语言学十套题名词解释

Alinguafranca:Alinguafrancaisalanguageorwayofcommunicatingwhichisusedbetweenpeoplewhodonotspeakoneanother'snativelanguage.(讲不同母语的人之间的)通用语Argument论元:Inlogic,anargumentisastemwhichreferstosomeentityaboutwhichastatementisbeingmade.Appliedlinguistics应用语言学:Appliedlinguisticsistheresearchassociatedwithlanguageteachinginitsnarrowsense.Initsbroadsenseitreferstotheresearchregardingmeansofapplicationoflinguisticsinotherdisciplines.Boundroot:Boundrootarethosewhichcannotoccuralone.Theymustappearwithatleastanothermorpheme.Suchas-ceiveinreceive,perceive,andconceive.Bilingual双语现象:Bilingualmeansinvolvingorusingtwolanguages.Connotation内涵:Philosophersuseconnotation,oppositetodenotation,tomeanthepropertiesofentityaworddenotes.Creole混合语:CreoleisaPidginthathasbecometheprimarylanguageofaspeechcommunityandisacquiredbythechildrenofthatcommunityastheirnativelanguage.CooperativePrinciple:CooperativePrinciple(CPforshort)wasproposedbyPaulGrice.Itsuggeststhatinmakingconversationtheparticipantsmustbewillingtoco-operate,otherwiseitwouldnotbepossibleforthemtocarryontheconversation.TospecifytheCPfurther,GriceintroducedfourMaxims:MaximofQuality,MaximofQuantity,Maximofrelevance,MaximofManner.ThesignificanceofGrice’sCPliesinthatitexplainshowitispossibleforspeakertoconveymorethanwhatisliterallysaid.Context语境:Thenotionofcontextisessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.Generallyspeaking,itconsistsoftheknowledgethatissharedbythespeakerandthehearer.Converseantonymy反向反义:Converseantonymyisaspecialtypeofantonymyinthatthemembersofapairdonotconstitutepositive-negativeopposition.Theyshowthereversalofarelationshipbetweentwoentities.Co-hyponym:severalmembersofthesamesuperordinate.Complementarydistribution互补分布:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticcontext.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.Complementaryantonymy互补反义词:Meansthemembersofapairinthistypearecomplemtarytoeachother.Thatistheydivideupthewholeofasemanticfieldcompletely.Displacement:Displacementmeansthathumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.Dialect方言：aformofalanguagethatisspokeninaparticulararea.Diacritics变音符:amark,point,orsignaddedorattachedtoaletterorcharactertodistinguishitfromanotherofsimilarform,togiveitaparticularphoneticvalue,toindicateHYPERLINK"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/stress"stress,etc.,asacedilla,tilde,circumflex,ormacron.Diachroniclinguistics:Diachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory;therefore,itisalsocalledhistoricallinguistics.Derivationalaffixes派生词缀:refertoaffixesthatareaddedtowordsinordertochangeitsgrammaticalcategoryoritsmeaning.Descriptivestudy描述性研究:isalinguisticapproachwhichstudieswhatlanguageoughttobeandittriestofindtherulesthatthemembersofalanguagecommunityactuallyconforminsteadofimpositiononotherrules,norms.Esperanto世界语:isthemostwidelyspokenHYPERLINK"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_language"constructedHYPERLINK"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_auxiliary_language"internationalauxiliarylanguage.Equivalence对等:referstotheextentwhichthesourcelanguageissimilartothetargetlanguageintermsofformandmeaningorstylisticfeatures.Entailment衍推:isalogicalrelationshipbetweentwosentencesinwhichthetruthofsecondnecessarilyfollowsfromthetruthofthefirst,whilethefalsityofthefirstfollowsfromthefalsityofthesecond.Inflectionalaffixes屈折前缀:suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.Grimm'slaw格林法则:(alsoknownastheFirstGermanicSoundShiftortheRask's-Grimm'srule),namedforJacobGrimm,isasetofstatementsdescribingtheinheritedProto-Indo-European(PIE)stopsastheydevelopedinProto-Germanic(PGmc,thecommonancestoroftheGermanicbranchoftheIndo-Europeanfamily)inthe1stmillenniumBC.ItestablishesasetofregularcorrespondencesbetweenearlyGermanicstopsandfricativesandthestopconsonantsofcertainothercentumIndo-Europeanlanguages(GrimmusedmostlyLatinandGreekforillustration).Asitispresentlyformulated.Grammaticalmarker语法标记:Grammaticalrelations语法关系:thestructuralandlogicalfunctionrelationofconstituentsarecalledgrammaticalrelation.Thegrammaticalrelationofasentenceconcernthewayeachnounphraseinthesentencesrelatestotheverb.Inmanycases,grammaticalrelationsinfactrefertowhodoeswhattowhom.Gradablelanguage:qualitativeadjectivesthatvarytheadjective'sgradeorintensity.Generallinguistics普通语言学:Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.Langue语言&parole言语:languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Locutionaryact,illocutionaryact,andperlocutionaryact:Locutionaryact发话行为:Whenwespeakwemoveourvocalorgansandproducesanumberofsounds,organizedinacertainwaywithacertainmeaning.Theactperformedinthissenseiscalledlocutionaryact.Illocutionaryact行事行为:Illocutionaryactreferstotheactionofmakingclearthepurposeofspeakingbyproducingutterances.Thatis,tosaysth.istodosth.Forexample,whenwemakeutterance”Hello”,weperformtheactionofgreeting.perlocutionaryact取消行为:perlocutionaryactreferstotheactthatthespeakersperformthroughalocutionaryact,andbringsabouteffectsuponhearers.LAN:Languagetransfer语言转化:referstothelearnerswillsubconsciouslyusetheirknowledgeinlearningasecondlanguage.Narrowtranscription严式标音:diacriticsareaddedtotheone-lettersymbolstoshowthefinerdifferencesbetweensounds.Negativetransfer负迁移:istheobstructionoforinterferencewithnewlearningbecauseofpreviouslearning,andrelatestotheexperiencewithonesetofeventscouldhurtperformanceonrelatedtasks.Prescriptive规定性anddescriptive描述性:Aprescriptiveapproachtosomethinginvolvestellingpeoplewhattheyshoulddo,ratherthansimplygivingsuggestionsordescribingwhatisdone.Descriptivelanguageorwritingindicateswhatsomeoneorsomethingislike.Thedistinctionliesinprescribinghowthingsoughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.Polysemy多义词:referstodifferentwordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning,thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Pragmatics语用学:isthestudyofmeaningincontext,isconcernedwiththewaylanguageisusedtocommunicateratherthanwiththewaylanguageisstructured.Reference指称:Referenceiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweentheformandthereality.Forexample,ifwesay,“Thedogisbarking,”wemustbetalkingaboutacertaindogknowntoboththespeakerandthehearerinthesituation.Theactualdogtheword“dog”referstointhisparticularsituationinthereferenceoftheword“dog”.Synchronicanddiachronic共时与历时：Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime(asifitstoppeddeveloping)isasynchronystudy.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Semanticbroadening语义扩展:istheprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomesgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearlierdenotation.Selectionalrestrictions:InordertoblockthegenerationofoddsentenceslikeColorfulgreenideassleepfuriously,somelinguistsintroducesomeselectionrestrictionsasconstraintsonthecombinationprocess.选择限制，为了防止Colorfulgreenideassleepfuriously这样怪异的句子，语言学家提出了一些选择限制以制约意义组合过程。Speechacttheory言语行为理论:Aspeechactisanactthataspeakerperformswhenmakinganutterance,includingthefollowing:Ageneralact(illocutionaryact)thataspeakerperforms,analyzableasincluding---theutteringofwords(utteranceacts)---makingreferenceandpredicating(propositionalacts),and---aparticularintentioninmakingtheutterance(illocutionaryforce)Anactinvolvedintheillocutionaryact,includingutteranceactsandpropositionalactsTheproductionofaparticulareffectintheaddressee(perlocutionaryact)Standardlanguage 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 语言：isasuperposed，sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.Itisthelanguageemployedbythegovernmentandthejudiciarysystem，usedbythemassmedia，andtaughtineducationalinstitutions，includingschoolsettingswherethelanguageistaughtasaforeignorsecondlanguage.Sequentialrules有序规则：arerulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.Syntacticcategory句法类型:Apartfromsentencesandclause,asyntacticcategoryusuallyreferstoaword(calledalexicalcategory)oraphrase(calledaphrasalcategory)thatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction.Semanticchange语义变化：meansanoldformwhichtakesonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.Thecriticalagehypothesis:statesthatthereisaperiodduringwhichlanguageacquisitioniseasyandcompleteandbeyondwhichitisdifficultandtypicallyincomplete.