完整版中国瓷器介绍 英文版

瓷器ChinaChinaisthehometownofchina.Theinventionofchinaisagreatcontributiontoworldcivilization.InEnglish,chinameansporcelain（瓷器）.HistoryofdevelopmentPrimitive-celadonappearedintheShangDynasty,thenfromtheWesternZhouDynasty,theWarringStatestotheEasternHanDynasty,throughthe1600years'changeanddevelopment,porcelainfiringtechnologyhadbeenimprovedgradually.TheDevelopmentofPorcelainAroundthe16thcenturyBCinShangDynasty,theearlyChineseporcelainappeared.Asitwasstillroughonthefiringprocess,itcanbeonlycalledproto-porcelain(原始瓷).proto-porcelainHanDynastyAfterlong-termimprovements,in2centurytheendoftheHanDynasty,thematureceladonwascreated,inthehistoryofourcountry'spotteryitwasanimportantmilestone.JinandsouthernandnortherndynastiesToJin,originalporcelainhadbeeneliminated,atthesametimecolorporcelainappeared.Theperiodalsoappearedblackporcelain.BlackporcelainWhiteporcelainSongDynastyTotheSongDynasty,porcelainkilnshavebeenoverhalfofChinese,isthemostprosperousperiodforporcelain.ThenJunkiln,Gekiln,Rukiln,GuankilnandtheDingkilnandknownasthefivefamouskilns.FromRukilnFromGuankilnFromDingkilnFromJunkilnSongDynastyisthehighestaesthetic（美学的）eraofporcelain.YuanDynastyisChineseporcelainproductionturningperiod,innovationanddevelopmentinmanyways.TheblueandwhiteporcelainbecamethemainstreamofJingdezhenporcelainproduction.YuanDynastyMingDynastySuccessfullyfiringtheexquisite（精致的）whiteglazeporcelainandthesingle-glazeporcelainwithcopper（铜）asthecoloringagent（色剂）,madetheMingDynastyporcelaincolorful.Theporcelaintechnologycontinuedtoimprove.QingDynastyisthemostprosperousperiodChinaporcelainproduction,thequantityandqualityofporcelainproductionreachedapeak.Anewkindofporcelainhadappeared,whichcalledenamel(珐琅器).QingDynastyBlueandwhiteporcelain（青花瓷）Colorglazeporcelain（颜色釉瓷）FamilleRosePorcelain（粉彩瓷）Glowingporcelain（玲珑瓷）BlueandwhiteporcelainBlueandwhiteporcelainiselegant,noble,andpure,suchastheMillenniumbasket,withitsstrongvitalityandceramicart,becometheperfectcombinationofmodernandtraditional.青花瓷创烧于元代，是以色料在坯胎上描绘纹样，施釉后经高温烧成，釉色晶莹、雅致。青料溶于胎釉之间，发色青翠，虽色相单一，但感觉丰富。青花瓷经久耐用，瓷不碎，色不褪。BlueandwhiteporcelainwasfirstappearedintheYuanDynasty.Itwasformedbyusingpigmenttodepictpatternsonthegreenbodyandfiringathightemperatureafterglazing.Theglazingcolorisglitteringandelegant.Thegreenpigmentdissolveingreenbody,showingaverdantcolor.Althoughithassinglehue,itstillgivespeoplerichfeeling.Blueandwhiteporcelainisdurable。itwillnotfadeuntilbrokenThemostexpensiveblueandwhiteporcelain！！InJuly12,2005,Christie'sauctioninLondon,theYuanDynastyGuiguziblueandwhiteporcelainpotmake14000000pounds,equivalenttoabout230000000yuan,itisthehighestrecordintheworldofChineseartauctionrecord.2005年7月12日，在伦敦佳士德拍卖会上，元代“鬼谷子下山图”青花瓷罐以1400万英镑拍出，折合人民币约2.3亿元，创下了中国艺术品在世界上的最高拍卖纪录。ColorglazeporcelainAncientChinesecraftsmenaddingdifferentmetaloxidesintheglaze,atdifferenttemperaturesandflame,glazewillshowdifferentcolor,toformtherichandcolorfulcolorglazeFamilleRosePorcelainalsocalledsoftporcelain,thefamilleroseasthemaindecorationofFamilleroseporcelain.FamilleRosePorcelainQingEmperorYongzheng清雍正柠檬黄地洋彩浮雕花鸟宝瓶纹六方瓶Poly2009SpringRMB:AuctionPrice67，760，000QingEmperorQianlong清乾隆粉彩七珍象马Poly2009SpringPrice:AuctionRMB403,200QingEmperorDaoguang黄地粉彩花卉碗Poly2009SpringAuctionPriceRMB:224,000Craftsmencarveoutmanyregular“delicateeyes“intheporcelainbody,andthenfiretheseholeswiththeglazeintothebrighthole,verybeautiful,knownascardglassware.GlowingporcelainChineseceramicsoftheSongDynastyconstitutetheforemostexpressionofceramicart.DuringtheSongperiod,aunityoftheessentialcomponentsfundamentaltotheart:vesselshape,pottingtechniques,glaze,decoration,firingprocesses,andaesthetictheorywereallcombinedinahighstandardofexcellence.whichledtoavarietyofclassicwares,usuallyassociatedwithaspecificregionofChina.Theseincludedthecourt-patronizedfivefamouskilns:Ru(汝),Guan(官),Ge(哥),Jun(钧),Ding(定)wares;DingkilnItspasteiswhite,generallycoveredwithanalmosttransparentglazethatdrippedandcollectedin“tears“(蜡泪痕).Duetothewaythedisheswerestackedinthekiln,theedgedremainedunglazed,andhadtoberimmedinmetalsuchasgoldorsilverwhenusedastableware.DingwarewasproducedinDingXian,HebeiProvince.whentheSongemperorscametopowerin940,DingwarewasthefinestporcelainproducedinnorthernChinaatthetime,andwasthefirsttoenterthepalaceforofficialimperialuse.RukilnRuwaresrangeincolor—fromnearlywhitetoadeeprobin'segg—andoftenarecoveredwithreddish-browncrackles.Thecracklesarecausedwhentheglazecoolsandcontractsfasterthanthebody,thushavingtostretchandultimatelytosplit.Songdynastywasthefirstperiodthatviewedcrazingasameritratherthanadefect.玛瑙为釉古相传,雨过天晴云破处RuwarewasproducedinRuzhouHenanprovinceforimperialuseandisthemostfamouswareinthefivekilns.名瓷之首，汝瓷为魁北宋汝窑天青釉葵花洗2012年香港拍卖会，北宋汝窑天青釉葵花洗拍卖2亿港元，刷新宋瓷世界拍卖纪录JunkilnCharacterizedbyathickerbodythanDingorRuware,Juniscoveredwithaturquoiseandpurpleglaze,sothickandviscouslookingthatitalmostseemstobemeltingoffitssubstantialgolden-brownbody.NotonlyareJunvesselsmorethicklypotted,theirshapeismuchmorerobustthanthefineJunpieces.世上朱砂非所拟，西方宝石致难同。——乾隆JunwarewasathirdstyleofporcelainusedattheNorthernSongcourtandwasproducedinYuzhouHenanprovinceGuankilnItwasduringthisperiodthatwallsbecomesothinandglazesothickthatthelattersupersededtheformerinbreadth.AstheclayinthefoothillsaroundLin'anwasabrownishcolorandtheglazesoviscus.Guanware,literallymeans潜晦捩慩屬ware;socertainRu,Jun,andevenDingcouldbeconsideredGuaninthebroadsenseofbeingproducedforthecourt.Strictlyspeaking,however,thetermonlyappliestothatproducedbyanofficialimperiallyrunkiln,whichdidnotstartuntiltheSouthernSongfledtheadvancingJinandsettledatLin'an.GekilnGewareliterallymeans'big-brother'ware,becauselegendhasitthatoftwobrothersworkinginLongquan,onemadethetypicalceladonstyleceramics,buttheeldermadeGeware,producedinhisprivatekiln.Gewarebasicallycomprisetwotypes—onewitha‘warmrice-yellowglazeandtwosetsofcrackles,amoreprominentsetofdarkercolorinterspersedwithafinersetofreddishlines(金丝铁线).TheotherGewareismuchlikeGuanware,withgrayishglazeandonesetofcrackles.123炼泥Milling摞泥Filterpress制坯GreenMaking4567贴花Lithography上釉Glazing修坯Finishing烧釉Glostfiring景德镇景德镇是一个地级市，以前是中国江西省的一个小镇，2010年常住人口1,587,477。因为生产了1700年的优质瓷器而被称为“瓷都”。这个城市有着超过2000年的悠久历史。景德镇是中国历史文化名城之一，2007年底被评为江西省优秀文明健康城市。Jingdezhenisaprefecture-levelcityinJiangxiProvinceofChina,withatotalpopulationof1,587,477(2010).ItisknownasthePorcelain慃楰慴屬becauseithasbeenproducingqualitypotteryfor1700years.Thecityhasawell-documentedhistorythatstretchesbackover2000years.JingdezhenisoneofChineseHistoricalandCulturalCities,andwasnamedoutstandingcivilization&healthcityofJiangxiProvince.Geography江西景德镇陶瓷，是中华民族文化艺术宝库中辉煌的明珠。他近二千年来的悠久而灿烂的历史进程，给后世留下了精湛绝伦的技艺，也造就了历代数不清的艺术匠师。在长期的发展过程中，景德镇的技艺人员，奋发努力，刻意求新，创作了许多好作品，使景德镇瓷器形成了自己独特的风格。JingdezhenporcelainisthebrightpearlinChineseartandculture.Withnearlytwothousandsofsplendidhistory,thereareexquisiteskillsandcountlesscraftsmen.Inthelongtimeofdevelopment,theartistsandcraftsmeninJingdezhenbroughttheirfulltalentintocreatingnumerousmasterpieces.Thankstotheirhardworking,Jingdezhenporcelainhadbeenformeditsownfourspecialfeatures.葫芦窑double-gourdkiln十八世纪以前，欧洲人不会制造瓷器，因此中国特别是昌南镇的精美瓷器很受欢迎。在欧洲，昌南镇瓷器是十分受人珍爱的贵重物品.欧洲人就以“昌南”作为瓷器（china）和生产瓷器的“中国”（China）的代称，久而久之，欧洲人就把昌南的本意忘却了，只记得它是“瓷器”，即“中国”。锦绣昌南中国瓷园早在东汉时期，古人在昌南（景德镇）建造窑坊，烧制陶瓷。到了唐朝，由于昌南土质好，先人们吸收南方青瓷和北方白瓷的优点创制出一种青白瓷。青白瓷晶莹滋润，有“人造玉器”的美称，大量出口欧洲。AsearlyasintheEasternHanDynasty,theancientsstartedtobuildkilnsinChangnantofireceramics.IntheTangDynasty,becauseofthesoilwithgoodqualityinChangnan,theancestorscreatedthebluishwhiteporcelainbycombiningtheadvantagesofsouthernceladonandthenorthernwhiteporcelain.Thebluishwhiteporcelainwasglitteringandhadthereputationofartificialjade.SoitwasexportedtoEuropeinlargeamount.元代，瓷业较宋代为衰落，然而这时期也有新的发展，如青花和釉里红的兴起，彩瓷大量的流行，白瓷成为瓷器的主流，带动以后明清两代的瓷器发展，得到很高的成就。DuringtheYuanDynasty,theporcelainindustrywasdeclinedcomparedwiththatoftheSongDynasty.However,therewerenewdevelopmentsinthisperiod,suchastheriseofblue-and-whiteporcelain,thepopularityofpaintedporcelainandthemainstreamofwhiteware.ItallledtohighdevelopmentofporcelainintheMingandQingDynasty,ushinghighachievements.我国的陶瓷艺术发展到了明代又进入一个新的旅程，明代以前的瓷器以青瓷为主，明代之后以白瓷为主。景德镇成为主要的窑厂，规模最大，一直延续明清两代五、六百年而不衰，描写当时盛况为“昼间白烟掩空，夜间红焰烧天”。IntheMingDynasty,China'sdevelopmentofceramicartreachedanewlevel.BeforetheMingDynasty,themainstreamwastheceladonandafterthattimewasthewhiteporcelain.Jingdezhenbecamethemainkiln,withthelargestscale.ItsmagnificentrefulgencehadlastedfromtheMingDynastytotheQingDynasty,forfiveorsixhundredyears.Anditspompwaspraisedporcelainmakingneverstopsnomatterdayornight''.清乾隆之后，景瓷生产从巅峰走向下坡路,产量、器质、品种、造型等呈萎缩状态。鸦片战争之后，景瓷生产受到严重摧残。延续500多年之久的御器厂寿终正寝。AfterthereignofEmperorQianlongoftheQingDynasty,theproductionofporcelaininJingdezhendeclinedfrompeaktodownhill.Theyield,quality,varietyandshapeofporcelainallshrunkrapidly.AftertheOpiumWartheproductionofporcelainhadbeenseverelydamaged.Theimperialporcelainfactoryclosedafterworkingmorethan500years.景德镇有悠久的制瓷传统，广大瓷工身怀绝技，在极其艰难困苦的情况下，坚持以手工技艺制瓷，坚持与外国机器制瓷相抗争，保持了中国瓷器在国际上的美誉。现代景德镇的制瓷工艺继承了传统的技法,吸收和借鉴了国内外的精华,使陶瓷制作达到了一个又一个的高度。Jingdezhenhasalong-standingtraditionofporcelainmakingandtheworkershadsuperiorskills.Facingthedifficultiesandhardships,theyinsistedonhandmadeandwagedwaragainstforeignporcelainmanufacturedbymachine.Withtheefforts,theymaintainedtheinternationalreputationofChineseporcelain.ThemodernporcelaincraftsinJingdezhenhaveinheritedthetraditionaltechniquesandabsorbedandappreciatedtheessenceathomeandabroad.Theceramicsmakingreachedtheheightoneafteranother.Afteryearsofconstruction,certaindevelopmentsintermsoftheceramicmajorhavealreadybeenachieved.Atpresent,twocenters(namely,theAncientCeramicHeritage&innovationandTeachingExperimentalCenterinCentralPlainsandtheDevelopment&researchCenterforCeramicCuturalIndustyinPingdingshanUniversity),fourbases(namely,theTrainingandTestBaseforCeramicProductDesignersinNorthernChina,theResearchBaseforHenanCulturalIndustryDevelopment,theResearchBaseforHenanIntangibleCulturalHeritage,theAppraisalandElectionBaseforHenanCeramicArtMaster),andfiveLaboratories,(namely,theCeramicFiringLaboratory,theMoldFormigLaboratory,theManualAssemblyLaboratory,theSculptureLaboratory,theCeramicMaterialLaboratory)havebeensetup.SchoolofCeramics我校陶瓷专业经过几年来的建设，已经具有一定基础和规模，目前已建成两个中心一中原古陶资传承创新与科学实验中心和平顶山学院陶瓷文化产业发展研究中心；?四个基地一中国北方陶瓷产品 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 师培训和考试基地(中国建筑卫浴陶瓷行业协会)、?河南省文化产业发展研究基地(中共河南省委宣传部)、?第三批河南省非物质文化遗产研究传承基地(河南省文化厅)、?河南陶瓷艺术大师评选考试基地(河南省陶瓷玻璃行业协会)；?五个实验室一陶瓷烧制实验室、?模具成型实验室、?手工成型实验室、?雕塑实验室、?陶瓷材料实验室。12artworksareconferrednationalawards,includingtheEighthBagSeries(byLiuGuangfu),whichwasawardedthegoldmedalinthetenthNationalCeramicInnovationContest,andtheTouchofMicro-cloud(byFangFeng),whichwasselectedforthetwelfthnationalartexhibition.Morethan100artworksreceivedawardsattheprovinciallevel,includingPurelnnocency,EclipseandVacancyandotherworks,whichwereawardedthegoldmedals.作品获得国家级奖励12项，其中刘光甫老师的《布袋系列之八)在第十届全国陶瓷创新评比中荣获金奖，房峰老师的(一抹微云》入选第十二届全国美展。作品获得省级奖励100多项，其中《清者自清》《蚀》《空》等作品获得省级展览金奖。《空》《布袋系列》CeramicRoadbeganinthelateTangDynasty,itisthemainarteryoftheseabetweenexchangesofChineseandforeignMedieval.ThereasonofthenameCeramicRoad,mainlyduetotheporcelaintrade-basednature,somepeoplenamedthisseatraderouteastheMarineSilkRoad.“China'schinascatteredalongthistraderouteliketheshiningpearlandlightedthewholeofSoutheastAsia,AfricaandtheArab.CeramicRoadbroughttoChinaagreatcommercialwealth.“陶瓷之路”发端于唐代中后期，是中世纪中外交往的海上大动脉.之所以命名为“陶瓷之路”，主要是因为以瓷器贸易为主的性质，也有人将这条海上商路称为“海上丝绸之路”。在这条商路沿岸洒落的中国瓷片象闪闪明珠，照亮着整个东南亚、非洲大地和阿拉伯世界。“陶瓷之路”给中国带来了巨大的商业财富。thankyou！