcommentwhichsummeduphowweallfelt.takepridein(somethingorsomeone)----feelverypleasedabout(itorthem)Ifyoudon’ttakeprofessionalprideinyourwork,you’reprobablyinthewrongjob.(Beproudofistofeelsatisfactionandpleasurebecauseofsomethingwhichhasbeendoneorowned:He’sveryproudofhisdaughter’sachievements.Shesayssheisafeministandproudofit.)atyourwill----atyourdisposal;asyoulikeecho----onewhoimitatesanother,asinopinions,speech,ordressirrationalquantity----irrationalnumber[noun,Mathematics]anyrealnumberthatcannotbeexpressedasanintegerorasaratiobetweentwointegers.AnEminentVictorian----QueenVictorianreignedoverEnglandfrom1837to1901.ThisperiodisoftencalledtheVictorianAge,andanimportantpersonoftheperiodaneminentVictorian.HerethetwowordsEminentVictorianarecapitalized.ApparentlythewriterisreferringtoEminentVictorians,acollectionofbiographieswrittenbyLyttonStrachey.sneer(at)----expressorshowinone’sfacialexpressionaverystronglackofrespect(forsomeoneorsomethingtheyconsidertobeoflittlevalueorinterest),esp.inawaythatisunkindandrudeYoumaysneer,butalotofpeoplelikemywayofdoingthings.They’llprobablysneeratmynewshoesbecausetheyarenotleather.thrill----feelextremelyexcited,usuallybecauseofsomethingpleasantJuststandingbesideherthrilledhim.Hethrilled(=reactedwithpleasure)tohervoice.contemplate----spendtimeconsidering(apossiblefutureaction),ortoconsider(oneparticularthing)foralongtimeinaseriousandquietwayI’mcontemplatinggoingabroadforsometime.I’mcontemplatingachangeofjob.skimp----uselesstime,money,material,etc.thanonereallyneeds(fordoingsomethingproperly,sothattheresultisunsatisfactory)Neverskimponyourwarm-upexercises.Manyoldpeopleskimp(on)theirfoodandheatinginordertomeettheirbills.(self-)abnegation----allowingoneselftohave(somethingwhichgivesonepleasure)ortogiveitupHepraisedtheminister’s‘enthusiasm,competenceandabnegation’(=notgivingimportancetohimselforhisdesiresorneeds).attainable----reachable;achievableWemustensurethatwedonotsetourselvesgoalsthatarenotattainable.arduous----difficult,tiringandneedingalotofeffortAnarduousclimb/task/journeyinthat----because;fromthefactthatIpreferhisplantoyoursinthatIthinkit’smorepractical.HespeakspoorChineseinthathethinkshasbeenabroadfortwoyears.Murray…feltwithinthepresentaprofoundcommunity…----Hefeltthatlinguisticallyorculturallytherewassomethingprofoundwhichthepresenthadincommonwithboththepastandthefuture.community----friendshipthatiscreatedandmaintainedbetweenpeopleorgroupswhoaredifferentinsomeways(association)Theyareanxioustostrengthenthissenseofcommunity.(Communityserviceisworkthatpeopledotohelpotherpeoplewithoutpayment,andwhichyoungcriminalswhosecrimewasnotseriousenoughforthemtobeputinprisonaresometimesorderedtodo.Communityspiritisfriendlinessandunderstandingbetweenlocalpeople:Thepresenceofsomanyoutsidershasruinedthecommunityspirit.)fromwhichitinheriteditswholelanguageofthinking,feelingandpledging----Thepresentinheritedfromthepasttheentirelanguageexpressiveofman’sthinking,feelingandundertaking.thatfuturewhichwillinherit----Thatfuture(repeatedforthesakeofemphasis)whichwillinheritfromthepresent.appeal----makeaseriousorformalrequest,esp.tothepublic,formoneyorhelpThey’reappealingforclothesandblanketstosendofftotheearthquakevictims.Thepoliceareappealingtothepublicforanyinformationaboutthemissinggirl.credit----praise,approvalorhonorHegotnocreditforsolvingtheproblem.Herbosstookcreditforit/tookallthecreditinstead.TheuseofMsforMissorMrs.hasrapidlygainedcreditinrecentyears.TranslationFrom‘Hetookprideinwhathewasdoing,…’to‘weepnotforme,weepforyourselvesandyourchildren.’他以自己的工作为荣，却从不自傲。他不愿别人为他作传：“我不算什么――如果你们对字典有什么要写的，那就请便――不过就将我写成一段神话，一个回声，或一个无理量，或者干脆别提我。”然而他是不能被遗忘的，对这位我们所了解的维多利亚时代的杰出人物决不可轻视。他一生的平凡与尊严已为他作了传，如果被其震憾，便太离奇；如果不为所动，那又太迟钝了。当他鉴于连续不断的压力要求他简化工作而考虑辞职时，他这样说：“这项工作比我伟大，比其他任何编写者都伟大。”只有一个崇高的人才会这样说，才会以这份真诚与无私继续道：“我决不会放弃它，但同时，我也决不会妨碍任何人更好更快地完成这部字典。尽管这种生活十分艰苦伤神，但并不残酷。一个人如此透彻地了解自己，明白自己能做什么，并无可非议地感到满足，这样的生活决不会残酷。默里，如同他的朋友们和同事们，认为当今不仅和过去有着深刻紧密的联系（从过去我们继承了整个思维、感觉和誓约语言），而且和未来同样不可分离，未来将继承当今的一切。他们劳作，是为了他们的后代，还有后代的后代，他们一直这么说。现在是默里后代的后代中的一个写了他的生平传记。正是他，在诚聘自愿者时说：“如果你们对参加我的工作不感兴趣，并不想由此得到公众的赞誉，我便不需要你们，别为我难过，为你们自己和你们的后代难过吧。”墓地哀歌晚钟响起来一阵阵给白昼报丧，牛群在草原上迂回，吼声起落，耕地人累了，回家走，脚步踉跄，把整个世界留给了黄昏与我。苍茫的景色逐渐从眼前消退，一片肃穆的寂静盖遍了尘寰，只听见嗡嗡的甲虫转圈子纷飞，昏沉的铃声催眠着远处的羊栏。只听见常春藤披裹的塔顶底下一只阴郁的柢枭向月亮诉苦，怪人家无端走进它秘密的住家，搅扰它这个悠久而僻静的领土。峥嵘的榆树底下，扁柏的荫里，草皮鼓起了许多零落的荒堆，各自在洞窟里永远放下了身体，小村里粗鄙的父老在那里安睡。香气四溢的晨风轻松的呼召，燕子从茅草棚子里吐出的呢喃，公鸡的尖喇叭，使山鸣谷应的猎号再不能唤醒他们在地下的长眠。在他们，熊熊的炉火不再会燃烧，忙碌的管家妇不再会赶她的夜活；孩子们不再会“牙牙”的报父亲来到，为一个亲吻爬倒他膝上去争夺。往常是：他们一开镰就所向披靡，顽梗的泥板让他们犁出了垄沟；他们多么欢欣地赶牲口下地！他们一猛砍，树木就一棵棵低头！“雄心”别嘲讽他们实用的操劳，家常的欢乐，默默无闻的命运；“豪华”也不用带着轻蔑的冷笑来听讲穷人的又短有简的生平。门第的炫耀，有权有势的煊赫，凡是美和财富所能赋予的好处，前头都等待着不可避免的时刻：光荣的道路无非是引导到坟墓。骄傲人，你也不要怪这些人不行，“怀念”没有给这些人建立纪念堂，没有让悠长的廊道、雕花的拱顶洋溢着洪亮的赞美歌，进行颂扬。栩栩的半身像，铭刻了事略的瓮碑，难道能恢复断气，促使还魂？“荣誉”的声音能激发沉默的死灰？“献媚”能叫死神听软了耳根？也许这一块地方，尽管荒芜，就埋着曾经充满过灵焰的一颗心；一双手，本可以执掌到帝国的王芴或者出神入化地拨响了七弦琴。可是“知识”从不曾对他们展开它世代积累而琳琅满目的书卷；“贫寒”压制了他们高贵的襟怀，冻结了他们从灵府涌出的流泉。世界上多少晶莹皎洁的珠宝埋在幽暗而深不可测的海底；世界上多少花吐艳而无人知晓，把芳香白白地散发给荒凉的空气。也许有乡村汉普顿在这里埋身，反抗过当地的小霸王，胆大，坚决；也许有缄口的米尔顿，从没有名声；有一位克伦威尔，并不曾害国家流血。要博得满场的元老雷动的鼓掌，无视威胁，全不顾存亡生死，把富庶，丰饶遍播到四处八方，打从全国的笑眼里读自己的历史——他们的命运可不许：既不许罪过有所放纵，也不许发挥德行；不许从杀戮中间涉登宝座从此对人类关上仁慈的大门；不许掩饰天良在内心的发作，隐瞒天真的羞愧，恬不红脸；不许用诗神的金焰点燃了香火锦上添花去塞满“骄”“奢”的神龛。远离了纷纭人世的勾心斗角，他们有清醒愿望，从不学糊涂，顺着生活的清凉僻静的山坳，他们坚持了不声不响的正路。可是叫这些尸骨免受到糟踏，还是有脆弱的碑牌树立在近边，点缀了拙劣的韵语、凌乱的刻划，请求过往人就便献一声婉叹。无闻的野诗神注上了姓名、年份，另外再加上地址和一篇悼词；她在周围撒播了一些经文，教训乡土道德家怎样去死。要知道谁甘愿舍身哑口的“遗忘”，坦然撇下了忧喜交织的此生，谁离开风和日暖的明媚现场而能不依依地回头来顾盼一阵？辞世的灵魂还依傍钟情的怀抱，临闭的眼睛需要尽哀的珠泪，即使坟冢里也有“自然”的呼号他们的旧火还点燃我们的新灰。至于你，我关心这些默默的陈死人，用这些诗句讲他们质朴的故事，假如在幽思的引导下，偶然有缘分，一位同道来问起你的身世——也许会有白头的乡下人对他说，“我们常常看见他，天还刚亮，就用匆忙的脚步把露水碰落，上那边高处的草地去会晤朝阳；“那边有一棵婆娑的山毛榉老树，树底下隆起的老根盘错在一起，他常常在那里懒躺过一个中午，悉心看旁边一道涓涓的小溪。“他转游到林边，有时候笑里带嘲，念念有词，发他的奇谈怪议，有时候垂头丧气，像无依无靠，像忧心忡忡或者像情场失意。“有一天早上，在他惯去的山头，灌木丛，他那棵爱树下，我不见他出现；第二天早上，尽管我走下溪流，上草地，穿过树林，他还是不见。“第三天我们见到了送葬的行列，唱着挽歌，抬着他向坟场走去——请上前看那丛老荆棘底下的碑碣，（你是识字的）请念念这些诗句”：     墓铭这里边，高枕地膝，是一位青年，生平从不曾受知于“富贵”和“名声”；“知识”可没轻视他出身的微贱，“清愁”把他标出来认作宠幸。他生性真挚，最乐于慷慨施惠，上苍也给了他同样慷慨的报酬：他给了“坎坷”全部的所有，一滴泪；从上苍全得了所求，一位朋友。别再想法子 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 彰他的功绩，也别再把他的弱点翻出了暗窖（他们同样在颤抖的希望中休息）。那就是他的天父和上帝的怀抱。UnitTwoNineYearsforAandBKeytoExerciseII 1.impart 2.drudgery 3.pertinacity 4.vista 5.magnitude 6.slippery 7.converged 8.faltered 9.withhold 10.indispensable 11.culled 12.winnowing 13.apt 14.skimped 15.enterprise KeytoExerciseIII 1.principally 2.except 3.to 4.and 5.authority 6.usage 7.what 8.say 9.once 10.over 11.offered 12.dictionary 13.for 14.brought 15.way 16.one’s 17.the 18.anyone 19.with 20.eccentric 21.definitions 22.only 23.first-hand 24.not 25.simply 26.task 27.vast 28.literature 29.cover 30.copy 31.word 32.occurrence 33.ordinary 34.each 35.context 36.itself 37.writing 38.bound 39.such 40.editing 41.As 42.alphabetized 43.completed 44.anywhere 45.illustrative 46.places 47.that 48.use 49.some 50.discards 51.re-reads 52.stack 53.are 54.Finally 55.hard-and-fast 56.what 57.about 58.influenced 59.ought 60.or 61.not 62.about 63.a 64.of 65.meant 66.past 67.a 68.example 69.in 70.we 71.word 72.but 73.from 74.of 75.audible 76.regard 77.is 78.of 79.else 80.speak 81.by 82.the 83.it 84.new 85.us 86.words 87.have 88.today KeytoExerciseIV Themeaningormeaningsofawordaredeterminedbyusage.Ifwewanttoknowwhatawordmeans,wemustfind∧bystudyingconcretecasesinwhichthewordisactuallyusedbythespeakersandwriters.Theobjectivelyscientificinvestigatorofthemeaningofawordmust,forpractice,dependchieflyonwrittenmaterialalone.One’smemoryofpastconversationsisnotoriouslyreliable,andthepracticaldifficultiesinvolvedintakingconver-sations∧verbatimmakeitneedfultofallbackonprintedmattersasthechiefsourcefortheconcretecaseswhichmustbestudied.Butluckilythereisavailableforstudyavastmassamountofprintedmaterial,andthesematerialyieldsanabundanceofconcretecasesinwhichthewordunderthestudyoccurs.Indeed,awordinageneraluseoccursinprintsooftenthattheinvestigator∧overwhelmedbytheabundanceofhismaterial,unlesshelimits∧toaselection:hecanstudyonlyasmallerproportionofthetotalnumberoftheoccurrencesofthewordoverinvestigation.Thus,thewordmahoganymust∧appearedinprintseveralmilliontimesduringthepresentcenturyalone,andnoinvestigatorornogroupofinvestigatorscouldfindthetimeorthemoneyneedtostudyalltheseoccurrencesoftheword.Thisdifficultyisafamiliaronetoscientificresearch.Themethodunderinvestigationusedinsuchcasesisthatofsamplinginrandom.Onecollects∧manyconcretecasesasonecanhandle,andthenproceedstostudythecasesthatwillhavebeencollected,maketheassumptionthatthecasescollectedarerepresentativeforthewholebody