中国的对外贸易英文版

1《中国的对外贸易》（英文版）China'sForeignTradeInformationOfficeoftheStateCouncilThePeople'sRepublicofChinaDecember2011,Beijing2ContentsForeword...........................................................................................................................................1I.HistoricProgressinChina'sForeignTrade....................................................................................2II.ReformofandImprovementstoChina'sForeignTradeSystem..................................................5III.TheDevelopmentofChina'sForeignTradeContributestotheWorldEconomy.......................8IV.PromotingBasicallyBalancedGrowthofForeignTrade..........................................................10V.ConstructingAll-roundEconomicandTradePartnershipswithMutuallyBeneficialCooperation.....................................................................................................................................13VI.RealizingSustainableDevelopmentofForeignTrade..............................................................16Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................201ForewordPeace,developmentandcooperationarethetrendsintoday'sworld.Sincetheadoptionofthereformandopeninguppolicymorethan30yearsago,Chinahasconformedtothetrendofeconomicglobalizationbyopeningwidertotheoutsideworldandpromotingeconomicandtradecooperationwithothercountriesonthebasisofequalityandmutualbenefit.Throughyearsofdevelopment,foreigntradehasbecomeoneofChina'smostdynamicandfastest-growingsectors,placingChinaamongtheworld'slargesttradecountries.China'sforeigntradedevelopmenthasstrengthenedthenation'stieswiththerestoftheworld,effectivelypushedforwardthecountry'smodernization,andpromotedworldprosperityandprogress.ChinaenteredtheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)in2001.Duringthepastdecade,Chinahasquickeneditsintegrationintotheglobaleconomywhileitsforeigntradehasbeenfurtherinvigorated.Onthe10thanniversaryofChina'saccessiontotheWTO,theChinesegovernmentissuesthisWhitePapertogiveacomprehensiveintroductiontoChina'sforeigntradedevelopment.2I.HistoricProgressinChina'sForeignTradeAfterthefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC)in1949,Chinaadheredtotheprincipleofindependenceandself-reliance,andgraduallycarriedouteconomicandtradeexchangeswithforeigncountries.However,hinderedbytheinternationalpoliticalenvironmentatthattimeandthecountry'splannedeconomicsystem,China'sforeigntradedevelopmentwasrelativelyslow.In1978Chinaenteredthenewperiodofreformandopeningup.Devotingmajoreffortstothedevelopmentofforeigntradebecameanimportantapproachtoacceleratemodernization,shakeoffbackwardness,promotethegrowthofeconomy,andimprovecomprehensivenationalstrength.Overthepast30yearsorso,seizingtheopportunityoftheworldeconomy'slong-termprosperityandthedeepeningeconomicglobalization,Chinahasopenedwidertotheoutsideworld,attractedandutilizedforeigninvestment,introducedadvancedtechnology,transformedandupgradeddomesticindustries,andachievedrapiddevelopmentinforeigntradethroughall-roundparticipationintheinternationaldivisionoflaborandcompetition.--China'stotaltradevolumeingoodsrankshighglobally.In1978thetotalvalueofChina'simportandexportwasonly20.6billionU.S.dollars,ranking32ndinworldtradeandaccountingforlessthan1percentoftheworld'stotal.In2010thetotalvalueofChina'simportandexportreached2.974trillionU.S.dollars,144timesasmuchasthatin1978,averaginganannualgrowthof16.8percent.In2010thetotalvalueofChina'sexportwas1.5778trillionU.S.dollars,showingana17.2percentannualgrowthonaverage,andthetotalvalueofitsimportwas1.3962trillionU.S.dollars,showinga16.4percentannualgrowthonaverage.In2010,thetotalvolumesofChina'sexportandimportaccountedfor10.4percentand9.1percentoftheworld'stotal,respectively.Bytheendof2010Chinahadbeentheworld'slargestexporterandsecond-largestimporterfortwoconsecutiveyears.3(Figure1China'sImportandExportofGoods1978-2010)--ThestructureofChina'stradeingoodshasfundamentallychanged.China'sexportcommoditystructureshiftedfromtheprimaryproductsdominatedtomanufacturedgoodsdominatedinthe1980s,andfrommainlylightindustrialandtextileproductstomainlymechanicalandelectronicproductsinthe1990s.Inthenewcentury,China'sexportofhigh-techproducts,ledbyelectronicsandinformationtechnologycommodities,hasbeenincreasinglyexpanded.Inadditiontostate-ownedenterprises,foreign-investedenterprisesandprivateenterprisesalsoengageinforeigntrade,andtheirtotalvalueofimportandexporthaseachexceededthatofthestate-ownedenterprises.Fromthe1980stotheearly21stcentury,China'sprocessingtradeflourished,accountingforhalfofthecountry'sforeigntradevolume.ThroughoutChina'sforeigntradedevelopment,foreign-investedenterprisesandprocessingtradehaveplayedverysignificantroles.4(Table1China'sExportCommodityStructure1980-2010)--Chinahasformedanall-roundanddiversifiedimportandexportmarket.Sincetheadoptionofthereformandopeninguppolicy,Chinahasbeenpromotingforeigntradeonallfronts,andestablishedtraderelationswiththevastmajorityoftheworld'scountriesandregions.China'stradepartnershaveincreasedfromasmallnumberofcountriesandregionsin1978to231countriesandregionsnow.TheEuropeanUnion(EU),theUnitedStates,theAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN),Japan,andtheotherBRICcountrieshavebecomeChina'smajortradepartners.InthisnewcenturyChina'stradewithnewlyemergingmarketsanddevelopingcountrieshasmaintainedsustainedandrelativelyrapidgrowth.InChina'stotaltradeingoodsfrom2005to2010theproportionoftradewithASEANincreasedfrom9.2percentto9.8percent,withotherBRICcountriesfrom4.9percentto6.9percent,withLatinAmericafrom3.5percentto6.2percent,andwithAfricafrom2.8percentto4.3percent.5(Figure2China'sTop10CargoTradePartnersin2010)--China'sinternationalcompetitivenessinservicestradehasbeenenhanced.WithitsWTOentry,China'stradeinservicesenteredanewstageofdevelopment.Withitsscalerapidlyenlargedanditspatterngraduallyoptimized,China'stradeinservicesnowranksamongthetopintheworld.China'stradeintourism,transportandotherfieldshasmaintainedasteadygrowthmomentum.China'scross-borderservicesinconstruction,communications,insurance,finance,computersandinformation,royaltiesandlicensefees,consultationandrelatedfields,aswellasserviceoutsourcing,havebeengrowingrapidly.From2001to2010China'stotalservicestradevalue(excludinggovernmentservices)witnessedamore-than-five-foldgrowthfrom71.9billionU.S.dollarsto362.4billionU.S.dollars.China'sproportioninworldservicestradeexportsrosefrom2.4percentto4.6percent,worth170.2billionU.S.dollarsin2010,andjumpedfromthe12thplaceintheworldtothe4th;China'sproportioninworldservicestradeimportsincreasedfrom2.6percentto5.5percent,worth192.2billionU.S.dollarsin2010,movingfromthe10thplaceintheworldtothe3rd.6(Figure3China'sServicesTradeImportsandExports1982-2010)(Figure4TheGrowthofChina'sTotalImportandExportVolumeinMajorServiceSectors2005-2010)China'sforeigntradedevelopmenthasgreatlypushedforwardthecountry'smodernizationdrive.Chinahasgrownintoanopeneconomy.Participationintheinternationaldivisionoflaborandcompetition,introductionofadvancedtechnology,equipmentandmanagementmethods,and7utilizationofforeigndirectinvestmenthavegreatlypromotedChina'stechnologicalprogressandindustrialupgrading,andalsoimprovedthemanagementandmarketcompetitivenessofitsenterprises.TherapidgrowthofprocessingtradehasbroughtintoplayChina'scomparativeadvantageofanabundantlaborforce,andacceleratedthecountry'sindustrializationandurbanization.Foreigntradehasdirectlycontributedtotheemploymentofover80millionChinesepeople,morethan60percentofwhomarefromruralareas,andemployees'incomeandlivingstandardshavebeenremarkablyimproved.Foreigntrade,domesticinvestmentanddomesticconsumptionhavebecomethethreemajorenginespropellingChina'seconomicgrowth.ThehistoricprogressinChina'sforeigntradehasbeencloselyconnectedwiththechangesintheinternationalanddomesticsituations.Startinginthe1980s,peaceanddevelopmentbecamethethemeofthetimes.Withtheaccelerationofeconomicglobalization,theflowandallocationofcapital,technology,products,markets,resources,laborforceandsimilarelementsbecamemoredynamicaroundtheworld.Scientificandtechnologicalprogress,ledbyinformationandcommunicationstechnology,hasgreatlyimprovedproductionefficiency;internationalindustrialtransferhascontinuouslydeepenedanddeveloped.Economicglobalization,scientificandtechnologicalprogress,internationalindustrialtransferandstrengthenedcooperationbetweencountrieshaveprovidedhistoricopportunitiesforChina'sintegrationintotheworldeconomy.TheChinesegovernment,conformingtothetrendofthetimesandtakingeconomicconstructionasthecentraltask,hasimplementedthereformandopeninguppolicy,developedeconomicandtechnologicalcooperationwithothercountries,vigorouslyandrationallyutilizedforeigninvestment,broughtitscomparativeadvantageintofullplay,promotedthedeepeningofthedivisionoflaborintheinternationalindustrialchain,andprovidedfavorableconditionsforitsownforeigntradedevelopment.Duringthisprocessforeignenterprises,andmultinationalcorporationsinparticular,haveobtainedabundantopportunitiestoinvestinChina,addedvaluetotheircapital,technology,managementexperience,marketingchannelsandotherelements,andsharedthefruitsofChina'srapideconomicgrowth.China'sforeigntradedevelopmentbenefitsgreatlyfromitsreformandopeningup,fromeconomicglobalization,andfromtakingthepathofcooperationandmutualbenefit.Chinacannotdevelopitselfinisolationfromtherestoftheworld,andglobalprosperityandstabilitycannotbemaintainedwithoutChina'sparticipation.Chinaremainsadevelopingcountry.Comparedwithotherworldtradepowers,China'sexportindustryremainsatthelowendoftheglobalindustrialchain.China'sresourceandenergyinputsandenvironmentalcostarerelativelyhigh,whiletheinternationalcompetitivenessofenterprisesandtherisk-resistanceofsomeindustriesarerelativelyweak.China'stransformationfromalargetradingcountrytoastrongtradingpowerwillbeacomparativelylong-termprocessrequiringarduousefforts.8II.ReformofandImprovementstoChina'sForeignTradeSystemBeforeChinaadoptedthereformandopeninguppolicyin1978,itsforeigntradewasgovernedbymandatoryplanning,andthestateabsorbedboththeprofitsandthelossesofenterprises.Sincethereformandopeninguppolicywasinitiated,China'sforeigntradesystemhascompletedthetransformationfrommandatoryplanningtogivingfullplaytothefundamentalroleofthemarket-fromstatemonopolytofullopenness,andfromindiscriminateegalitarianismtogivingenterprisesdiscretionarymanagementpowerandmakingthemresponsiblefortheirownprofitsandlosses.DuringthenegotiationsovertherestorationofitsGATT(GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade)membershipandentryintotheWTO,andafteritbecameaWTOmember,Chinagraduallyadoptedinternationaltradepractices,andestablishedaunified,openforeigntradesystemcompatiblewithmultilateraltraderules.Duringtheinitialperiodofreformandopeningup,China'sforeigntradesystemreformfocusedonthetransformationofitsunitaryplanning,transferofmanagementandoperationpowerinforeigntradetolowerlevels,implementationofthesystemofallowingenterprisestoretainacertainportionofforeignexchangeearnings,andestablishmentofaforeignexchangecoordinationmarket.Chinaabsorbedforeigndirectinvestmenttointroduceforeign-investedenterprisesasnewbusinessentitiesinitsforeigntradesector,breakingthemonopolyofstate-ownedforeigntradeenterprises.Afterthat,Chinaintroducedaresponsibilitysystemindoingforeigntrade,graduallyreplacingmandatoryplanningwithguidedplanning.Thestatealsosetupanexporttaxrebatessysteminlinewiththegeneralpracticeofinternationaltrade.InOctober1992,Chinaclearlyputforwardthegoalofreformtowardasocialistmarketeconomy.Acomprehensivereformofthesystemsoffinance,taxation,banking,foreigntradeandforeignexchangewascarriedoutaccordingly.InJanuary1994,theChinesegovernmentdiscontinuedallexportsubsidies,makingallimportandexportenterprisesfullyresponsiblefortheirownprofitsandlosses.Theofficialandmarket-regulatedexchangeratesofChina'scurrency,theRenminbi(RMB),coexistedinaunitaryandmanagedfloatingexchangeratesystembasedonmarketdemandandsupply.Foreigntradeenterpriseswereincorporated,andpilotprogramsfortheimportandexportagencysystemwerecarriedout.Inthesameyear,theForeignTradeLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinawaspromulgated,establishingprinciplessuchassafeguardingaforeigntradeorderofequityandfreedom,andabasiclegalsystemforforeigntrade.InDecember1996,ChinarealizedcurrentaccountconvertibilityfortheRMB.Meanwhile,Chinavoluntarilymadesignificanttariffcuts,andreducednon-tariffmeasuressuchasquotasandlicenses.ThesereformmeasureshelpedChinainitiallyestablishaforeigntradeadministrationandregulationsystembasedonthemarketeconomy,givingfullplaytosucheconomicleversastheexchangerate,taxation,tariffsandfinance.OnDecember11,2001,Chinabecamethe143rdmembercountryoftheWorldTradeOrganizationafter16yearsofnegotiations.TohonoritscommitmentsuponentryintotheWTO,Chinaexpandeditsopening-upinthefieldsofindustry,agricultureandtheservicestrade,andacceleratedtradeandinvestmentfacilitationandliberalization.Meanwhile,thestatedeepenedthe9reformofitsforeigntradesystem,improveditsforeigntradelegalsystem,reducedtradebarriersandadministrativeintervention,rationalizedgovernmentresponsibilitiesinforeigntradeadministration,madegovernmentbehaviormoreopen,moreimpartialandmoretransparent,andpromotedthedevelopmentofanopeneconomytoanewstage.-Expeditingimprovementstothelegalsystemforforeigneconomicrelationsandtrade.AfteritsentryintotheWTO,Chinareviewedover2,300lawsandregulations,anddepartmentalrules.ThosethatdidnotaccordwithWTOrulesandChina'scommitmentsuponentryintotheWTOwereabolishedorrevised.Administrativelicensingproceduresarereducedandregulatedintherevisedlawsandregulations,andalegalsystemoftradepromotionandremedyhasbeenestablishedandimproved.InaccordancewiththeAgreementonTrade-relatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights(TRIPS)administeredbytheWTO,Chinareviseditslawsandregulationsandjudicialinterpretationsrelatedtointellectualpropertyrights,andtherebyconstructedacompletelegalsystemthatconformstoChina'sactualconditionsandinternationalpractices.-Takingfurthermeasurestolowertariffsandreducenon-tariffmeasures.DuringthetransitionalperiodfollowingChina'sentryintotheWTO,thegenerallevelofChina'simporttariffswasloweredfrom15.3percentin2001to9.9percentin2005.ByJanuary2005,themajorityofChina'stariffreductioncommitmentshadbeenfulfilled;Chinahadremovednon-tariffbarriers,includingquota,licensinganddesignatedbidding,measuresconcerning424tarifflines,andonlyretainedlicensingadministrationoverimportsthatarecontrolledforthesakeofpublicsafetyandtheenvironmentinlinewithinternationalconventionsandWTOrules.By2010China'soveralltarifflevelhaddroppedto9.8percent-15.2percentinthecaseofagriculturalproductsand8.9percentinthecaseofindustrialproducts.Since2005,Chinahascompletelymaintaineditsboundtariffrate.-Fullyliberalizingaccesstoforeigntradeoperations.AccordingtotheForeignTradeLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinathatwasrevisedin2004,startingfromJuly2004,foreigntradedealersonlyneedtoregisterwiththeauthorityresponsible,andnolongerhavetoaskforapprovalfromtheChinesegovernment.ThischangehasfacilitatedthediversificationofChina'sforeigntradeentities,consistingofstate-owned,foreign-investedandprivateenterprises.Theimportsandexportsofstate-ownedandforeign-investedenterpriseshavemaintainedsustainedgrowth,whileprivateenterpriseshaveseentheirforeigntradedeveloprapidlyandtheirshareofChina'simportandexportmarketkeepsexpanding,becomingkeyplayersinChina'sforeigntrade.In2010theimportandexportvolumeofstate-ownedenterprises,foreign-investedenterprisesandprivateenterprisesinthecountry'stotalwas20.9percent,53.8percentand25.3percent,respectively.-Furtheropeningtheservicesmarket.ChinahasearnestlyfulfilleditscommitmentsuponentryintotheWTObyofferingmarketaccesstointernationalserviceprovidersinawiderangeoffields,includingfinance,telecommunications,construction,distribution,logistics,tourismandeducation.Chinahasopenedup100oftheWTO's160sub-sectorsofservicestrade,approachingtheaveragelevelofdevelopedcountries.In2010atotalof13,905foreign-investedenterprisesintheservicessectorhadbeensetupinChina,with48.7billionU.S.dollarsofforeigninvestment10actuallyused,accountingfor50.7percentofthetotalnumberofnewlyfoundedforeign-investedenterprisesinChina'snon-financialsectorsand46.1percentofthetotalamountofforeigninvestmentactuallyutilizedthatyear,respectively.-Creatingalevelplayingfield.Chinahasstriventoprovideaflexible,fairandstablemarketfordomesticandinternationalenterprisesbyestablishingandimprovingthelegalsystemandthelaw-enforcementandsupervisorymechanismforfairtrade,andcurbingandcrackingdownonunfairpracticesinforeigntradeoperations,suchasinfringementofrights,dumping,smugglinganddisruptionofthemarketorder.Followingdomesticlawsandinternationaltraderules,Chinahasstrengtheneditseffortsinmonitoringandearlywarning,andadoptedmeasuressuchastraderemedyandantitrustinvestigationtocorrecttheunfairpracticesofitstradepartners,andtosafeguardthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofdomesticindustriesandenterprises.Facingtheinternationalfinancialcrisis,Chinaworkedhandinhandwiththeinternationalcommunitytofirmlyopposeallformsoftradeprotectionism,strictlyadheredtorelevantWTOrules,andtreateddomesticandforeignproductsequallywhilecarryingoutthestimulusplan,promotingfaircompetitionbetweendomesticandforeignenterprises.By2010,allofChina'scommitmentsmadeuponentryintotheWTOhadbeenfulfilled.China'searnesteffortsarecommendedbythemajorityoftheWTOmembers.TheChinesegovernmentreceivedthreetradepolicyreviewsfromtheWTOin2006,2008and2010,respectively.TheWTO'sbasicprinciples,suchasnon-discrimination,transparencyandfaircompetition,havebeenincludedinChina'slaws,regulationsandrelatedsystems.Adeeperunderstandingofconceptssuchasmarketorientation,openingup,faircompetition,theruleoflawandintellectualpropertyrightshasbeenachievedamongtheChinesepeople,promotingthefurtheropeningupofthenationaleconomyandmoreimprovementstothemarketeconomy.11III.TheDevelopmentofChina'sForeignTradeContributestotheWorldEconomyThedevelopmentofChina'sforeigntradehasacceleratedthemodernizationofthenationaleconomy,enhancedthecountry'scomprehensivestrength,andimprovedthestandardoflivingofmorethan1.3billionChinesepeople.IthasalsohelpedintegratetheChineseeconomyintotheworldeconomy,andmakeeconomicglobalizationconducivetothecommonprosperityofallcountriesandregions.China'sreformandopeningupanditsactiveparticipationineconomicglobalizationhavemadethecountryoneoftheworld'sfastest-growingeconomies.Overthepastmorethan10years,China,alongwithotheremergingeconomies,hasbecomeanincreasinglyimportantforcepropellingworldeconomicgrowth.AccordingtotheWorldBank,from2001to2010,China'sGDPincreasedby4.6trillionU.S.dollars,representing14.7percentoftheincreaseintheworldaggregate,andtheshareofChina'sGDPintheworldroseto9.3percentoverthesameperiod.DatafromtheWTOshowsthatfrom2000to2009,theaverageannualgrowthratesofChina'sexportsandimportswere17percentand15percent,respectively,muchhigherthanthe3percentannualgrowthrateofworldtrade.Duringtheinternationalfinancialcrisis,China'sforeigntradewasamongthefirsttostabilize,promotingtherecoveryoftheworldeconomy.Afterthecrisisbrokeoutin2008,theChinesegovernmentadoptedintimeaseriesofpoliciesandmeasurestostimulatetheeconomy,expanddomesticdemandandstabilizeimportsandexports.In2009,globalgoodsimportsdecreasedby12.8percent,whileChina'sgoodsimportsincreasedby2.9percent,makingittheonlycountrytomaintaingrowthamongtheworld'slargesteconomies.TheChinafactorsustainedtheexportsofmanycountriesaffectedbythefinancialcrisis,stimulateddemandintheglobalcommoditiesmarket,andboostedconfidence,givinganewmomentumtotheworld'seconomicrecoveryandgrowth.DuringitsthirdreviewofChina'stradepolicy,theWTOpointedoutthatChinahadplayedaconstructiveroleinstimulatingglobaldemandduringtheinternationalfinancialcrisis,andhadthusmadesignificantcontributionstothestabilityo