AP_Macroeconomics_Review宏观经济学AP课程PPT

APMacroeconomicsReviewbasiceconomicconcepts•scarcity,choiceandopportunitycosts•PPC(PPF)•comparativeadvantage,specialization,andexchange•demand,supply,andequilibriumAlleconomicquestionsandproblemsarisebecausehumanwantsexceedtheresourcesavailabletosatisfythem.Scarcity:Theconditionthatarisesbecausetheavailableresourcesareinsufficienttosatisfywants.Facedwithscarcity,wemustmakechoices—wemustchooseamongtheavailablealternatives.Becausescarcityexistswehavethestudyofeconomics.Theeconomicproblemishowtobestallocatescarceresourcestomeetthewantsandneedsofhumansocieties.Economics:Thesocialscienceconcernedwithhowindividuals,institutions,andsocietymakeoptimal(best)choicesunderconditionsofscarcity.Twobigeconomicquestions:•Howchoicesdeterminewhat,how,andforwhomgoodsandservicesgetproduced?•Whendochoicesmadeinself-interestalsopromotesocialinterest?Opportunitycost•Thenextbestthingthatyoumustgiveuptoget something—thehighest-valuedalternativeforgone.•Examples:–stayinginschoolvs.droppingout–studyingforatestvs.goingtoasportingevent–Goingtocollegevs.enteringtheworkforce•Rememberthateverytimeyoumakeachoiceitiscostingyouanopportunity.MicroandMacroViewsoftheWorld Microeconomics:Thestudyofthechoicesthat individualsandbusinessesmakeandthewaythese choicesinteractandareinfluencedbygovernments. Macroeconomics:Thestudyoftheaggregate(ortotal) effectsonthenationaleconomyandtheglobaleconomyofthechoicesthatindividuals,businesses,andgovernmentsmake.MacroeconomicslooksatthebeachwhileMicroeconomicsexaminesthesand,rocks,andshells.EntrepreneurshipCapitalLaborLand•Producinggoodsandservicesrequirestheuseofresources!.•ALLresourcescanbeclassifiedasoneofthefollowingfourfactorsofproduction:TheFourFactorsofProductionTheFactorsofProductionWhatistheProductionPossibilitiesCurve? •Aproductionpossibilitiesgraph(PPG)isa modelthatshowsalternativewaysthatan economycanuseitsscarceresources •Thismodelgraphicallydemonstratesscarcity, trade-offs,opportunitycosts,andefficiency. 4KeyAssumptions••••OnlytwogoodscanbeproducedFullemploymentofresourcesFixedResources(CeterisParibus)FixedTechnology A14 0 B12 2C 9 4D 5 6E 0 8 f 010 BikesComputers Eachpointrepresentsaspecific combinationofgoodsthatcanbe producedgivenfullemploymentof resources.NOWGRAPHIT:Putbikesony-axisand computersonx-axisProduction“Possibilities”TableBikes141210864200246810ABE Inefficient/Unemployment (givencurrentresources) GC Efficient D ProductionPossibilitiesHowdoesthePPGgraphicallydemonstratesscarcity, trade-offs,opportunitycosts,andefficiency? Impossible/Unattainable2.Theopportunitycostof3.Theopportunitycostofmovingfrombtodis…7Bikesmovingfromdtobis…4Computer4.WhatcanyousayaboutpointG?Unattainable1.Theopportunitycostofmovingfromatobis…2BikesExample:OpportunityCost递增的成本规律 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 明生产某种商品越多，机会成本越高。它成立的事实依据是某些资源对不同商品的生产能力不同。拿枪和黄油这两种商品举个例子：假设在一个经济体中已经生产了许多枪，这个经济体中的大部分资源投入了枪支生产，仅有很少的资源（如农民，奶牛，挤奶机等）投入了黄油生产。现在，如果这个社会想要生产更多的枪，一部分生产黄油的资源将会被转移到枪支生产中，这就意味着更多的农民和奶牛将会被枪支工厂雇佣（奶牛将被用于转动可以磨光炮膛的磨粉机）。但是农民和奶牛相对与生产枪支来说更擅于生产黄油，因此当这些资源被转移时，并不会生产出很多枪，相反却有很多黄油“牺牲”了，说明生产的枪支越多，生产它的机会成本越高。最大产量：小麦100kg玉米50kg最大产量：小麦70kg玉米70kg最大产量：小麦50kg玉米100kg土地一土地二土地三随着玉米的产量增加，生产玉米的机会成本会怎么变化？eg:小麦玉米种植15 ProductionPossibilities 4KeyAssumptionsRevisited•Onlytwogoodscanbeproduced•Fullemploymentofresources•FixedResources(4Factors)•FixedTechnology Whatifthereisachange? 2ShiftersofthePPC 1.Changeinresourcequantityorquality 2.ChangeinTechnologyProductionPossibilities•Assumptions:–FullEmployment–FixedResourcesandTechnology•Movements–Alongcurveshowsopportunitycost–Outwardshiftillustrateseconomicgrowth–Inwardshiftindicatesdestructionofresources•ProducingCapitalGoodswillleadtogreater economicgrowththanproducingconsumergoods.(Butterwillleadtomoregrowththanguns)ProductionPossibilitiesGraphCapitalGoodsConsumerGoodsABCDEPointsA,B,C,areefficientpts.PointDisunderutilizationPointEiseconomicgrowth MayLeadtomostFutureeconomicgrowthEconomicSystems•Capitalism=FreeMarket–MostdecisionsmadebyPrivatebusinesses•Communism=CommandEconomy–Mostdecisionsmadebythegovernment•MixedEconomy=FeaturesofbothCapitalismandCommunism–DecisionsmadebyboththemarketandgovernmentsSupplyandDemandSupplyandDemandFactors•DemandChangeswhen:–Incomechanges–RelatedProducts,complementsand substitutes,(priceorqualitychange)–Expectations(futurepricechange)–Consumers(moreorlessadded)–Tastes,Fads,PreferenceschangeDemandIncrease:AsDemandIncreases, PriceandQuantityIncreaseaswell.Q1D1 Q2S1 D2Price P2 P1QuantityDemandDecrease:AsDemandDecreaes,Price andQuantitydecreaseaswellS1Q1Q2Price P1 P2 D1D2 QuantitySupplyFactors•SupplyChangesWhen:–Inputpriceschange(resourcesandwages)–Government(tariffs,quotas,andsubsidies)–Numberofsellerschange–Expectations(aboutpriceandproductprofitabilitychange)–Disasters(weather,strikes,etc..)Q1Q2Price P1 P2SupplyIncrease:AsSupplyIncreases,Quantity Increases,butPriceFalls. S1S2 D1QuantitySupplyDecrease:AsSupplyDecreases,Quantity Decreases,butPriceIncreases. S2S1 D1 QuantityPrice P2 P1Q1Q2 ComparativeAdvantage•Anationshouldspecializeinproducinggoodsinwhich ithasacomparativeadvantage:abilitytoproducethe goodataloweropportunitycost.Example:Spain:FranceCheese2pounds2poundsWine2Cases6CasesSpainshouldproducecheese(1C=1W)Franceshouldproducewine(1W=1/3C):CurrencyTerms•Appreciation:Currencyisincreasingindemand(strongerdollar)–U.S.Currencywillappreciatewhen moreforeigners:traveltotheU.S.,buy moreU.S.goodsorservices,orbuy theU.S.dollartoinvestinbondsCurrencyTerms•Depreciation:Currencyisdecreasingindemand(weakerdollar)BeingSUPPLIEDinexchangeforothercurrency.–U.S.Currencywilldepreciatewhen fewerforeigners:traveltotheU.S.,buy fewerU.S.goodsorservices,orsell theU.S.dollartoinvestintheirown bondsChapter12MacroeconomicmeasuresofperformanceCircularFlowofEconomicActivity•Householdssupplyresources(land,labor, capital,entrepreneurialability)totheresource market.Householdsdemandgoodsand servicesfrombusinesses.•Businessesdemandhouseholdresourcesandsupplygoodsandservicestotheproduct(factor)market.生产要素 市场 生产投入工资、租金和利润(=GDP)劳动、土地 和资本收入(=GDP)支出(=GDP) 物品和 劳务的 购买 家庭收入(=GDP) 物品和 劳务的 销售 企业循环流量图 物品与劳务 市场GDPGDPisthemarketvalueofthefinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinanationinayear.GDP:WhatCounts:•GoodsProducedbutnotSold(I)•Goodsproducedbyaforeigncountry(Japan)intheU.S.(Honda,Toyota)•Governmentspendingonthemilitary•IncreaseinbusinessinventoriesGDP:WhatDOESNOTcount:•IntermediateGoods(TiressoldbyFirestonetoFord)•UsedGoods•Non-MarketActivities(Illegal,Underground)•TransferPayments(SocialSecurity)•StockTransactionsShortcomingsofGDP:LeadingtoGDP beingunderstated.•Nonmarketactivities:(servicesof homemakers)doesnotcount.•Leisure:Doesnotincludethevalueofleisure.•Doesnotincludeimprovementsinproduct quality.•UndergroundeconomyGDP:Overstated•Includesdamagetotheenvironment•Includesmorespendingonhealthcare-Americansbeingunhealthy.•Includesmoneyspenttofightcrime-morepoliceofficers,morejails,etc…ExpendituresApproachFourcomponentsofGDP:1.ConsumerSpendingEx:$5LittleCaesar'sPizza2.Investments-Whenbusinessesputmoneybackintotheirownbusiness.Ex:Machineryortools3.GovernmentSpendingEx:Bombsortanks,NOTsocialsecurity4.NetExports-Exports(X)–Imports(M)Ex:Valueof3FordFocusesminus2HondasGDP(GrossDomesticProduct):ExpenditureFormula:Consumption(C)+BusinessInvestment(I)+GovernmentSpending(G)+NetExports(x)note:InvestmentSpending(I):Newcapitalmachinerypurchasedbyfirms;Newconstructionforfirmsorconsumers;MarketvalueofthechangeinunsoldinventoriesGDP(GrossDomesticProduct):IncomeFormula:GDP=C+I+G+(X–M)=AggregateSpending=AggregateIncome(Y)ThemostrecentAPMacroeconomicscurriculumfocusesonGDP,ortotalspending,asthenation’smeasureofeconomicoutput.YourstudyshouldthereforefocusonthecomponentsofGDP RealGDP•RealGDP=NominalGDPadjustedfor inflation.•Calculation: NominalGDPPriceIndexinHundredths(deflator)–RealGDP=Example: $12,4558(billions)1.1274(basedon2000)U.S.2005RealGDP= $11.048TrillionRealGDPPerCapita•Mostcommonlyusedtocompareand measureeachcountry’sstandardofliving andoveralleconomicgrowth.•RealGDP/Nation’sPopulation我国GDP及增长情况1978--2011年GDP总结GDP注意点一国地理范围内一定时期内最终产品（notintermediategoods）产品和服务（notfinancialtransaction）购房中介费市场价值(地下经济，家务劳动不算)生产出来的（没卖也算，二手交易不算）PriceIndexPriceIndexisameasureofthepriceofagoodinagivenyear,whencomparedtothepriceofthatgoodinareference(orbase)year.LPIinyeart=100∗(Priceofalatteinyeart)/(Priceofalatteinbaseyear)DeflatingNominalGDPTodeflateanominalvalue,oradjustforinflation,youdoasimpledivision:RealGDP=100∗(NominalGDP)/(PriceIndex)oryoucanthinkofitasRealGDP=(NominalGDP)/(PriceIndex)(inhundreds)TheGDPDeflatorTheGDPDeflator=NominalGDP RealGDP100BusinessCyclesThebusinesscycleistheperiodicriseandfallineconomicactivity,andcanbemeasuredbychangesinrealGDP.Expansion:AperiodwhererealGDPisgrowing.Peak:Thetopofthecyclewhereanexpansionhasrunitscourseandisabouttoturndown.Contraction:AperiodwhererealGDPisfalling.ArecessionisgenerallydescribedastwoconsecutivequartersoffallingrealGDP.Ifthecontractionisprolongedordeepenough,itiscalledadepression.Trough:Thebottomofthecyclewhereacontractionhasstoppedandisabouttoturnup.宏观经济的4大目标•1保证充分就业•2保证经济增长•3保证国际收支平衡•4保证物价稳定Inflation•Riseinthegenerallevelofprices•Reducesthepurchasingpowerofmoney•MeasuredwiththeConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)–Reportsthepriceofamarketbasket,more than300goodsthataretypicallypurchased byanurbanhousehold 我国市场篮子 产品类 食品 烟酒及用品 衣着 家庭设备用品和维修服务 医疗保健和个人用品 交通和通讯娱乐、教育、文化用品和服务 居住 权重33.2% 3.9% 9.1% 6% 10%10.4%14.2%13.2%ConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)•CPI=spendingofMarketBasketcurrentyearspendingofsamebasketinbaseyearGDP平减指数和CPI的区别我国近十年CPI变化情况 CalculatingInflation•其中，t代表其中一年，t-1代表前一年。对应的是第t 年的通货膨胀率 totalcostthisperiod CPI100 totalcostbaseperiodCPItCPIt1 CPIt1Inflationrate生活 案例 全员育人导师制案例信息技术应用案例心得信息技术教学案例综合实践活动案例我余额宝案例 •以2002年为baseyear，假设该年购买1basket需要1200刀•2003年同样的1basket需要1236刀•那么12361200CPI100=103100103100InflationRate3%TypesofInflation•DemandPullInflation:‘toomuchmoneychasingtoofewgoods.”–ADCurvewillshifttotheright,resultinginahigherPriceLevelandgreaterOutput(uptilFE)•Cost-PushInflation:Majorcauseisasupply shock-OPECcuttingbackonoilproduction–ASCurvewillshifttotheleftresultinginahigherPriceLevelandadecreaseinRealGDP. RealandNominalTerms•RealIncome=NominalIncome PriceIndex(Hundredths)•NominalInterestRate=RealInterestRate+ExpectedInflationInflation:Winners&Losers•Winners:–Debtorswhoborrowmoneythatwillberepaidwith“cheap”dollars.–Thosewhohaveanticipateinflation•Losers:–Savers(especiallysavingsaccounts)–Creditors债权人(Bankswillberepaidwiththose“cheap”dollars–Fixed-IncomeRecipients(retireesreceivingthesamemonthlypension)DifficultieswiththeCPIConsumerssubstitute（消费者选择其他产品）肯德基吃不起就去吃德克士整不起容就去化妆读不起哈佛就读MCUGoodsevolve（产品演化，市场篮子过时）Qualitydifferences（价格提高可能是质量提高的结果）Shawn小时候，买不起手机，手机要3000多。现在3000多的手机各种炫目。某种意义上，虽然手机价格没变，但是花的钱更值。同样的，电脑和电视也可以说明ReviewUnemployment•Calculation:NumberofUnemployedLaborForce(Multipliedby100toputasa%)TheLaborForceisthetotalofemployedandunemployedworkers.U.S.unemploymentshouldbeabout5%•BLS将16岁以上的成年人分成•1就业者=employed-前一周大部分时间从事有偿工作•2失业者=unemployed-暂时被解雇，在寻觅工作，等待新工作开始-一定是积极找工作滴•3非劳动力人口=notinthelaborforce-全日制学生，家务劳动者，退休人员，伤残，壕二代Thelaborforceisthesumofallindividuals16yearsandolderwhoareeithercurrentlyemployed(E)orunemployed(U).Tobecountedasoneoftheunemployed,youmustbeactivelysearchingforwork.LF=E+UTheunemploymentrateistheratioofunemployedtothetotallaborforceUR=U/LFTable12.6summarizesthe2002and2003labormarketinSmallvilleNotInLaborForce•Apersonwhoisnotlookingforwork:–Full-timestudents–Stayathomeparents–Discouragedworkers:thosewhohavegivenuphopeoffindingajob.–Retirees TypesofUnemployment•structuralunemployment结构性失业•seasonallyunemployed季节性失业•cyclicallyunemployed•fictionallyunemployed周期性失业 摩擦性失业fictionallyunemployed摩擦性失业•personswhoareinbetweenjobs(他们只是需要匹配 的时间)•1currentlyholdsnojob,beginstoworknextmonth毕业生找 工作（劳动力与市场的匹配过程）•2quittohavearestandrecharge个人意外，需要休息调整•3quittofindabetterjob重庆去北京找工作•note：（1）人口流动，无须担心（2）收到失业保障政策的影响：欧洲1年-2年的失业救 济金Structuralunemployment结构性失业•Localeconomyisstructured,orsetup,totheirdisadvantage.•尽管劳动市场有职位空缺，但人们因为没有所需的技能， 结果继续失业，也就是由于劳动力的供给和需求不匹配/不均衡而造成的失业。•note：如人工被机器取代-电话语音服务•传统行业被淘汰：胶卷调试被淘汰，磁带装配被淘汰•怎么破？政府提供在职 培训 焊锡培训资料ppt免费下载焊接培训教程 ppt 下载特设培训下载班长管理培训下载培训时间表下载 Cyclicallyunemployed周期性失业•wholosetheirjobduringarecessionandthe correspondingslowdowninproduction•劳动总需求不足而引起的短期非自愿失业，它表 现为实际的总需求低于充分就业的水平，一般出 现在经济周期的萧条阶段。•举例：单纯就是找不到工作，就算有经验、有能 力也没活可干的经济萧条阶段。•特殊情况：中国国企整改导致的大裁员Seasonallyunemployed季节性失业•Beabletofindworkforonlyaportionofthe yearduetotheseasonalnatureoftheirjobs.•FarmersandconstructionworkersNatualunemployment•Thenaturalunemploymentisunemploymentthatdoesnotgoawayonitsowneveninthelongrun.Itistheamountofunemploymentthattheeconomynormallyexperiences.•如：•1fictionallyunemployed•2structuralunemployment0246810121960196519701975198019851990199520002005美国的失业：1960-2007年劳动力百分比失业率自然失业率Chapter13Consumption,Saving,Investment,andtheMultiplierConsumptionandSavingFunctionsThoughnottheonlyfactor,themostimportantelementaffectingconsumption(andsavings)isdisposableincome.Disposableincome(DI)iswhatconsumershaveleftovertospendorsaveoncetheyhavepaidouttheirnettaxes.DI=GrossIncome-NetTaxeswherenettaxes=(taxespaid−transfersreceived)Withnogovernmenttransfersortaxation,DI=C+S.Thoughnotallconsumerssavepartoftheirincome,typicalconsumersspendthemajorityoftheirdisposableincomeandsavewhateverisleftover.Toseetherelationshipbetweendisposableincomeandconsumptionwecreateaconsumptionfunction.Wecanconverttheaboveconsumptionscheduletoalinearequationorconsumptionfunction:C=40+.80(DI)Theconstant$40isreferredtoasautonomousconsumptionbecauseitdoesnotchangeasDIchanges.Theslopeoftheconsumptionfunctionis.80.ThisfunctionisplottedinFigure13.1.Theconstant$–40isreferredtoasautonomoussavingbecauseitdoesnotchangeasDIchanges.课本影响消费和储蓄变动的因素，如何变动p190Themarginalpropensitytoconsume(MPC)isthechangeinconsumptioncausedbyachangeindisposableincome.Anotherwaytothinkaboutitistheslopeoftheconsumptionfunction. MPC=ΔC/ΔDI=slopeofconsumptionfunctionUsingTable13.1,weseethatforeveryadditional$100ofDI,Cincreasesby$80sotheMPC=.80.Themarginalpropensitytosave(MPS)isthechangeinsavingcausedbyachangeindisposableincome.Anotherwaytothinkaboutitistheslopeofthesavingfunction. MPS=ΔS/ΔDI=slopeofsavingfunctionUsingTable13.1,wecanseethatforeveryadditional$100ofDI,Sincreasesby$20sotheMPS=.20.DeterminantsofConsumptionandSavingWealthExpectationsHouseholdDebtTaxesandTransfersInterestRate-Investment•ExpectedRateofReturn:Amountof Profit(expressedasapercentage)a businessexpectstogainona project/investment.–Thisratemustbegreaterthantheinterestinordertobeprofitable.–TheRealRateofReturnismostimportant. Anexpectedprofitof10%,thatcosts5%in interest=Therealrateofreturn:5%.InvestmentDemandCurve:RealRateof Return r1 r2Q1AtlowerrealinterestratesbusinesseswillIncreaseinvestment,leadingtoanincreaseInAD(aggregatedemand).AthigherratesofInterest,lessmoneywillbeinvested ID Q2 QuantityofInvestmentMarketforLoanableFundsItisusefultoseetherelationshipbetweensavingandinvestmentbylookingatthemarketforloanablefunds.DemandforLoanableFunds:investmentdemandSupplyofLoanableFunds:households(privatesaving)andgovernment(publicsaving)Thesupplyofloanable fundscomesfromsaving.Thedemandforloanablefundscomesfrominvestment.Equilibriumisatthereal interestratewheredollars savedequalsdollars investedC、I、G、X-M乘数一样都是1/(1-MPC)。Themultipliereffect.:AchangeinanycomponentofautonomousspendingcreatesalargerchangeinGDP.Chapter14AggregateSupplyandAggregateDemand14,00012,00010,000 8,000 6,000 4,0002,000 0 1965197019751980198519901995200020052010关于经济波动的三个关键事实 事实1：经济波动是无规律的且不可预测 美国真实GDP 阴影面积表 示衰退2,5002,0001,5001,000 500 0 1965197019751980198519901995200020052010关于经济波动的三个关键事实 事实2：大多数宏观经济变量同时波动 投资支出121086420 1965197019751980198519901995200020052010关于经济波动的三个关键事实 事实3：随着产量减少，失业增加 失业率，劳动力百分比BusinessCyclesThebusinesscycleistheperiodicriseandfallineconomicactivity,andcanbemeasuredbychangesinrealGDP.Expansion:AperiodwhererealGDPisgrowing.Peak:Thetopofthecyclewhereanexpansionhasrunitscourseandisabouttoturndown.Contraction:AperiodwhererealGDPisfalling.ArecessionisgenerallydescribedastwoconsecutivequartersoffallingrealGDP.Ifthecontractionisprolongedordeepenough,itiscalledadepression.Trough:Thebottomofthecyclewhereacontractionhasstoppedandisabouttoturnup.•解释这些经济波动较为困难，并且经济波动理论仍然是有争议的•大多数经济学家用总需求与总供给模型来研究经济波动•这个模型与古典经济学家用来解释长期世界的模型不同古典经济学•古典二分法，把变量分为两类：–真实变量—衡量数量或相对价格的变量–名义变量—按货币衡量的变量•货币中性：货币供给的变动影响名义变量，而不影响真实变量•产出的数量取决于经济供给产品和服务的能力， 这种能力又取决于资本和劳动的供给及可获得 的技术•价格是可以灵活调整的，以确保产出的需求量和供给量相等短期和长期有什么不同？大多数经济学家认为：短期和长期之间的关键差别是价格行为。在长期，价格是有灵活性的，能对对供给或需求的变动做出反应。在短期，许多价格是具有黏性的，固定在某个水平上。长期的价格灵活变动会让货币的供给变动不会引起产出和就业的波动。短期，许多价格并不对货币政策做出反应。菜单成本。价格不能迅速和完全地对货币供给变动做出调整意味着，在短期，产出和就业等实际变量必须做出某种调整，换而言之，在价格为黏性的时间范围之类，古典二分法不再成立，名义变量会影响实际变量，经济会背离古典模型所预言的均衡。•大多数经济学家认为古典理论描述了长期世界，但并没有描述短期世界•在短期内，价格具有黏性，名义变量（如货币供给或物价水平）的变动会影响真实变量（如产量或失业率）•为研究短期世界，我们需要一个新的模型凯恩斯经济学总需求与总供给模型PP1一般物价水平 AD YY1 真实GDP，产量模型决定了均衡物价水平和均衡产出(真实GDP)总需求 SRAS短期总供给PriceLevelAggregateDemand Downwardsloping: 1.WealthEffect:change inpurchasingpower 2.Interest-RateEffect:Higher interestratescurtailspending 3.ForeignPurchaseEffect: Substituteforeignproductsfor U.S.products AD(C+I+G+X) RealGDPAggregateDemand•DeterminantsofAD:–C+I+G+X(Yes,itsGDP)–Anincreaseinanyofthese,duetolower interestratesoroptimismwillincreaseADand shiftthecurvetotheright.（政府支出=政府购买G+转移支付）–Adecreaseinanyofthese:moredebt,less spending,taxincrease,willcauseadecreasein ADandshiftthecurvetotheleftAggregateDemandDeterminants•Consumption––––WealthExpectationsDebtTaxes•Investment –InterestRates –ExpectedReturns •Technology •Inventories •Taxes•Government –ChangeinGov. spending•NetExports –NationalIncomeAbroad–ExchangeRatesAggregateSupply•ShortRun: –Assumesthatnominal wagesare“sticky”and donotrespondtoprice levelchanges. –IsUpwardslopingas businesseswillincrease outputtomaximize profits•LongRun: –Curveisverticalbecause theeconomyisatitsfull- employmentoutput. –Aspricesgoup,wages haveadjustedsothereis noincentivetoincrease production.AggregateSupplyGraph在短期中，名义工资不变，供给曲线向上倾斜是因为一般价格水平上升，企业的利润水平也高，在名义工资不变的情况下，总产出就会增加，反之亦然。Short-runshiftsinputpricestaxpolicyderegulationpoliticalorenvironmentalphenomenaLong-runshiftsavailabilityofresourcestechnologyandproductivitypolicyincentivesInthe1990s,theU.S.economysawdramaticincreasesintechnologyandinvestmentinthecapitalstock.ThisperiodproducedasignificantincreaseintherealGDPatfullemployment. MacroeconomicEquilibriumWhenthequantityofrealoutputdemandedisequaltothequantityofrealoutputsupplied,themacroeconomyissaidtobeinequilibrium.FigurebelowillustratesmacroeconomicequilibriumatfullemploymentQfandpricelevelPLfattheintersectionofADandAS.AD2AD1GDPrGDPirecessionarygapinflationarygapDemand-PullInflation AS AD2 AD1(C+I+G +X)RealGDPQFPriceLevel P2 P1QFQ2PriceLevel P2 P1RealGDPCost-PushInflation AS2 AS1 AD1(C+I+G+X)TheMultiplierAgainShiftingAS realGDPShort-RunChangesinADThePhillipsCurve 菲利普斯曲线的移动p214TheTrade-offBetweenInflationand Unemployment 控制总需求的政府面临 着短期通货膨胀和失业 率的权衡取舍TheLong-RunPhillipsCurv